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VEDÂ HUTBESİ Skip to content Hz. Peygamber’in Vedâ haccında okuduğu hutbeler.
Resûl-i Ekrem Vedâ haccı (10/632) sırasında Arafat, Mina ve Akabe gibi yerlerde ashaba hitap etmiş ve kısa, veciz bir şekilde tavsiyelerde bulunmuştur. Bu hitabeler, Câhiz’in el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn (II, 31-33) adlı eseri başta olmak üzere bazı tarih kitaplarında derlenerek uzunca bir Vedâ hutbesi metni teşkil edilmiştir. “Hutbetü’l-vedâ” ifadesini ilk defa Câhiz kullanmış, bu ifade daha sonraki müelliflerce de benimsenmiştir.
Resûlullah’ın arefe günü Arafat’ta irat ettiği ilk hutbe Cübeyr b. Mut‘im, Câbir b. Abdullah ve Abdullah b. Mes‘ûd gibi sahâbîler tarafından nakledilmiştir. Câbir b. Abdullah’ın anlatımına göre Hz. Peygamber Arafat’a gelince Nemire’de kendisi için kurulan çadıra yerleşmiş, güneş batıya doğru kayınca devesiyle vadinin ortasına gelmiş ve deve üzerinde ashaba hitap etmiş, Rebîa b. Ümeyye b. Halef adlı sahâbî de söylediklerini tekrarlamıştır. Süleyman b. Amr b. Ahvas, Ebû Bekre ve İbn Abbas’ın naklettiklerine göre Resûl-i Ekrem bayramın birinci günü Mina’da da halka hitap etmiştir. İbn Abbas’ın hutbeyi naklettikten sonra, “Allah’a yemin ederim ki bu sözler Resûlullah’ın ümmetine vasiyetidir; burada hazır bulunanlar bulunmayanlara tebliğ etsin” şeklindeki sözleri manidardır. Hadis kaynaklarındaki bazı rivayetlere göre Hz. Peygamber yine bayramın birinci günü şeytan taşlama yerlerine gittiğinde halka tekrar hitap etmiştir. Bayramın ikinci veya üçüncü günlerinde aynı mevkide irat ettiği hutbeyi Abdullah b. Ömer, tâbiînden Ebû Nadre ve Ebû Hürre er-Rekāşî amcasından naklen anlatmaktadır. İbn Ömer’in bu rivayetine göre Nasr sûresi Vedâ haccı esnasında Mina’da teşrîk günlerinin birinde nâzil olmuş, Resûlullah bunun vedalaşma anlamına geldiğini anlamış, devesine binerek Akabe’ye gelmiş, sahâbîler onun etrafında toplanınca tekrar bir hutbe irat etmiştir. Bazı rivayetlerde ise hitabelerin zamanı verilmemektedir. Muhtemelen yine bayram günlerinde Mina’da gerçekleşen hemen hemen aynı içerikteki bir hitabeyi de Amr b. Hârice ile Ebû Ümâme el-Bâhilî nakletmiştir. Hz. Peygamber’in bu hutbelerinde söylediği sözler âdeta bir vedalaşma gibidir. Orada bulunanların şahsında bütün ümmetine mesajlar veren Resûlullah, hitabelerinin sonunda ashaba Allah’ın kendisine verdiği tebliğ görevini yerine getirip getirmediğini sormuş ve “evet” cevabını alınca, “Tebliğ ettim Allahım, şahit ol!” demiştir.
Resûl-i Ekrem’in birkaç yerde yaptığı bu konuşmalarda soru-cevap tarzını kullandığı, çok kalabalık olan cemaatten birçoğunun duyması için aynı sözleri tekrar tekrar söylediği anlaşılmaktadır. Konuşmaların sonunda tebliğini ulaştırdığını onaylatması iletişim açısından ayrı bir önem arzetmektedir. Hutbe metinlerinde görülen farklılıkların mâna ile rivayet edilmesinden, râvi tasarruflarından veya mezhep faktöründen kaynaklandığı söylenebilir. Hz. Peygamber’in miras olarak bıraktığı şeyin rivayetlere Kur’an veya Kur’an ve Sünnet yahut Kur’an ve Ehl-i beyt şeklinde yansımasıyla ilgili ihtilâf bu şekilde açıklanabilir. Ayrıca hadis usulüne göre ferd, garîb, hatta şâz kalan bazı rivayetler de söz konusudur.
Vedâ hutbelerinde bütün insanlara yönelik evrensel mesajlar olduğu gibi kul haklarını ilgilendiren konular da ele alınmıştır. Dolayısıyla Vedâ hutbesinin alternatif bir insan hakları beyannâmesi niteliğinde sayılması isabetli olmamakla birlikte Allah’ın affetmeyeceği iki günahtan biri olan kul hakkına büyük önem vermesi dikkat çekicidir. Resûlullah Vedâ hutbelerinde can ve mal dokunulmazlığı, Câhiliye âdetlerinden olan ribânın ve kan davalarının kaldırılması, suçun şahsîliği, karı-koca arasındaki haklar ve sorumluluklar, çocuğun babasından başkasına nisbet edilmemesi, müslüman kardeşliği, müslümanların birbiriyle savaşmaması, emanetlerin sahiplerine iade edilmesi gibi doğrudan kul hakkını ilgilendiren hususlar yanında kendisinin son peygamber olması, ümmetine miras olarak Allah’ın kitabını ve sünnetini bırakması gibi temel esaslara vurgu yapmıştır. Vedâ hutbesiyle Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu’nun 1948’de yayımladığı İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannâmesi’ni karşılaştıran çalışmalar yapılmıştır (bk. bibl.).
Güvenilir kaynaklardaki rivayetlerden derlenen Vedâ hutbeleri metni ana hatlarıyla şöyledir: Hz. Peygamber Allah’a hamd ve senâdan sonra şöyle buyurdu: Ey insanlar! Bilmiyorum, belki de bugünden sonra burada sizinle bir daha buluşamayacağım. Allah’ın rahmeti bugün sözümü işitip onu iyice kavrayanların üzerine olsun! Benim bu sözlerimi burada bulunanlar bulunmayanlara bildirsin. Olabilir ki bildirilen kimse burada bulunandan daha iyi anlar ve itaat eder. Ey insanlar! Biliniz ki rabbiniz birdir, atanız da birdir. Bütün insanlar Âdem’den gelmiş, Âdem de topraktan yaratılmıştır. Arap’ın Arap olmayana, Arap olmayanın Arap’a, beyazın siyaha, siyahın da beyaza hiçbir üstünlüğü yoktur. Allah katında üstünlük ancak takvâ iledir. Biliniz ki bu şehriniz Mekke, bugününüz arefe ve bu ayınız zilhicce nasıl mukaddes ve dokunulmaz ise mallarınız ve canlarınız da aynı şekilde dokunulmazdır. Câhiliye devrindeki her türlü ribâ kaldırılmıştır, ayağımın altındadır. Fakat ana paranız sizindir. Ne haksızlık edin ne de haksızlığa uğrayın. Kaldırdığım ilk faiz amcam Abbas b. Abdülmuttalib’in faizidir. Câhiliye devrinin kan davaları da kaldırılmıştır. Kaldırdığım ilk kan davası akrabalarımdan Rebîa b. Hâris b. Abdülmuttalib’in oğlu Âmir’in kan davasıdır.
Ey insanlar! Kadınların haklarına riayet etmenizi ve bu hususta Allah’tan korkmanızı tavsiye ederim. Siz kadınları Allah’ın emaneti olarak aldınız. Onların namus ve iffetini Allah adına söz vererek helâl edindiniz. Dikkat edin! Sizin kadınlar üzerinde hakkınız olduğu gibi onların da sizin üzerinizde hakları vardır. Sizin onlar üzerindeki hakkınız iffet ve namuslarını korumalarıdır. Kadınların sizin üzerinizdeki hakları geleneklere uygun biçimde yiyecek ve giyeceklerini sağlamanızdır. Kadınlar hususunda Allah’tan korkun ve onlara en iyi şekilde davranın. Ashabım! Bugün şeytan sizin şu topraklarınızda yeniden saltanat ve nüfuz kurma ümidini ebediyen kaybetmiştir. Fakat size yasakladığım şeyler dışında küçük gördüğünüz şeylerde şeytana uyarsanız bu da onu sevindirir ve cesaret verir. Sözümü iyi dinleyin ve belleyin. Müslüman müslümanın kardeşidir. Bir müslümanın malı rızası olmadan diğer bir müslümana helâl olmaz. Sakın zulmetmeyin. Herkes ancak kendi işlediği suçtan sorumludur. Baba oğlunun, oğul da babasının suçundan sorumlu tutulamaz. Allah her vârisin mirastan payını tayin etmiştir. Artık bir vârisin diğer mirasçıları mahrum edecek şekilde vasiyette bulunulması helâl değildir. Çocuklar babalarından başkasına nisbet edilemez. Ödünç alınan şeyler sahibine geri verilmelidir. Yararlanılmak üzere alınan şeyler de sahiplerine iade edilmelidir. Borçlar ödenmelidir. Birinin borcunu üstlenen kefil de o borcu ödemelidir. Kimin yanında bir emanet varsa onu sahibine iade etsin. Rabbiniz olan Allah’tan sakının, O’na kulluk edin. Beş vakit namazınızı kılın. Ramazan ayında oruç tutun, hac ibadetini yerine getirin, mallarınızın zekâtını gönül hoşluğuyla verin. Yöneticilerinize Allah’ın kitabına uydukları sürece itaat edin ve böylece rabbinizin cennetine girin. Benden sonra küfre ve sapkınlığa düşüp birbirinizin boynunu vurmayın. Benden sonra hiçbir peygamber gelmeyecektir. Ey müminler! Size iki emanet bırakıyorum. Onlara sımsıkı sarıldığınız takdirde bir daha asla yolunuzu şaşırmazsınız. Bunlar Allah’ın kitabı Kur’an’la peygamberinin sünnetidir (veya Ehl-i beyti). Daha sonra Resûlullah, “Ey insanlar! Yarın beni sizden soracaklar. O zaman ne diyeceksiniz?” deyince ashap, “Allah’ın risâletini tebliğ ettin, görevini yaptın, bize nasihatte bulundun diye şahitlik ederiz” dediler. Bunun üzerine Resûlullah şehâdet parmağını semaya doğru kaldırdı, sonra da insanlara doğru çevirip indirerek, “Şahit ol yâ rab, şahit ol yâ rab, şahit ol yâ rab!” dedi (Müsned , VII, 307, 330, 376; Buhârî, “Ḥac”, 132, “Meġāzî”, 78; Müslim, “Ḥac”, 147; Ebû Dâvûd, “Menâsik”, 56, 61; Tirmizî, “Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 10; İbn Mâce, “Menâsik”, 76, 84; Vâkıdî, III, 1103, 1110-1111; İbn Hişâm, IV, 259-261; İbn Sa‘d, II, 183-186; Câhiz, II, 31-33; Taberî, III, 150-152; ayrıca bk. Gökalp, s. 35-96). Vedâ hutbeleriyle ilgili muhtelif çalışmalar yapılmıştır (bk. bibl.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 591-593 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.