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VEHB b. MÜNEBBİH Skip to content Ebû Abdillâh Vehb b. Münebbih b. Kâmil es-San‘ânî (ö. 114/732)
Yemenli tâbiî.
34 (654-55) yılında San‘a yakınlarındaki Zimâr’da doğdu. Fars asıllı olan babası Horasan’ın Herat şehrindendir. İran kisrâsı tarafından bu şehirden sürgüne gönderilenlerden (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , IV, 545-546) veya Habeşliler’e karşı Yemenliler’e yardım etmeleri için Yemen’e yollanan ve oraya yerleşen askerlerin çocuklarındandır. Annesi Himyerî asıllıdır. Babası Hz. Peygamber zamanında müslüman olmuş ve Muâz b. Cebel’den rivayette bulunmuştur (Râzî, s. 367). Vehb’in Hemmâm, Ma‘kıl, Abdullah, Mesleme (veya Ömer) ve Gaylân adlı beş erkek kardeşi vardır (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , IV, 545); bunlardan Gaylân, Ali b. Medînî ve Ahmed b. Hanbel gibi âlimlere hadis rivayet eden Gavs b. Câbir’in dedesidir (İbn Asâkir, XLVIII, 96). Vehb, Yemen’de dünyaya geldiği ve burada yaşadığı halde baba yurdu olan Herat’la ilişkisini kesmedi; oradaki gelişmeleri takip etti ve zaman zaman orayı ziyarete gitti (Mizzî, XXXI, 143). Yahudi kaynaklı rivayetleri çok iyi bilmesi onun yahudi asıllı olduğunu hatıra getirse de Gazzâlî dışında hiçbir müellif bundan söz etmemiştir. Sahâbeden Abdullah b. Abbas, Abdullah b. Ömer, Câbir b. Abdullah, Enes b. Mâlik, Ebû Saîd el-Hudrî ve Nu‘mân b. Beşîr’den hadis rivayet etti. Tâbiînden Tâvûs b. Keysân, kardeşi Hemmâm, Ebû Halîfe el-Basrî, aynı zamanda talebesi olan Amr b. Dînâr ve Amr b. Şuayb gibi isimlerden rivayette bulundu. Kendisinden oğulları Abdullah ve Abdurrahman, kardeşi Ma‘kıl’in oğulları Abdüssamed ve Akīl, torunları İdrîs b. Sinân ve Bekkâr b. Abdullah, ayrıca Amr b. Dînâr, Dâvûd b. Kays es-San‘ânî, Rebîa b. Ebû Abdurrahman gibi isimlerin rivayetleri vardır. Ömer b. Abdülazîz’in Yemen valisi Urve b. Muhammed b. Atıyye döneminde San‘a kadılığı yapan Vehb hayatının son yıllarında Vali Yûsuf b. Ömer es-Sekafî tarafından hapsedildi ve işkenceye mâruz kaldı. Muharrem 114’te (Mart 732) San‘a’da vefat etti. Bazı kaynaklarda gördüğü işkence yüzünden öldüğü belirtilmekte (İbn Hacer, XI, 168), vefat tarihi olarak da 110 (728), 113 (731) ve 116 (734) yılları verilmektedir.
Vehb’in şöhret kazanmasında zengin ilmî ve kültürel birikiminin büyük rolü vardır. İlk yazılı hadis metinlerinden eṣ-Ṣaḥîfetü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥa adlı mecmuanın sahibi olan kardeşi Hemmâm hadis rivayetiyle tanınırken Vehb daha çok kadim tarihe ilgi duymuştur. Özellikle peygamberler tarihi ve İsrâilî haberler onun uzmanlık alanıdır. Kur’an’a ve diğer ilâhî kitaplara vukufu, Kur’an ve hadislerde geçmiş ümmetler hakkında verilen sınırlı bilgilerin ayrıntılarına dair rivayetleri elde etmesi, Yunan, Süryânî ve Himyerî dillerini iyi bilmesi (Cevâd Ali, I, 84) kendisini öne çıkarmıştır. İsrâiliyat alanındaki bilgisinin Kâ‘b el-Ahbâr ve Abdullah b. Selâm’dan ileride olduğunu söylediği nakledilmektedir (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , IV, 546). Sa‘lebî ve Kisâî’nin otorite diye zikrettiği Vehb, İsrâiliyat’ın en önemli kaynaklarından biridir (EJd. , XVI, 242).
Ebü’l-Hasan el-İclî, Ebû Zür‘a er-Râzî, Nesâî ve İbn Hibbân gibi âlimlerden Vehb’in sika bir râvi olduğu nakledilmiştir (Mizzî, XXXI, 142). Onu meşhur bir kıssacı ve büyük bir âlim şeklinde tanıtan Zehebî, Vehb’i yalnız Fellâs’ın zayıf saydığına işaret etmektedir (el-Muġnî , II, 727). Rivayetlerinin Kütüb-i Sitte ’de yer alması Vehb’in sika kabul edildiğinin önemli bir delilidir. Ancak Kütüb-i Sitte ’deki rivayetlerinin hiçbiri kadim tarihle veya peygamber kıssalarıyla alâkalı değildir. Onun bu kabil rivayetleri özellikle Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî ile İbn Ebû Şeybe’nin musannefleri, İbn Kuteybe’nin el-Maʿârif ’i ve ʿUyûnü’l-aḫbâr ’ı, Ebû Nuaym’ın Ḥilye ’si gibi eserlerde ve İbn Kesîr’in el-Bidâye ’si gibi tarih kitaplarında bulunmaktadır. Vehb’in rivayetlerinin genel kabul görmesinde hakîmane ve dindar kişiliğinin rolü olmalıdır. Hz. Peygamber’e nisbet edilen, “Ümmetimden iki kişi çıkacak, birinin adı Vehb olup Allah ona hikmeti verecektir; diğeri de Gaylân’dır, o da ümmetime İblîs’ten daha zararlıdır” sözü mevzû kabul edilmekle birlikte Vehb’e nisbet edilen vecizeler onun âdeta hikmetli sözlerin kaynağı sayıldığını göstermektedir. “Şüphe yok ki hikmet dünyalıkları terkeden sakin kalbe yerleşir” diyen Vehb (Dârimî, “Muḳaddime”, 48) bir defasında oğluna şu nasihatte bulunmuştur: “Yavrum, hikmete sarıl, çünkü hayrın tamamı hikmettedir. Hikmet küçüğü büyüğe karşı, köleyi hür olana karşı yüceltir. Efendinin efendiliğini arttırır, fakiri hükümdarların meclislerine oturtur” (Dârimî, “Muḳaddime”, 34; ayrıca bk. Ebû Nuaym, IV, 27-84; İbn Kesîr, IX, 276-302). Ekseri ulemânın Vehb hakkındaki olumlu görüşlerine katılmadığını söyleyen M. Reşîd Rızâ, onun rivayetler veya teşeyyu‘ doktrini aracılığıyla İslâm’ı içeriden yıkmaya çalışan Farslılar’la iş birliği içine girdiğini ileri sürmüştür (Tefsîrü’l-Menâr , IX, 44). Vehb b. Münebbih aracılığıyla birçok İsrâilî rivayetin tefsir kitaplarına girdiğini, ancak bunların bizzat Vehb tarafından uydurulduğu düşüncesini benimsemediğini söyleyen Muhammed b. Muhammed Ebû Şehbe de İsrâiliyat’ın nakline aracılık etmesi yüzünden Vehb’in eleştirilebileceğini belirtmiştir (el-İsrâʾîliyyât , s. 105).
Vehb’in, sayıları yetmiş ile doksan üç arasında değişen kutsal metinleri okuduğunu söylediği zikredilmektedir (İbn Kuteybe, s. 459; Ebû Nuaym, IV, 28-29). Bu sayı abartılı olmakla birlikte kendisinin önceki kitaplara vukufunu göstermesi bakımından önemlidir. Onun geçmiş peygamberler ve ümmetler hakkındaki bilgisinin bir kısmını bu metinlerden (Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, II, 114), bir kısmını da yahudi ve hıristiyan âlimleriyle teması sayesinde (Cevâd Ali, I, 85-86; İA , XIII, 261) elde ettiği belirtilir. Vehb’in Ehl-i kitap kaynaklarından yaptığı nakiller hadisçiler tarafından makbul sayılmamıştır. Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, Vehb’in kardeşini Şam’a gönderip kitap satın aldırdığını ve bunları Arapça’ya aktardığını belirten Yahyâ b. Maîn’e ait bir ifadeye eserinde yer verir ve bu tür nakillerden uzak durulması gerektiğine işaret eder. Vehb b. Münebbih, erken devrin önemli tartışma konularından biri olan kader meselesiyle de ilgilenmiş, bir dönem kaderi inkâr eden anlayışı benimseyip bu konuda Kitâbü’l-Ḳader adıyla bir eser kaleme almış (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , IV, 548), ancak kutsal kitapları okuduktan sonra bu görüşünden vazgeçerek pişmanlığını dile getirmiştir (İbn Sa‘d, VI, 71; Mizzî, XXXI, 147).
Eserleri. 1. Meġāzî Resûlillâh . Eserin 228 (843) yılında istinsah edildiği söylenen ve Heidelberg’de bulunan bir parçası Raif Georges Khoury tarafından Almanca çevirisiyle birlikte neşredilmiş, M. J. Kister bu neşirdeki eksiklik ve yanlışlıklarla ilgili bir makale yazmıştır (bk. bibl.). İki bölümden oluşan bu parçanın ilk bölümünde Hz. Peygamber’in Akabe buluşması, müşriklerin Dârünnedve toplantıları ve hicret, ikinci bölümünde Hz. Ali’nin bir seriyyesi hakkında bilgiler yer almaktadır (Kister, XXXVII [1974], s. 556; EI2 [İng.] , XI, 35).
2. Kitâbü’l-Mülûki’l-mütevvece min Ḥimyer ve aḫbârihim ve ḳıṣaṣıhim ve ḳubûrihim ve eşʿârihim . Yemen tarihine ilişkin efsanevî halk hikâyeleriyle Tevrat ve İncil’den alınmış rivayetlerden meydana gelen eser kısa bir dünya tarihini de içermektedir. Vehb’in soyundan gelen İbn Hişâm’a nisbetle neşredilen Kitâbü’t-Tîcân fî mülûki Ḥimyer ’in (nşr. Fritz Krenkow, Haydarâbâd 1347; nşr. Abdülazîz el-Mekālih, San‘a 1979, 2008; Kahire 1996) önemli bir kısmı Vehb’den aktarılan rivayetlerden teşekkül ettiğine göre bu iki eserin aynı metin olduğu yahut İbn Hişâm’ın Vehb’in eserinden büyük oranda faydalandığı ileri sürülebilir. Kitap ayrıca Yemen tarihiyle ilgili birçok çalışmanın kaynaklarındandır.
3. Kitâbü’l-İsrâʾîliyyât (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1390). Mitolojik unsurları tarihsel materyaller diye kabul ettiği ileri sürülen Vehb b. Münebbih (N. Ahmed Faruqi, s. 93), bu eserinde geçmiş ümmetlere dair Kur’an âyetlerini açıklarken Eski Ahid’de yer alan mitolojik unsurlardan ve hikâyelerden yararlanmıştır. Ayrıca Kâ‘b el-Ahbâr ve Abdullah b. Selâm’a dayandırılan rivayetleri de toplamış, kutsal metinlerden yararlanarak bunlara başka hikâyeler de eklemiştir (Abdülazîz ed-Dûrî, s. 32).
4. Kitâbü’l-Mübtedeʾ (ve ḳıṣaṣü’l-enbiyâʾ) . Bazı kaynaklarda Ḳıṣaṣü’l-enbiyâʾ adıyla geçen eser (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1328) kısas-ı enbiyâ türünün ilk örneklerinden sayılır. Yaratılışın başlangıcını konu alan eseri İbnü’n-Nedîm, Vehb’in torunu Abdülmün‘im b. İdrîs’e (ö. 228/843) nisbet etse de, onun Vehb’e ait olma ihtimali kuvvetlidir. Zira Abdülmün‘im b. İdrîs babası aracılığıyla Vehb’in kitaplarını nakletmekle bilinmektedir (İbn Sa‘d, VII, 361). Ca‘fer b. Ahmed es-Serrâc tarafından manzum hale getirildiği belirtilen (DİA , XXXVI, 570) ve Ferrâ el-Begavî’nin Meʿâlimü’t-tenzîl ’i gibi tefsirlere kaynaklık eden Kitâbü’l-Mübtedeʾ de Vehb’in uyguladığı yöntemle ilgili Hüseyin el-Kesâsibe bir çalışma yapmıştır (bk. bibl.).
5. Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân . Zümer sûresinden Vâkıa sûresine kadar olan âyetleri tefsir ettiği zikredilen eserin (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 461; Hikmet Beşîr Yâsîn, II, 62) bir nüshası Hindistan’da (Salar Jang Ktp., nr. 391) bulunmaktadır.
6. ez-Zehrü’l-enîḳ fî ḳıṣṣati Yûsuf eṣ-Ṣıddîḳ . Her ne kadar Vehb b. Münebbih’e izâfe edilse de (Habeşî, s. 12) özellikle ismindeki secili ifade bu eserin daha sonraki dönemlerde yazıldığı intibaını uyandırmaktadır.
Bunların dışında Vehb’e nisbet edilen diğer eserler şunlardır: Zebûr-i Dâvûd Tercemetü Vehb b. Münebbih , Mevʿiẓa , Ḥikmetü Vehb b. Münebbih , Ḥikmetü Luḳmân , Fütûḥü Vehb b. Münebbih , Ḳıṣaṣü’l-aḫyâr (aḫbâr) (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1240, 1328; Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , II, 501). Vehb’e izâfe edilen Ḥadîs̱ü Dâvûd (nşr. R. G. Khoury, Wiesbaden 1972) ile biri Hz. Peygamber’in sîreti (nşr. R. G. Khoury, el-Meşriḳ , LXIV/4-5 [Beyrut 1970], s. 592-614) diğeri astrolojiyle (nşr. R. G. Khoury, Arabica , XIX [Leiden 1972], s. 139-144) ilgili iki risâlenin ona aidiyeti şüphelidir (İA , XIII, 262). Vehb b. Münebbih’in hadis ilmindeki yeri hakkında Şezâ Ahmed Abdülmuhsin (Vehb b. Münebbih beyne’l-mücerriḥîn ve’l-muʿaddilîn [yüksek lisans tezi, 1998], Câmiatü’l-Küveyt) ve Saliha Ünal (bk. bibl.), tarih yazıcılığındaki yeri hakkında Ammâr Füreyz Zakzûk (Vehb b. Münebbih ve devrühû fi’l-kitâbeti’t-târîḫiyye , [baskı yeri yok] 2002), Kütüb-i Tisʿa ’daki rivayetleri ve İsrâiliyat’ın yayılmasındaki rolü hakkında Alevî b. Şehâbeddin (Merviyyâtü Vehb b. Münebbih ve devrühû fi’l-İsrâʾîliyyât , İrbid 2007) yüksek lisans tezleri hazırlamışlardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Vehb b. Münebbih, Meġāzî Resûlillâh (nşr. Raif Georges Khoury, Wahb b. Munabbih: Der Heidelberger Papyrus içinde), Wiesbaden 1972, s. 118.
İbn Hişâm, Kitâbü’t-Tîcân fî mülûki Ḥimyer , Haydarâbâd 1347, s. 2.
İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , VI, 71; VII, 361.
Ahmed b. Hanbel, el-ʿİlel (Koçyiğit) , I, 163; II, 238.
İbn Kuteybe, el-Maʿârif (Ukkâşe) , s. 459.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Şüveymî) , s. 429.
Ebû Nuaym, Ḥilye , IV, 27-84.
Ahmed b. Abdullah er-Râzî, Târîḫu medîneti Ṣanʿâʾ (nşr. Hüseyin b. Abdullah el-Amrî), San‘a 1401/1981, s. 367, 414-415.
Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, el-Câmiʿ li-aḫlâḳı’r-râvî ve âdâbi’s-sâmiʿ (nşr. Mahmûd et-Tahhân), Riyad 1403/1983, II, 114.
Gazzâlî, et-Tibrü’l-mesbûk fî Naṣîḥati’l-mülûk (nşr. M. Ahmed Demec), Beyrut 1407/1987, s. 157.
İbn Asâkir, Târîḫu Dımaşḳ , XLVIII, 96.
İbn Hayr, Fehrese (nşr. Beşşâr Avvâd Ma‘rûf – Mahmûd Beşşâr Avvâd), Tunus 2009, s. 364-368.
Mizzî, Tehẕîbü’l-Kemâl , XXXI, 140-162.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , IV, 544-557.
a.mlf., el-Muġnî , II, 727.
İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye , IX, 276-302.
İbn Hacer, Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , XI, 168.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 461; II, 1240, 1328, 1390, 1747.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , II, 501.
Reşîd Rızâ, Tefsîrü’l-Menâr , IX, 44.
Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , I, 84-87.
N. Ahmed Faruqī, Early Muslim Historiography , Delhi 1979, s. 92-93.
Abdülazîz ed-Dûrî, The Rise of Historical Writing among Arabs (ed. ve trc. Lawrence I. Conrad), Princeton 1983, s. 32, 122-135.
Abdullah Muhammed el-Habeşî, Meṣâdirü’l-fikri’l-İslâmî fi’l-Yemen , Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 12.
Hikmet Beşîr Yâsîn, İstidrâkât ʿalâ Târîḫi’t-türâs̱i’l-ʿArabî , Cidde 1422, II, 62.
M. Ebû Şehbe, el-İsrâʾîliyyât ve’l-mevżûʿât fî kütübi’t-tefsîr , Beyrut 2005, s. 105.
Saliha Ünal, Hemmâm b. Münebbih ve Vehb b. Münebbih’in Hadis İlmindeki Yeri (yüksek lisans tezi, 2008), SÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 210.
M. J. Kister, “On the Papyrus of Wahb b. Munabbih”, BSOAS , XXXVII (1974), s. 545-571; XL (1977), s. 125-127.
Hüseyin el-Kesâsibe, “Menhecü Vehb b. Münebbih fî kitâbihi’l-Mübtedeʾ”, Dirâsât , XXIV/2, Amman 1997.
J. Horovitz, “Vehb b. Münebbih”, İA , XIII, 260-262.
Raif Georges Khoury, “Wahb b. Munabbih”, EI2 (İng.) , XI, 34-36.
H. Z. Hirschberg, “Wehb Ibn Munabbih”, EJd. , XVI, 241-242.
Ali Turgut, “Serrâc, Ca‘fer b. Ahmed”, DİA , XXXVI, 570.
J. Jacrobs – M. Seligsohn, “Wahb Ibn Munabbih”, www.Jewishencyclopedia.com (13 Ekim 2011).
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 608-610 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.