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VELÎD I Skip to content Ebü’l-Abbâs el-Velîd b. Abdilmelik b. Mervân b. Hakem el-Ümevî el-Kureşî (ö. 96/715)
Emevî halifesi (705-715).
52 (672) yılında Medine’de doğdu. Annesi Abs kabilesinden Vellâde bint Abbas’tır. Kardeşleri Süleyman ve Mesleme ile birlikte özel hocaların gözetiminde yetişti. Oğullarının eğitimiyle bizzat ilgilenip bazan onları imtihan eden Abdülmelik hocalardan oğullarına Kur’an okumayı, bir idareci için önemli olan güzel konuşmayı ve şiiri öğretmelerini, ayrıca güzel ahlâk kazandırmalarını isterdi. Abdülmelik’in Velîd’e Arapça hocaları tuttuğu halde Velîd’in bu konuda başarılı olamadığı ve halifeliği döneminde de konuşurken önemli dil hataları yaptığı kaydedilmektedir. Velîd’in bilinen ilk görevi 77 (696) yılındaki Bizans seferine kumandan tayin edilmesidir. Bir yıl sonra hac emirliği yaptı. Abdülmelik, babasının kendisinden sonra veliaht olarak belirlediği kardeşi Abdülazîz’in vefatının ardından büyük oğlu Velîd’i birinci, diğer oğlu Süleyman’ı ikinci veliaht tayin etmişti (85/704). I. Velîd babasının vefatı üzerine hilâfet makamına geçti (Şevval 86 / Ekim 705).
Her yönüyle kuvvetli bir ülke devralan Velîd, başta Irak umumi valisi Haccâc b. Yûsuf es-Sekafî olmak üzere bu başarıda payı bulunan valileri görevlerinde bıraktı ve onların tecrübelerinden faydalandı. Onun daha sonra devlet görevlerinde Kaysîler’i tercih ettiği belirtilmektedir. Velîd, Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn döneminde gerçekleşen ilk büyük fetihlerden altmış yıl sonra İslâm tarihinin ikinci büyük fetih harekâtını başlattı. Mâverâünnehir fâtihi Kuteybe b. Müslim, Sind ve civarının fâtihi Muhammed b. Kāsım es-Sekafî, Anadolu ve Kafkasya seferlerinin meşhur kumandanı Mesleme b. Abdülmelik, İspanya fâtihleri Târık b. Ziyâd ile Mûsâ b. Nusayr önemli fetihler gerçekleştirdiler. Horasan Valisi Kuteybe b. Müslim 90 (708-709) yılında Ceyhun nehrini geçerek Sagāniyân, Tohâristan, Beykent ve ardından Mâverâünnehir fetihleri için büyük önem taşıyan Buhara’yı ele geçirdi. 92’de (710-11) Sicistan Türk Hükümdarı Rutbîl’in barış isteğini kabul ederek bölgeyi hâkimiyeti altına aldı. Ertesi yıl Hârizm melikini (Afrigoğulları) vergiye bağladı. Mâverâünnehir’in en müstahkem şehri olan, Hindistan, İran ve Türk ülkelerinden gelen ticaret yollarının kesiştiği noktada bulunan Semerkant’ı fethetti (93/711-12). Bir yıl sonra Şâş ve Fergana fetihlerini gerçekleştirdi. 95’te (714) gerçekleştirdiği seferde Haccâc’ın ölüm haberini alınca Merv’e döndü. Ancak Horasan’ı Irak valiliğinden ayırıp müstakil hale getiren ve Kuteybe’yi oraya vali tayin eden I. Velîd’in emriyle fetihlerine devam etti. 96 (715) yılında çıktığı son seferinde Çin sınırlarına en yakın şehir olan Kâşgar üzerine yürüdü. Bu sırada Halife Velîd’in öldüğünü ve yerine kendisine kin besleyen Süleyman’ın geçtiğini haber aldı. I. Velîd döneminde doğu cephesinde ikinci fetih hareketi Sind bölgesinde gerçekleştirildi. Haccâc tarafından 89 (708) yılında Sind valiliğine tayin edilen Muhammed b. Kāsım, Deybül üzerine gidip şehri ele geçirdi (93/712). Ardından Nîrûn, Sivîstan (Sedûsân), Brahmanâbâd ve Mültan fethedilerek Sind topraklarının tamamı hâkimiyet altına alındı. Böylece 92-96 (711-715) yıllarındaki fetihlerle bugünkü Belûcistan’dan Hindistan’da Kathiavar’a kadar bütün İndus vadisi İslâm egemenliğine girmiş oldu.
Fetihlerin ikinci cephesini Anadolu (Bizans) ve Kafkaslar teşkil etti. Halifenin kardeşi Mesleme 88-89 (707-708) yıllarında Bedendûn (Pozantı) çevresini, Tuvâne (Tyana) ve Ammûriye ile (Amorion) Eskişehir’i zaptetti. 91’de (710) el-Cezîre, İrmîniye ve Azerbaycan valiliğine getirilen Mesleme, aynı yıl Kafkasya cephesinde Hazarlar’a karşı düzenlediği seferlerde bazı şehir ve kaleleri ele geçirdi. 92-93 (711-712) yıllarında Amasya’yı ve bölgedeki bazı merkezleri, 95’te (714) Kafkasya cephesinde bölgenin en müstahkem şehri Derbend’i ve çevresini fethetti. Ayrıca Cerâcime üzerine giderek Amanos bölgesini hâkimiyet altına aldı.
Fetihlerin üçüncü cephesi Kuzey Afrika ve Endülüs oldu. Halife, İfrîkıye ve Mağrib valiliğini Mısır valiliğinden ayırıp doğrudan hilâfet merkezine bağlamıştı. Bu sırada Mağrib-i Evsat’ın fethini tamamlamış olan İfrîkıye Valisi Mûsâ b. Nusayr, Mağrib-i Aksâ’yı fethetmek için harekete geçti (87/706); iki yıl içerisinde Sebte (Ceuta) hariç Kuzey Afrika’nın tamamı İslâm egemenliğine girdi. Sardinya, Mayurka ve Minorka adaları, Sicilya’daki bazı şehirler ele geçirildi. Mûsâ b. Nusayr, 92 (711) yılı ilkbaharında kendisine bağlı Tanca Valisi Târık b. Ziyâd’ı İspanya’ya gönderdi. Daha sonra kendi adıyla anılacak olan boğazı geçerek İspanya fethini başlatan Târık, Vâdiilekke savaşında Vizigotlar’ı ağır bir yenilgiye uğrattı. Ardından kısa sürede Malaga (Mâleka), Elvira (İlbîre), Córdoba (Kurtuba), Ecija (İsticce) ve başşehirleri Toledo’yu (Tuleytula) fethetti. Fetih haberlerini aldıktan sonra 93 (712) yılında Endülüs’e geçen Mûsâ b. Nusayr da başka bir güzergâh izleyerek Sevilla (İşbîliye), Carmona (Karmûne), Niebla (Leble), Mérida’yı (Mâride) ele geçirdi ve ertesi yıl Târık b. Ziyâd ile Toledo’da buluştu. İki kumandan fetih harekâtını İspanya’nın kuzeyine doğru iki koldan sürdürdü. Üç yıl gibi kısa bir süre içinde kuzeyde küçük bir bölge olan Asturias dışında İspanya’nın tamamına yakını ele geçirildi. Mûsâ ile Târık, Zilkade 95’te (Temmuz-Ağustos 714) Halife Velîd’in emriyle Dımaşk’a dönmek üzere Endülüs’ten ayrıldı. Bu fetihler neticesinde İslâm orduları Fransa içlerine kadar ilerledi ve Emevî Devleti’nin sınırları Türkistan’dan Fransa içlerine, Anadolu’dan Hindistan’da Kathiavar’a kadar genişledi. Emevî Devleti, Velîd zamanında askerî gücünün zirvesine ulaştı. Yine bu fetihler sayesinde gelecekte İslâm’ın bayraktarlığını yapacak olan Türkler arasında İslâm’ın yayılması yolunda önemli başarılar elde edildi.
Emevî Devleti’ni dönemin en büyük devleti haline getiren Velîd b. Abdülmelik’in tahtını oğlu Abdülazîz’e bırakma arzusu, olumsuz neticeleri kendisinden sonraki döneme de yansıyan bir sıkıntıya yol açmıştı. Bunun için kardeşi Süleyman’ın veliahtlıktan çekilmesi gerekiyordu. Ancak Süleyman veliahtlıktan feragat etmedi. Süleyman’ı zorla yola getirmeyi düşünen Velîd, bu konuda Haccâc ve Kuteybe b. Müslim’in desteğini sağladıysa da Ömer b. Abdülazîz’in sert muhalefetiyle karşılaştı. Buna rağmen Süleyman’a karşı güç kullanmaya karar verdiği bir sırada hastalanıp öldüğü de söylenir. Velîd’in bu teşebbüsü, hilâfet makamına geçen Süleyman’ın onu destekleyen devlet adamlarını cezalandırmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. I. Velîd, 14 Cemâziyelâhir 96 (24 Şubat 715) tarihinde Gūtatü Dımaşk’taki Deyrümürrân’da vefat etti; Ömer b. Abdülazîz’in kıldırdığı cenaze namazının ardından Bâbüssagīr Mezarlığı’nın dışına defnedildi. Mezarının bulunduğu yer daha sonraları mezarlığa dahil edilmiştir. 91 (710) ve 95 (714) yıllarında hacca giden Velîd’in mühründe, “Yâ Velîd inneke meyyitün” (Ey Velîd sen öleceksin) cümlesi yazılıydı. Nâbiga eş-Şeybânî ve Kutâmî, Velîd için methiye yazmıştır. On dokuz oğlu dünyaya gelen Velîd’in iki oğlu (III. Yezîd ve İbrâhim) II. Velîd’den sonra kısa sürelerle halifelik yapmıştır.
Sert bir mizaca sahip olmakla birlikte halka iyi davranan Velîd sağlık işlerine büyük önem vermiş, İslâmî dönemde ilk hastahaneyi yaptırmıştır. 88 (707) yılında kurduğu hastahaneye hekimler tayin ederek onlara maaş bağlamış, cüzzamlı hastaların tecrit edilmesini emretmiş, cüzzamlılara ve körlere erzak tayin etmiştir (Makrîzî, II, 405). Ayrıca sakatlara, âmâlara ve fakirlere maaş bağlatıp kötürüm ve âmâların yanına hizmetçiler vererek onları devlet güvencesi altına almıştır. Diğer taraftan muhtaçlar için aşevleri açtırmış, dilenmeyi yasaklamış, beytülmâlde herkese yetecek kadar malın bulunduğunu söyleyerek dilencilerin ihtiyaçlarının karşılanacağını belirtmiştir. Yetimleri ve fakir çocukları devlet himayesine alıp eğitim öğretim ihtiyaçlarını karşılamıştır. Dindar bir hükümdar olarak tanıtılan I. Velîd, müslümanların üstündeki baskıyı kaldırıp İslâm’ın devlet dini halinde yükselmesini ve Sünnîliğin öncüleri olan bir dinî zümrenin yetişmesini sağlamıştır. Medine âlimlerine zalimce davranan vali Hişâm b. İsmâil’i görevden alıp yerine amcazadesi Ömer b. Abdülazîz’i getirmiştir. Ancak onun yedi yıl sonra Haccâc’ın baskılarına dayanamayarak Ömer’i görevinden aldığı, yönetim muhaliflerine karşı çok sert davrandığı ve bu hususta Haccâc’a müdahalede bulunmadığı bilinmektedir.
I. Velîd döneminde gerçekleştirilen fetihler iktisadî hayatı canlandırdığı gibi bölge ticaretinin müslümanların eline geçmesini de sağlamış, bu gelirlerle ülke içinde refah artmış, ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel faaliyetler canlanmıştır. Gelişmeler imar faaliyetlerine de yansımış, Velîd bilhassa dinî mimari alanında bazıları bugüne ulaşan önemli eserler yaptırmıştır. Emevî mimarisinin şaheserlerinden kabul edilen ve günümüze kadar gelebilen camilerin en ihtişamlı ilk örneğini teşkil eden Dımaşk’taki Emeviyye Camii bu eserlerin başında gelir (bk. EMEVİYYE CAMİİ ). Mescid-i Aksâ’yı yeniden inşa ettiren Velîd, Mescid-i Nebevî’yi de genişletmiş, Mescid-i Kubâ’da imar çalışmaları yaptırmış, Kâbe’nin onarım ve bakımı için Mekke Valisi Hâlid b. Abdullah el-Kasrî’ye 30.000 dinar göndermiştir. Mescid-i Harâm’a ilâveler yapılmış, bu sırada Kâbe’nin kapısı ve oluğu ilk defa altınla kaplatılmıştır. Yine halifenin tâlimatıyla Fustat’taki Amr b. Âs Camii yıktırılıp yeniden inşa ettirilmiştir. Amman bölgesinde Ezrak vahasının giriş kısmındaki erken dönem İslâm sivil mimarisinin en önemli örneklerinden biri olan Kusayru Amre Sarayı’nın I. Velîd veya II. Velîd tarafından yaptırıldığı tahmin edilmektedir. Bunların yanında zenginler de imar faaliyetinde bulunmuştur. Öte yandan sulama işleri ve tarım faaliyetlerine de önem verilmiş, hazineye ait çorak arazilerin ve bataklıkların büyük bir kısmı ıslah edilerek tarıma elverişli hale getirilmiştir. Haccâc Aşağı Fırat ve Dicle bölgesindeki sulak arazinin ıslahı için kanal sistemine başvurmuş, İskenderun civarındaki bataklık araziler de ıslah edilmiştir. Ülkede yollar ve özellikle hac yolları onarılmış, yeni yollar açılmış, köprüler yaptırılmıştır. Hacıların ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak üzere kuyular açılmış, sarnıçlar inşa edilmiştir. I. Velîd zamanında şehirlerdeki caddelerin fenerlerle aydınlatıldığı söylenir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Ya‘kūbî, Târîḫ , II, 156, 283-289.
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İbn A‘sem el-Kûfî, el-Fütûḥ , Beyrut 1406/1986, IV, 159, 165, 173-186, 190, 195-205.
Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Abdülhamîd) , III, 165-167, 239.
el-ʿUyûn ve’l-ḥadâʾiḳ fî aḫbâri’l-ḥaḳāʾiḳ (nşr. M. J. de Goeje), Leiden 1871, I, 1-16.
İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , III, 93; IV, 105, 522, 523, 527, 536-538, 544, 547, 555, 569-578, 582-586, 591; V, 5-9, 12, 19.
Makrîzî, el-Ḫıṭaṭ , II, 405.
Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , I, 230-233, 240, 242, 253-255, 259-264, 269-277, 280, 281, 284-287.
Hudarî, Muḥâḍarât: Ümeviyye , s. 316, 317, 322.
J. Wellhausen, Arap Devleti ve Sukutu (trc. Fikret Işıltan), Ankara 1963, s. 118-124.
Nebîh Âkıl, Târîḫu ḫilâfeti Benî Ümeyye , Dımaşk 1983, s. 195-234.
Yûsuf el-Iş, ed-Devletü’l-Ümeviyye , Dımaşk 1985, s. 241-251.
Hüseyin Atvân, el-Ümeviyyûn ve’l-ḫilâfe , Beyrut 1986, s. 137-152.
Mevlüt Koyuncu, Emevî Halîfesi Velid b. Abdülmelik ve Dönemi , Sakarya 2004.
Nebi Bozkurt, “Mescid-i Aksâ”, DİA , XXIX, 270.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 30-31 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.