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VELÎD II Skip to content Ebü’l-Abbâs el-Velîd b. Yezîd b. Abdilmelik b. Mervân el-Ümevî el-Kureşî (ö. 126/744)
Emevî halifesi (743-744).
90 (709) yılında Dımaşk’ta dünyaya geldi. 87 (706), 88 (707) veya 92 (711) yıllarında doğduğu da rivayet edilir. Babası II. Yezîd, annesi Ümmü’l-Haccâc bint Muhammed b. Yûsuf’tur. II. Yezîd, oğlunun eğitimiyle Abdüssamed b. Abdüla‘lâ ve Ebû Nahîle et-Temîmî el-Basrî’yi görevlendirdi. 101 veya 102 (720 veya 721) yılında II. Yezîd, Velîd’in yaşının küçüklüğü sebebiyle kardeşi Hişâm’ı birinci veliaht, oğlunu da ikinci veliaht tayin etti. II. Yezîd’in, Velîd on beş yaşına gelince onu birinci veliaht tayin etmediği için pişman olduğu ve Hişâm’ı diğer kardeşi Mesleme’nin ısrarı yüzünden veliaht yaptığını söylediği nakledilir.
Velîd babasının halifeliği sırasında herhangi bir göreve getirilmedi. Amcası Hişâm b. Abdülmelik’in yirmi yıl süren hilâfeti dolayısıyla uzun bir veliahtlık devresi geçirdi. Bu dönemde amcasıyla ilişkileri inişli çıkışlı bir seyir izledi. İlk yıllarda sarayda bir nevi göz hapsinde tutulmakla birlikte amcasından yakın ilgi gördü ve bu ilgi uzun süre devam etti. Ancak daha sonra Velîd’in şahsiyeti ve gayri ahlâkî davranışları yüzünden amcasının ona karşı tutumu değişti. Kaynaklarda Velîd’in içkiye, kadınlara, av partilerine düşkün hafifmeşrep bir kişiliğe sahip olduğu, zamanının çoğunu eğlence ve şiir meclislerinde geçirdiği ve “fısku fücur”a daldığı rivayet edilir. Bu durum dedikoduların artmasına yol açınca Hişâm bir süre daha öğüt ve uyarılarla Velîd’i sefahat hayatından vazgeçirmeye çalıştı. 116 (734) yılında onu, eğlence arkadaşlarından uzaklaştırmak ve kendisine çekidüzen vermesini sağlamak amacıyla hac emîri olarak görevlendirdi. Ancak Velîd’in Mekke’ye giderken köpeklerini sandıkların içinde gizleyerek beraberinde götürdüğü, orada da günlerini eğlenceyle geçirdiği, namazları onun yerine âzatlısı Îsâ b. Muksim’in kıldırdığı zikredilir. Buna rağmen yeğenini uyarmaya devam eden Hişâm bir sonuç alamayınca Velîd’i ağır biçimde eleştirmeye başladı. Sarayda onun kötü huylarının konuşulduğu özel meclislerin düzenlendiği rivayet edilmektedir. Velîd’in bu davranışlarından vazgeçmeyeceğini anlayan Hişâm onu veliahtlıktan azledip yerine oğlu Mesleme’yi veliaht yapmaya karar verdi. Hânedan mensuplarından ve valilerden bazıları bu hususta onu destekledi. Dönemin ünlü âlimlerinden İbn Şihâb ez-Zührî de Hişâm’ı veliahdı değiştirmeye teşvik edenler arasında yer alıyordu. Hişâm, bazı girişimlerde bulunarak Velîd’i veliahtlıktan feragate zorladıysa da bunu ona kabul ettiremedi. Ardından kendisinden sonra oğlu Mesleme’yi ikinci veliaht yapmak istedi, fakat Velîd bunu da reddetti ve araları iyice açıldı. Velîd, amcasının sözlerine muhatap olmamak için Rusâfe’den ayrılarak kendisini eğiten Abdüssamed ve arkadaşlarıyla birlikte bâdiyeye çekildi, Suriye hac yolu üzerindeki Ezrak’a gitti. Ezrak’ta da başına buyruk bir hayat yaşamaya başladı. Hişâm’ın hilâfetinin son dönemlerinde karşılıklı mektuplarla birbirlerini suçladılar. Velîd’in bütün ödeneklerinin kesilmesi de onu kararından döndüremedi ve veliahtlığı devam etti.
II. Velîd amcasının ölümünden sonra otuz beş yaşında hilâfet makamına oturdu (6 Rebîülâhir 125 / 6 Şubat 743). Rivayete göre kendisine halifelik müjdesi ulaşdığı zaman bunu içki içerek kutladı. Halifeliğinin ilk günlerinde Irak Valisi Yûsuf b. Ömer es-Sekafî ile Horasan Valisi Nasr b. Seyyâr hariç Hişâm’ın tayin ettiği bütün valileri ve diğer önemli memurların çoğunu görevden aldı. Onlardan bazılarının mallarını müsadere ettirdi, ayrıca çeşitli cezalara çarptırdı. Bunun sebebi olarak eline geçen bir belgeden onların kendisinin veliahtlıktan uzaklaştırılmasını desteklediklerini öğrenmesi gösterilir. Ayrıca amcasıyla birlikte diğer bazı akrabalarının mallarına da el koydu. II. Velîd dayısı Yûsuf b. Muhammed’i Medine, Mekke ve Tâif valiliklerine tayin etti. Dîvânü’l-atâ’dan maaş alanlara 10’ar dinar zam yaptı. Suriye halkını kazanmak için onların maaşlarını ayrıca 10’ar dinar daha arttırdı ve bol ihsanlarda bulundu. Bu harcamalar yüzünden beytülmâlin altı ayda boşaltıldığı zikredilir. Tahta çıkmasından bir ay sonra oğullarından Hakem ve Osman’ı veliaht tayin eden Velîd henüz çocuk yaşta iki oğlu için bütün ülke halkından biat aldırdı.
125 (743) yılında Bizanslılar, Zibatra (Doğanşehir) Kalesi’ni tahrip ettiler. Velîd aynı yıl içinde kardeşi Gamr’ı Bizans’a karşı yaz seferine, Esved b. Bilâl’i donanmanın başında Kıbrıs üzerine gönderdi. Kıbrıs halkından müslümanlarla birlikte yaşamayı tercih edenler Suriye sahillerine getirildi, Bizans’a gitmeyi tercih edenlerin de adadan ayrılmasına izin verildi. II. Velîd döneminde önemli iç karışıklıklar yaşandı. Hişâm zamanında isyan edip öldürülen Zeyd b. Ali’nin oğlu Yahyâ Beyhak, Nîşâbur, Belh, Serahs gibi şehirlerden kendisine katılanlarla birlikte ayaklanınca Horasan Valisi Nasr b. Seyyâr tarafından Cûzcân’daki şiddetli bir savaştan sonra öldürüldü. Başı kesilen cesedi uzun süre asılı kaldı. Bu durum bölgede Emevî aleyhtarlığını şiddetlendirdi ve Abbâsî davetinin güçlenmesine katkıda bulundu. Diğer taraftan II. Velîd, Hişâm döneminde on beş yıl Irak valiliği yaptıktan sonra görevinden alınıp tutuklanan ve ardından serbest bırakılan Hâlid b. Abdullah el-Kasrî’yi 50 milyon dirhem karşılığında düşmanı vali Yûsuf b. Ömer’e teslim etti. Hâlid bacakları kırılarak işkenceyle öldürüldü.
II. Velîd halifelik görevini üstlendikten sonra da hayat tarzını değiştirmedi. Yıkılmaya yüz tutmuş devletin idaresini bir tarafa bırakıp günlerini içki âlemlerinde geçirmeye devam etti. Her türlü kötülüğü yapabilecek bir yaratılışta olduğu ve mukaddes değerlerle alay ettiği nakledilir. Bu davranışları yüzünden halkın nazarında büyük itibar kaybetti. Öte yandan Hişâm’ın yakınlarına ve onun valilerine yapılan baskı, bazılarının ağır cezalara çarptırılıp mallarına el konulması ve Yahyâ b. Zeyd’in öldürülmesi gibi olaylar da Velîd’in halk nezdindeki itibar kaybının hızlanmasına yol açtı. Özellikle Irak’ta Yemenli unsurları destekleyen Hâlid b. Abdullah el-Kasrî’nin yeni Irak valisi Yûsuf b. Ömer es-Sekafî tarafından öldürülmesi Yemen asıllı kabilelerin Velîd’e düşman olmasına sebebiyet verdi. Emevî ailesi de ilk defa kendi içinde parçalandı; Velîd b. Abdülmelik ile Hişâm b. Abdülmelik’in oğulları Velîd’in aleyhine döndü. Velîd’e karşı gittikçe yaygınlaşan hoşnutsuzluk, Emevî ailesinden Yezîd (III.) b. Velîd b. Abdülmelik’in liderlik ettiği bir isyana dönüştü. Yezîd, Velîd’in üzerine yeğeni Abdülazîz b. Haccâc b. Abdülmelik kumandasında 2000 kişilik bir kuvvet gönderince Velîd beraberindeki az sayıda kişiyle Bahrâ Sarayı’na doğru kaçtı, taraftarları dağılınca saraya sığınmak zorunda kaldı. Bu sırada Humus veya Tedmür’e çekilme tekliflerini de reddeden II. Velîd sarayına giren isyancılar tarafından öldürüldü (27 Cemâziyelâhir 126 / 16 Nisan 744).
Bu isyan kaynaklarda daha ziyade dinî sebeplere bağlanmış, Velîd hakkında her türlü haramı işlemekten ve bunu açıkça söylemekten çekinmediğine dair rivayetler aktarılmıştır. Bu çirkin davranışları yüzünden onun küfre düşüp düşmediği konusu tartışılmıştır. Ancak çağdaş tarihçilerin önemli bir kısmı Velîd’e dair rivayetlerin abartıldığı veya önemli bir kısmının hasımları tarafından uydurulduğu görüşündedir. Bu tarihçiler, II. Velîd’e karşı girişilen isyanda Velîd’in Hişâm dönemi valilerinden bazılarını ağır biçimde cezalandırmasının önemine de işaret eder. Nitekim Hâlid b. Abdullah’ın taraftarları ve onların müttefiki Ka‘kā‘ oğulları isyanda büyük rol oynamıştır. Aynı şekilde halifeliğe kendilerini daha lâyık gören I. Velîd ve Hişâm evlâdıyla birlikte Emevîler’e düşmanlığıyla bilinen ve isyanın lideri III. Yezîd’i etkileri altına alan Kaderiyye mensuplarının da bu harekette rolü bulunduğu bilinmektedir.
II. Velîd iri cüsseli, cesur ve ata binmekte çok mahir biriydi. Üç defa evlendiği ve on beş çocuğunun olduğu zikredilir. Ayrıca Emevî halifeleri içinde şairliğiyle meşhurdur, kaynaklarda çok sayıda şiiri aktarılır. Onun Araplar’ın ahbâr ve ensâbını bir araya getirtmesi tarih yazıcılığının gelişmesine katkı sağlamıştır (DİA , XL, 31). Medineli mûsikişinas İbn Âişe, Velîd’in bazı şiirlerini bestelemiş (a.g.e. , XIX, 299), Rü’be b. Accâc ve Nâbiga eş-Şeybânî Velîd için methiye yazmıştır. II. Velîd’e nisbet edilen şiirleri Francesco Gabrieli (“Dîvânü’l-Velîd b. Yezîd”, el-Mecmaʿu’l-ʿilmiyyü’l-ʿArabî , 1937) ve Hüseyin Atvân (Dîvânü Şiʿri’l-Velîd b. Yezîd , Amman 1987) derleyerek yayımlamıştır. II. Velîd, Emevî saraylarının önemlilerinden olan Kasrü’l-Müşettâ’yı inşa ettirmiştir. Ölüdeniz yakınlarındaki Vâdinnüvey‘ime’de yer alan, birbirine bitişik saray, cami ve hamamdan meydana gelen yapılar topluluğu Hırbetü’l-mefcer’in de II. Velîd zamanında yapıldığı düşünülmektedir. Josef Hell, meşhur şair Ferezdak’ın şiirleri ve onun II. Velîd için yazdığı kasidelere dair Al-Farazdaḳ’s Lobgedicht auf al-Walīd ibn Jazīd (Leipzig 1902) adıyla ve Felix Tauer, 1917’de “Emevî Halifesi ve Şairi II. Velîd” adıyla doktora tezi hazırlamıştır (DİA , XL, 174).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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A. Mansurnoor, “The Significance of the Murder of Walīd II in Early Islamic History”, HI , XIII/4 (1990), s. 65-75.
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H. Kennedy, “al-Walid (II)”, EI2 (İng.) , XI, 128.
Fuat Günel, “İbn Âişe, Muhammed”, DİA , XIX, 299.
Mustafa Fayda, “Tarih”, a.e. , XL, 31.
Vojtech Kopčan, “Tauer, Felix”, a.e. , XL, 174.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 31-33 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.