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VELİYYÜDDİN EFENDİ Skip to content (ö. 1182/1768)
Osmanlı şeyhülislâmı, hattat.
İstanbul Silivrikapı’da Yayla semtinde dünyaya geldi. Şem‘dânîzâde Fındıklılı Süleyman Efendi’nin kaydettiği seksen yedi yaşında öldüğüne dair bilgi doğru kabul edilirse 1095 (1684) yılı civarında doğduğu söylenebilir. Ekşiaşzâde lakabıyla da bilinir. Babası yeniçerilerin altmış dördüncü solak ortası ihtiyarlarından Solakbaşı Hacı Mustafa Ağa’dır. Dedesi Hacı Hüseyin Ağa’nın da solakbaşılık görevinde bulunduğu nakledilir. Eğitimi hakkında kaynaklarda bilgi verilmez; sadece, tahsilini tamamladıktan sonra Ebezâde Abdullah Efendi’nin şeyhülislâmlığı döneminde babasının Silivrikapı’da Arabacı Bayezid mahallesinde yaptırdığı medresede ibtidâ-i hâric rütbesiyle bir süre müderrislik yaptığı kaydedilir.
Nevşehirli Damad İbrâhim Paşa’nın dikkatini çekerek onun himayesine giren ve Evkāf-ı Haremeyn müfettişliğine getirilen Veliyyüddin Efendi 1142’de (1729) Halep kadılığına tayin edildi; ancak ertesi yıl görevinden uzaklaştırıldı. Şem‘dânîzâde, Halep kadılığından azlini anlatırken kendisinden Ekşiaşzâde Veli Efendi diye bahseder. Dört ay sonra Galata kadısı oldu. Kahire ve Medine’de de kadılık yaptı, bu sırada hac vazifesini ifa etti. İstanbul kadılığı pâyesini alarak Şâban 1169’da (Mayıs 1756) Anadolu kazaskerliğine getirildi; 19 Şâban 1171’de (28 Nisan 1758) Rumeli kazaskerliğine tayin edildi. Kısa bir süre görev yaptıktan sonra III. Mustafa’ya sunulan, kendisinin rüşvet aldığına dair bir arzuhal sebebiyle 28 Zilkade 1171’de (3 Ağustos 1758) azledilip Manisa’ya sürgüne gönderildi. Veliyyüddin Efendi’nin adaletperver bir kişiliğe sahip olduğunu ve doğruları söylemekten çekinmediğini belirten Şem‘dânîzâde, kendisini sevmeyenlerin asılsız ithamlarına mâruz kaldığını ve aleyhinde uydurulan yirmi sekiz ayrı dilekçenin bulunduğunu nakleder.
Veliyyüddin Efendi, Çelebizâde Âsım Efendi şeyhülislâmlığa getirildiğinde Vezîriâzam Râgıb Paşa ile birlikte huzura kabulü sırasında her ikisinin de talebiyle affedildi ve 1 Zilhicce 1172’de (26 Temmuz 1759) İstanbul’a döndü. 28 Cemâziyelâhir 1173’te (16 Şubat 1760) Çelebizâde Âsım Efendi’nin vefatı üzerine şeyhülislâmlığa tayin edildi. Bu göreve tayini esnasında hastalığından dolayı saraya gidemedi ve iyileşinceye kadar konağında oturmasına izin verildi; padişahın huzurunda giyilmesi âdet olan şeyhülislâmlık kıyafeti (ferve-i beyzâ) evine gönderildi. Kaynaklarda bu durumun meşihat tarihinde ilk defa görüldüğü kaydedilir. Veliyyüddin Efendi, sert mizacı sebebiyle bir yıl altı ay on sekiz gün süren görevinin ardından 6 Safer 1175’te (6 Eylül 1761) şeyhülislâmlıktan azledildi. Azlinden sonra hacca gitmesine izin verildi, hac mevsimi gelinceye kadar da Bursa’da ikameti istendi. Bir süre sonra affedilerek tekrar İstanbul’a döndü. 24 Zilkade 1180’de (23 Nisan 1767) azledilen Dürrîzâde Mustafa Efendi’nin yerine ikinci defa şeyhülislâmlığa getirildi. İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, teşrifat defterinden naklen Veliyyüddin Efendi’nin şeyhülislâm oluşu esnasında icra edilen merasimi ayrıntılı biçimde anlatır (Osmanlı Tarihi , IV/2, s. 491). Veliyyüddin Efendi, bir yıl altı ay iki gün görev yaptıktan sonra yaşlılığından kaynaklanan rahatsızlığı sebebiyle 13 Cemâziyelâhir 1182’de (25 Ekim 1768) vefat etti. Vefat tarihi Sicill-i Osmânî ’de 3 Cemâziyelâhir olarak verilir. Koca Mustafa Paşa Camii’nde kılınan namazın ardından Eyüp’te Otakçılar civarında bulunan Murad Efendi (Mehmed Murad Buhârî) Zâviyesi’ne defnedildi. Nakşibendiyye-Müceddidiyye’yi Anadolu’ya getiren Murad Buhârî’ye intisap eden kişiler arasında Veliyyüddin Efendi’nin adı da geçmektedir. Şeyhülislâmlık süresi toplam üç yıl yirmi gündür (veya üç yıl bir ay).
Şeyhülislâmlığı sırasında fetvahânede görevli müsevvidlerin maaşlarının arttırılmasını sağlayan Veliyyüdin Efendi bu amaçla Bolu kazasının şer‘î hâsılatını fetvahâneye arpalık olarak tahsis ettirmiştir. Ayrıca tıp eğitimi almadan hekimlik yapan kişilerin engellenmesi için hekimlerden oluşan bir heyet kurulmasını ve bu yolla sahtekârlığın önüne geçilmesini temin etmiştir. III. Mustafa döneminde devlet ricâlinden Ruslar’la savaş yapılmasını istemeyenlerin safında yer almıştır. Veliyyüddin Efendi’nin büyük oğlu Mustafa Reşid Efendi müderrislik yapmış ve 1181’de (1767) babasının sağlığında vefat ederek Fatih’te defnedilmiştir. Üç defa Rumeli kazaskerliğinde bulunan küçük oğlu Hacı Mehmed Emin Efendi’nin Şeyh Murad Dergâhı hazîresindeki mezar taşına göre vefat tarihi 22 Şevval 1220’dir (13 Ocak 1806).
Veliyyüddin Efendi’nin birçok hayratı mevcuttur. Bunlarla ilgili vakfiyelerin çeşitli tarihlerde genişletilerek yeniden düzenlendiği anlaşılmaktadır (Cunbur, s. 172 vd.). Babasının yaptırdığı, kendisinin de müderrislikte bulunduğu Arabacı Bayezid mahallesindeki medresede çalışan görevliler için tahsisat ayırmış, Bursa’da ikameti sırasında Abdal Murad Zâviyesi’ne yol açtırmıştır. Ayrıca Edirnekapı ile Otakçılar arasında Bâhir Mustafa Paşa’nın inşa ettirdiği Nakşibendî Tekkesi’ne minber koydurmuştur. Vakfiyesindeki bilgilerden Mehmed Murad Buhârî Dergâhı’nda da (Şeyh Murad Tekkesi) bir mescid-tevhidhâne yaptırdığı anlaşılmaktadır. Veliyyüddin Efendi’nin bunların yanında Koca Mustafa Paşa Camii avlusuna bir muvakkithâne ilâve ettirdiği kaydedilir. En önemli hayratı ise İstanbul’da Zeytinburnu ile Bakırköy arasında kalan Çırpıcıçayırı civarındaki mesire ve çeşmesidir. Bu vakıf onun Galata kadısı olduğu sırada tesis edilmiştir. Veli Efendi çayırı ve çeşmesi, zamanla İstanbul halkı tarafından manilere konu teşkil edecek derecede sevilen bir mesire haline gelmiştir. Bu alan günümüzde Veliefendi Hipodromu adıyla at yarışlarının yapıldığı bir yer olarak kullanılmaktadır. Veliyyüddin Efendi’nin önemli hizmeti ise inşa ettirdiği kütüphane ile vakfettiği kitaplarıdır (bk. VELİYYÜDDİN EFENDİ KÜTÜPHANESİ ).
Eseri bulunduğuna dair kaynaklarda herhangi bir bilgiye rastlanmayan Veliyyüddin Efendi, Osmanlı ta‘lik ekolünün önde gelen üstatlarındandır. Ta‘lik hattını Durmuşzâde Ahmed Efendi’den meşketmiştir. Zamanla bu alanda üstün başarı gösterip İmâd-ı Rûm lakabıyla anılmış, İran ta‘lik üslûbundan farklı şekilde Yesârî Mehmed Esad öncesinde ortaya çıkan Türk ta‘lik ekolünün öncülerinden sayılmıştır. Veliyyüddin Efendi’nin günümüze ulaşan ta‘lik kıta ve celî ta‘lik kitâbe yazılarında bu yeni oluşumun ve üslûp arayışlarının izleri açıkça görülmektedir. Müstakimzâde, Tuhfe ’de Veliyyüddin Efendi’nin yetiştirdiği hattatlar arasında Mustafa Tayyibî, Seyyid Mehmed Said, Osman b. İbrâhim, Mustafa b. Hüseyin, İsmâil b. Osman ve Mehmed Hüdâdât’ın biyografilerine yer vermiştir. III. Mustafa ve III. Ahmed’in de Veliyyüddin Efendi’den hat meşkettiği kaydedilir. Meşhur hattat Yesârî Mehmed Esad Efendi hat meşketmek için Veliyyüddin Efendi’ye başvurmuş, ancak hattatın sağ tarafının felçli, sol tarafının da râşeli olması sebebiyle başvurusu kabul edilmemiştir. Veliyyüddin Efendi, daha sonra icâzet merasimine davet edildiğinde Yesârî Mehmed Efendi’nin hat alanındaki kabiliyetini ve başarısını görünce bundan pişman olduğunu ifade etmiştir.
Veliyyüddin Efendi’nin ta‘lik kıta ve murakka‘ları çeşitli müze ve kütüphanelerle özel koleksiyonlarda mevcuttur. Türk ve İslâm Eserleri Müzesi’nde (nr. 2444), Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde (Güzel Yazılar, nr. 220) meşk murakka‘ ve İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlı (FY, nr. 1225, 1425, 1428) murakka‘ları Veliyyüddin Efendi’nin ta‘lik yazıdaki sanat gücünü gösteren örneklerdendir. Süheyl Ünver, Veliyyüddin Efendi’nin kendi yazılarının yanında zengin bir hat koleksiyonu bulunduğunu da kaydeder; ancak kütüphanesinde bazı örneklerine rastlanan bu koleksiyonun vefatından sonra muhafaza edilmediğini ve muhtemelen vârisleri tarafından satıldığını söyler. Dönemine ait birçok mimari eserin celî ta‘lik kitâbe yazılarının Veliyyüddin Efendi’ye ait olduğu görülmektedir. Onun imzasını taşıyan celî ta‘lik kitâbeler arasında Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa’nın yaptırdığı sebil ve çeşme ile caminin avlu kapıları üzerindeki kitâbeler, Sadrazam Ali Paşa’nın camisinin sebili, çeşmesi ve avlusunun iki kapısı üzerindeki kitâbeler, Nevşehirli Damad İbrâhim Paşa Sebili ile Dârülhadis Çeşmesi kitâbeleri, Veliyyüddin Efendi Kütüphanesi kitâbesi ve Eyüp’te Baba Haydar mahallesinde Şeyhülislâm Seyyid Mustafa Efendi’nin yaptırdığı Tımışvar (Şeyhülislâm Mustafa Efendi) Tekkesi’nin kapısı üzerindeki manzum kitâbe sayılabilir. Üsküdar’daki Ayazma Camii’nin Sadrazam Râgıb Paşa’ya ait tarih kitâbesi de o sırada şeyhülislâm olan Veliyyüddin Efendi tarafından yazılmıştır. Ayrıca, Fâtih Sultan Mehmed tarafından silâhhâne olarak düzenlenen Aya İrini’nin III. Ahmed döneminde yapılan onarımına dair celî ta‘lik tarih kitâbesi de Veliyyüddin Efendi’ye aittir. Çiçek yetiştiriciliğine ve lâlelere özel ilgi duyan Veliyyüddin Efendi’nin yaşadığı döneme adını veren lâlenin otuz beş farklı cinsini yetiştirdiği kaydedilir. 1728’de saray için sipariş edilen lâle soğanları arasında Veliyyüddin Efendi’nin bizzat yetiştirdiği “lem‘a-yi feyz” ve “nahl-i işve” adlı lâlelere ait soğanlar da yer almaktaydı (Sayıoğulları, s. 35).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Çeşmîzâde, Târih (nşr. Bekir Kütükoğlu), İstanbul 1959, s. 27, 67-68.
Şem‘dânîzâde, Müri’t-tevârîh (Aktepe) , I, 11-12; II/A, s. 11, 37, 39, 42, 44, 100, 102, 110, 113.
Müstakimzâde, Tuhfe , s. 750-751.
Devhatü’l-meşâyih , s. 102.
Vâsıf, Târih , I, 161-162, 320-321.
Sicill-i Osmânî , IV, 614.
İlmiyye Salnâmesi , s. 534-535.
Ahmed Refik [Altınay], Onikinci Asr-ı Hicrî’de İstanbul Hayatı (1689-1785) , İstanbul 1930, s. 96, 214-215.
Danişmend, Kronoloji , IV, 539-540; V, 559.
Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , IV/2, s. 488-492.
a.mlf., İlmiye Teşkilâtı , s. 191-194.
Müjgân Cunbur, “Şeyhülislâm Veliyüddin Efendi Vakıfları ve Kütüphanesi”, Necati Lugal Armağanı , Ankara 1968, s. 165-189.
M. Orhan Bayrak, İstanbul’da Gömülü Meşhur Adamlar (1453-1978) , İstanbul 1979, s. 73.
Abdülkadir Altunsu, Osmanlı Şeyhülislâmları , Ankara 1972, s. 143.
Günay Kut – Nimet Bayraktar, Yazma Eserlerde Vakıf Mühürleri , Ankara 1984, s. 108-109.
A. Süheyl Ünver, Şeyhülislâm Veliyyüddin Efendi , Süleymaniye Ktp., A. Süheyl Ünver, Dosya, nr. 322.
Recep Sadri Sayıoğulları, Türk Ta’lik Yazı Ekolünün Doğuşunda Şeyhülislâm Veliyyüddin Efendi (yüksek lisans tezi, 1991), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Mehmet Nermi Haskan, Eyüplü Meşhurlar , İstanbul 2004, II, 202.
M. Şinasi Acar, Ünlü Hattatların Mezarları: Gelimli Gidimli Dünya , İstanbul 2004, s. 56-57.
İsmail E. Erünsal, Osmanlı Vakıf Kütüphaneleri: Tarihî Gelişimi ve Organizasyonu , Ankara 2008, s. 241-242, 288, 291, 311, 349-350, 373, 406-407, 444, 454, 485, 533.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 40-42 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.