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VEŞŞÂ Skip to content Ebü’t-Tayyib Muhammed b. Ahmed b. İshâk b. Yahyâ el-Veşşâ’ el-A‘râbî (ö. 325/937)
Arap dili, Arap edebiyatı ve ahbâr âlimi.
246 (860) veya 255 (869) yılında Bağdat’ta doğdu. Kendisinin yahut babasının ipek elbise (veşy) ticaretiyle uğraşmasından dolayı Veşşâ / İbnü’l-Veşşâ diye tanınır (Sem‘ânî, V, 604). Ayrıca elbiselere nakış işleme sanatıyla uğraştığı için veya en tanınmış eseri el-Müveşşâ ’dan (nakışlı, süslü) dolayı “el-Müveşşâ sahibi” anlamında bu isimle anılmış olması da muhtemeldir. Dönemin Kûfe mektebinin lideri Sa‘leb ve Basra mektebinin lideri Müberred’in derslerine devam etmesi, kitaplarında onların görüşlerine yer vermesi gramerde Bağdat seçmeci okuluna mensubiyetini gösterir. Özellikle Sa‘leb ile nahiv ve lugat âlimi Niftaveyh eserlerinde sıkça başvurduğu âlimler arasında bulunur. Bağdat’ta yirmi kadar âlimden faydalanan Veşşâ hadis kültürünü büyük ölçüde Ahmed b. Ubeyd b. Nâsıh’a borçludur. Ebû Asîde künyesiyle tanınan ve Abbâsî Halifesi Mu‘tez-Billâh’a da hocalık yapan bu âlimden eserlerinde çokça söz eder (el-Fâżıl ’da on beş, el-Müveşşâ ’da on üç yerde). Yine Mu‘tazıd-Billâh ile Müktefî-Billâh’ın hocası olan hadis ve fıkıh âlimi İbn Ebü’d-Dünyâ önemli üstatları arasında yer alır. Ebû Bekir Abdullah b. Ebû Sa‘d el-Verrâk, İbn Ebû Hayseme, Ubeyd b. Şüreyk, Muhammed b. İbrâhim el-Kārî, Hâris b. Ebû Üsâme, Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Küdeymî, Muhammed b. Yûnus el-Küdeymî yararlandığı, semâ veya rivayette bulunduğu hocalarındandır (Hatîb, I, 253-254). Kaynakların çoğunda Veşşâ’nın halk mektebinde (mektebü’l-âmme) ders vererek geçimini sağladığı kaydedilir. Ancak Veşşâ’nın saray çevresiyle yakın ilişki kurması, Mu‘temid-Alellah’ın eşi Hallâfe’nin câriyesi, dönemin Bağdat’ında kültürüyle tanınan kadınlarından biri olan Münye el-Kâtibe’nin ondan istifade edip hadis rivayet etmesi ve bazı üstatlarının saray hocaları arasında yer alması Veşşâ’nın hilâfet sarayında da hocalık yaptığını teyit etmektedir. Veşşâ Bağdat’ta vefat etti.
Veşşâ genelde “edep”, özelde “zarf” diye bilinen seçkin tabaka edebiyatının önde gelen temsilcilerindendir. Abbâsî toplumunda kabilecilik ve Arap taraftarlığı ortadan kalkıp Arap-mevâlî farkı azalınca yerini ahlâkî erdem üstünlüğü almıştır. Bağdat’ta halife ve yönetici çevresiyle emîr ve valiler seçkin tabakayı temsil etmekte, bunlar avam sınıfından farklı olduklarını ispata çalışan bir tutum ve davranış sergilemekteydi. Veşşâ “zarf” ana başlığı altında yazdığı eserlerde Abbâsî devrindeki bu sosyokültürel olguyu dile getirmeye çalışmıştır. Bir bakıma edep kavramıyla örtüşen zarf “zarafet, nezaket, incelik, nükteli ve esprili konuşma” gibi anlamlar taşıyordu. Veşşâ’ya göre zariflerin sahip olması gereken bu özelliklerin bir kısmı komşuya saygı gösterip onu himaye etme, sözünde durma, utanç verici davranışlardan kaçınma gibi toplumsal ahlâkla ilgilidir. Bir kısmı da düzgün konuşma, dürüst, iffetli ve nazik olma gibi bireysel erdemlerle alâkalıdır. Alt soydan geldikleri halde zarafetleriyle sosyal bir konuma erişen zariflere “eşbâh-ı havâs” denilmiştir. Müellife göre havas ve eşbâhının sosyal değerleri maddî ve mânevî olmak üzere iki mihver etrafında şekillenir. Yüksek ahlâkî erdemler mânevî mihveri; kılık kıyafete, yeme içmeye, giyim kuşama özen gösterme ve nezaket ölçülerine uyma da maddî mihveri teşkil eder. Zarifin havas sınıfıyla karışabilmesi için zarafetin usul ve kurallarını öğrenmesi, buna göre davranması gerekir. Veşşâ öncelikle ilim sahibi olmayı, ardından yüksek ahlâkî erdemlerle bezenmeyi, ayrıca mürüvvet ve iffeti edep ve zarafetin temel şartlarından sayar. Mürüvvet mertlik, yiğitlik, cömertlik, iyilik severlik gibi erdemleri ifade eder ve bu mânada fütüvvetle örtüşür. Veşşâ’ya göre mürüvvetsiz edep, zarafetsiz mürüvvet ve edepsiz zarafet olmaz. Aşk namuslu ve dürüst insan idealiyle yakından ilgilidir. Mürüvvetle maddî zevk tatmininden uzak iffetli aşk şartlarının gereği olarak zarf/zarafet ve edep genç insanların erdemleri ve soylu davranışlarıdır. Edep ve zarf ahlâkı halifelerin hizmetçileri olup aralarından kâtiplerin, vezirlerin yetiştiği sosyal sınıfı teşkil eden mevâlîyi özellikle ilgilendiriyordu. Şarkıcı sınıfından bir kadının (Münye el-Kâtibe) Veşşâ’dan aldığı edep ve zarafet eğitimi sayesinde kâtip sınıfına yükselmesi, edep ve zarafet kültürünün III. (IX.) yüzyılın sonlarında Bağdat toplumunda giderek değer kazandığını göstermektedir. Ahlâkî ve estetik değer ve davranışlar bütünü olan edep/zarf kültüründe Veşşâ’nın tasvir ettiği ferdiyetçilik (individüalizm) Batı ferdiyetçiliğinin aksine topluma karşı baş kaldırı ve romantizm içermez.
Eserleri. Kaynaklarda teliflerinin güzelliğiyle övülen Veşşâ’nın kırk kadar olduğu belirtilen eserlerinden çok azı zamanımıza ulaşmıştır.
1. Kitâbü’l-Müveşşâ (eẓ-Ẓarf ve’ẓ-ẓurefâʾ ). Müellifin en meşhur eseri olup zariflerde bulunması gereken özelliklerle onların davranışları konusunda bir el kitabı niteliğindedir. İki cüz ve elli beş bölümden meydana gelen eser edep kavramının tanımıyla başlar. Edebin sınırları, ediplerin ilim tahsili, dost seçimi, dost ziyareti, sır saklama, doğruluk, vefakârlık, zariflerin giyim kuşam âdâbı, yazışma, hitap ve selâmlaşma klişeleri; yüzük kaşı, dinar, dirhem, gerdanlık, kemer, giysi, gömlek, şal, takke, mendil, ayakkabı, elma, portakal, kap kacak gibi şeyler üzerine yaldızla yazılan zarif sözler, beyit ve kıtalar; mürüvvetin tarifi, aşkın tanımı, tasviri, meşhur âşıklar ve iffetli âşıklar gibi konular âyet, hadis, emsal ve şiirlerle şark ve garp ahbârından nakledilen şâhid ve misallerle incelenmiştir. Ayrıca İbn Dâvûd ez-Zâhirî’nin Kitâbü’z-Zehre ’sinden isim belirtilmeden yapılan iffetli aşka dair alıntılara yer verilmiştir. İbn Dâvûd’un bölüm başlarında kaydettiği bazı özdeyişler el-Müveşşâ ’da yüzük kaşı yazıları diye geçmektedir. Kitâbü’l-Müveşşâ ’yı ilk defa Rudolf E. Brünnow neşretmiş (Leiden 1302/1885), D. Belmann eser hakkında Das Anstandbuch des Ibn al-Waššā’ adıyla bir tez hazırlayıp yayımlamış (Halle 1966) ve eseri İbn al-Waššā’ Das Buch des buntbestickten Kleides adıyla Almanca’ya çevirmiştir (Breme 1984). Bu neşirden faydalanılarak eser Kahire’de (1324, 1345) ve Beyrut’ta (ts. [Dâru Sâdır]) tekrar basılmıştır. Kitabın ilmî neşri el-Müveşşâ evi’ẓ-ẓarf ve’ẓ-ẓurefâʾ adıyla Kemâl Mustafa (Kahire 1372; Beyrut 1385/1965, 1979), eẓ-Ẓarf ve’ẓ-ẓurefâʾ adıyla Fehmî Sa‘d (Beyrut 1407/1986) ve Kitâbü’l-Müveşşâ evi’ẓ-ẓarf ve’ẓ-ẓurefâʾ adıyla Abdülemîr Ali Mühennâ (Beyrut 1990) tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir.
2. el-Fâżıl fî ṣıfati’l-edebi’l-kâmil . Belâgat ve fesahat örnekleri koleksiyonu olup iki cüz içinde otuz beş bölümden meydana gelmektedir. Birinci bölümde belâgat ve fesahat kavramları açıklandıktan sonra hulefâ ve hukemâya, kadınlara, bedevîlere, câriyelere, esirlere, çocuklara, delilere ve ahmaklara, kisrâ ve acemlere, elçilere ve diğer bazı kimselere ait seçilmiş hutbe, mev‘iza, vasiyet, emsal, özdeyiş, hikmetli söz, özür beyanı, tâziye, kutlama, dua, tasvir örnekleri sıralanmıştır. Eseri Yûsuf Ya‘kūb el-Meskûnî (I-II, Bağdat 1972-1976) ve Yahyâ Vehîb el-Cübûrî (Beyrut 1411/1991) yayımlamıştır.
3. Tefrîcü’l-mühec ve sebebü’l-vüṣûl ile’l-ferec . Kaynaklarda Ferecü’l-mühec ve Sürûrü’l-mühec ve’l-elbâb fî resâʾili’l-aḥbâb adlarıyla da geçen eser zarifler için mektup yazım kılavuzu niteliğindedir ve zariflerin hayat tarzına dair önemli bir kaynaktır. Kitapta aşk sitemlerini, aşk itirafları, aşk yakarış ve serzenişlerini, mektup cevapları ve cevap taleplerini kaydeden mektuplarla mektup mukaddimelerine ilişkin örnekler ve zariflerin mektuplarında yer verecekleri şiirler söz konusu edilmiştir. Eserin, Berlin Kraliyet Kütüphanesi’ndeki yazmasına (nr. 8638) dayanılarak tahkiksiz basımı gerçekleştirilmiştir (Kahire 1900).
4. el-Memdûd ve’l-maḳṣûr . Sonunda elif-i memdûde (اء ) ve elif-i maksûre (ا، ى ) bulunan isimlerle ilgili bir tür sözlük ve yazım kılavuzudur. Eser, Ramazan Abdüttevvâb tarafından önce Mecelletü Külliyyeti’l-luġati’l-ʿArabiyye ’de (Câmiatü Muhammed b. Suûd, VII, Riyad 1397/1977), daha sonra müstakil olarak (Kahire 1979) neşredilmiştir.
5. Veṣâyâ mülûki’l-ʿArab min evlâdi’l-melik Ḳaḥṭân b. Hûd en-Nebî . Arap hükümdarlarının öğütlerini toplayan bir eserdir. Kahire (GAL Suppl. , I, 189) ve Paris’te (Bibliothèque Nationale, nr. 6338) nüshaları bulunan eser yanlışlıkla Yahyâ b. Reşşâ’ya nisbetle yayımlanmıştır (Bağdat 1332/1913, I. cilt).
Veşşâ’nın ayrıca el-Fâżıl adlı kitabında atıfta bulunduğu el-Murtażâ fî ḥüsni ʿafvi’l-eviddâʾ ʿan hefevâfi’l-eḫıllâʾ (s. 100), el-İbtihâc fi’ṣ-ṣabri’l-müʾeddî ilâ cemîli’r-râḥati ve’l-infirâc (s. 124), el-Ḳalâʾid fî aḫbâri müteẓarrifâti’l-velâʾid (Aḫbârü’l-müteẓarrifât ) (s. 238), Aḫbâru Benî Hâşim (s. 124), Veṣâya’l-muhteẓırîn (s. 150); Kitâbü’l-Müveşşâʾ da (Fehmî Sa‘d neşri) referans verdiği el-Bes̱ ve’l-ḥas̱ (s. 10), et-Tâc fî ṣıfati’l-enveki’l-merzûḳ ve’ẓ-ẓarîfi’l-muḥtâc (s. 221), Kitâbü’t-Tüffâḥa (s. 270), Kitâbü’l-ʿİḳd (s. 270), Kitâbü’l-Ḳıyân (s. 219), Kitâbü’l-Muḳaffâ (el-Muḳtefâ ) ve diğer kaynaklarda geçen el-Muḫtaṣar fi’n-naḥv , Câmiʿu’n-naḥv , el-Müẕekker ve’l-müʾennes̱ , el-Farḳ , Ḫalḳu’l-insân , Ḫalku’l-feres , el-Müs̱elles̱ , Aḫbâru Ṣâḥibi’z-zenc , el-Ḥanîn ile’l-evṭân , Ḥudûdü’ẓ-ẓarfi’l-kebîr , es-Sülvân , el-Müẕehheb , Silsiletü’ẕ-ẕeheb , ez-Zâhir fi’l-envâr ve’l-ezâhîr , Zehretü’r-riyâż (seçilmiş nazım ve nesir örneklerini kapsayan on ciltlik bir eser olduğu belirtilmektedir, İbnü’l-Kıftî, III, 62) adlı eserleri mevcuttur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Veşşâ, el-Fâżıl fî ṣıfati’l-edebi’l-kâmil (nşr. Yahyâ Vehîb el-Cübûrî), Beyrut 1411/1991, neşredenin girişi, s. 5-19.
a.mlf., eẓ-Ẓarf ve’ẓ-ẓurafâʾ (nşr. Fehmî Sa‘d), Beyrut 1407/1986, neşredenin girişi, s. 7-31.
a.mlf., Kitâbü’l-Müveşşâ evi’ẓ-ẓarf ve’ẓ-ẓurefâʾ (nşr. Abdülemîr Ali Mühennâ), Beyrut 1990, neşredenin girişi, s. 9-14.
a.mlf., el-Memdûd ve’l-maḳṣûr (nşr. Ramazan Abdüttevvâb), Kahire 1979, neşredenin girişi, s. 1-24.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 132.
Hatîb, Târîḫu Baġdâd , I, 253-254.
Sem‘ânî, el-Ensâb (Bârûdî) , V, 604-605.
Kemâleddin el-Enbârî, Nüzhetü’l-elibbâʾ , Kahire 1294, s. 300.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ , XVII, 132-134.
İbnü’l-Kıftî, İnbâhü’r-ruvât , III, 61-62.
Safedî, el-Vâfî , II, 32-33.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 129; Suppl. , I, 189.
Sezgin, GAS , VIII, 175; IX, 164-165.
D. Bellmann, Das Anstandbuch (al-Muwassa) des Ibn al-Waššā’ , Halle 1966.
J.-Cl. Vadet, L’esprit courtois en Orient , Paris 1968, s. 317-360.
E. G. Gómez, “el-K. al-Muwaššā’ y el-Tawq”, al-Andalus , XVI/2, Madrid 1951, s. 309-323.
M. F. Ghazi, “Un groupe social: Les raffinés (zurafa’)”, St.I , XI (1959), s. 39-71.
W. Raven, “al-Was̲h̲s̲h̲aʾ”, EI2 (Fr.) , XI, 175-176.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 72-73 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.