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VEZİN Skip to content Nazım sistemi; kalıp ölçüsü anlamında terim.
Sözlükte “bir şeyi ölçmek, tartmak; ölçü, tartı, ölçek” anlamlarındaki vezin (vezn ) terim olarak şark kültüründe şiir, müzik, lugat ve sarf alanlarında kullanılmaktadır. Şiirde vezin, hecelerin ya da uzun ve kısa hecelerin belirli miktarlarda tekrarına dayanan, müzikal ve fonetik âhengi sağlayan kalıplar dizisidir. Şiiri nesirden ayıran en önemli unsur vezindir. Müslüman milletlerin edebiyatlarında her şiir bu kalıp ve ölçeklerin sınırları içinde nazmedilir. Vezin hece ve aruz vezni olmak üzere iki temel kategoriye ayrılır. İslâm öncesi Türk şiirinde kullanılan hece vezninde bir şiirin her mısraı eşit sayıdaki hecelerden meydana gelir. İslâm’dan sonra Arap-Fars etkisiyle Türkçe’ye de geçen aruz vezninde ise bir şiirin her beyti eşit miktarda uzun ve kısa hece içerir (bk. ARÛZ ; HECE VEZNİ ). Aruz vezninde hece sayısının eşit olması kâfi gelmemekte, uzun ve kısa hecelerin de belirli kalıplarla dengeli bir şekilde tekrarlanması gerekmektedir. Bu sebeple aruz vezni daha müzikal ve armonik bir yapıya sahiptir. Şiirde aruz sistemine ait uzun ve kısa hecelerin söyleniş ağırlığı veya hafifliği müzikte ritim (îkā‘) ağırlığı ya da hafifliği, sarf, nahiv ve lugatta kelimedeki harekeli ve sakin harf miktarına bağlı şekilde kalıplardaki söyleniş ağırlığı veya hafifliği önem taşıdığından vezin kelimesinin “tartmak” anlamı terimleşmede esas alınmıştır. Sarf, nahiv ve lugatta vezin “sîga, kalıp” mânasına gelir. Veznin ritim anlamında kullandığı müzikte ise ritim türü olarak sakīl (ağır) ve aruz sisteminde vezin çeşidi olarak hafif vezin teriminin tartısal içeriğine yöneliktir. Söyleniş ağırlığı ve hafifliği veznin tartısal özelliğiyle ilgili olduğu gibi yine veznin “mesafe ve zaman uzunluğunu ya da kısalığını tayin etme” anlamında ölçme, ölçü, ölçek mânaları da terimleşmede dikkate alınmıştır. Çünkü söylenişi ağır olanın söyleniş zamanı daha uzun, hafif olanın daha kısa ve daha hızlıdır. Aruz vezinleri içinde bazı bahirlerin serî‘, münserih, remel (hızlı), bazılarının recez ve hezec (yavaş) adlarını taşıması veznin bu mesafe ve zamanla ilgili yanını göstermektedir.
Arap şiirinde geçerli vezin sistemlerini ilk tesbit eden âlim Halîl b. Ahmed vezin anlamında “bahir” kelimesini kullanmıştır. Bu sebeple vezin kelimesinin aruz ilmine Halîl b. Ahmed’den sonra girip terimleştiği tahmin edilmektedir. Ayrıca az veya çok, uzun veya kısa hece içermesine bağlı olarak söyleniş ağırlığı-hafifliği, seriliği ya da yavaşlığı taşıyan, belli miktarlarda tekrar edilmesiyle aruz vezin sistemlerini oluşturan, bahirlerin yapı taşları konumunda bulunan, “tef‘ile” veya “cüz” adı verilen birimler için de vezin terimi kullanılmıştır. “Fâilün, fâilâtün, feûlün, müstef‘ilün, mefâîlün, müfâaletün, mütefâilün, mef‘ûlâtün” şeklinde Halîl’in tesbit ettiği sekiz tef‘ilenin belli miktarlarda tekrarıyla vezin sistemleri teşkil edilmiştir. Şiiri nesirden ayıran en belirleyici özellik onun belli bir vezin düzeninin olmasıdır. Düz yazının aksine şiiri meydana getiren lafzî yapı müzikal bir armoni ve âhenge sahiptir. Bu da lafzî yapıyı teşkil eden hareke ve sükûnlarla uzun ve kısa hecelerin ölçülü ve dengeli biçimde birbirini izlemesine dayanır. Bundan dolayı İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, sözün şiirselliğini belirleyen en önemli rüknün vezin olduğunu, çünkü sözün vezin sayesinde meydana gelen âhenk vasıtasıyla kulaklara hoş gelen, duyguları harekete geçiren, ruhlara nüfuz eden ve gönülleri coşturan bir nitelik kazandığını söyler (el-ʿUmde , I, 268).
Şiir vezinleri uzun-kısa, tumturaklı/sert-yumuşak, ağır-hafif … şeklinde farklı yapılara sahiptir. Şair bunların içinden ele alacağı temaya uygun olan vezni seçer. Ancak Arap şiiriyle Arap şairlerinin geleneğinde belirli temalara özgü belirli vezinlerin bulunduğu yolunda mutlak bir teamül söz konusu değildir. Şiirin teması ile müzikal vezni arasındaki ilişkiyi araştıranların öncüsü kabul edilen ve Aristo’nun eserlerinden etkilenen Kartâcennî kadim Yunan şairleri arasında böyle bir teamülün bulunduğunu söyler (Minhâcü’l-büleġāʾ , s. 266). Ona göre şiir temaları ciddi, ağır başlı, oturaklı, şık, zarif, kadri yüksek, latif (mizahî), hor ve hakir diye farklılık gösterdiği gibi bunların her birinin uygun vezinlerle ifade edilmesi gerekir. Övünme (fahr) temasına ağır başlı vezinler, mizah, yergi ve eğlence temasına hafif vezinler uygun düşer (a.g.e. , a.y.). Nitekim Arap şiirinde ister övgü ister yergi, gazel ve diğer temalar olsun ağır başlı ve ince duygulu şiirler daha çok ağır ve uzun vezinler olan tavîl, basît, kâmil, vâfir, hafîf vezinlerinde yazılmıştır. Ebû Temmâm, Di‘bil ve İbnü’r-Rûmî’nin bazı yergilerinde kısa, hafif ve tantanalı bir vezin olan müctes bahrini tercih etmeleri yerdikleri kimseleri şiirlerinin vezinleriyle de alaya alma amacına yöneliktir. Ayrıca kısa vezinlerde yazılmış şiirler daha kolay ezberlendiği ve daha fazla yayıldığı için, yazdığı şiirin ve özellikle yergi türünün insanlar arasında yaygınlığını arttırarak övdüğü veya yerdiği şahsı teşhir etmeyi amaçlayan şairler özellikle recez, remel, kâmil ve hafîf bahirlerinin kısalık derecesine göre meczû, meştûr ve menhûk adı verilen kısa ve hafif vezinlerini tercih etmişlerdir.
Şair veznin tutsağı konumundadır, veznin belirlediği sınır ve kalıp çerçevesinde meramını anlatmak zorundadır. Ancak kelime yapıları her zaman bu kalıplara uyum sağlamadığından veznin tef‘ilelerinde bazı yapısal değişim ve dönüşümler katı sınır ve kalıplara esneklik imkânı sağlamaktadır. Bir bahrin tef‘ilelerinde uygulanan bu değişim ve dönüşümler aruz âlimlerinin illet ve zihaf kuralları adını verdikleri belli esaslara bağlanmıştır. Buna rağmen şair veznin belirlediği sınır içinde kalmakta kimi zaman sıkıntılarla karşılaşır ve bazı dil ve gramer kurallarını çiğnemek zorunda kalır. Şairlerin hangi durumlarda ne gibi kuralları çiğneyebilecekleri hususu “ez-zarûrâtü’ş-şi‘riyye, ez-zarâirü’ş-şi‘riyye, el-cevâzâtü’ş-şi‘riyye, mâyecûzü li’ş-şâir” gibi başlıklar taşıyan eser veya bölümlerde belirli esaslara bağlanmıştır.
Kadim Arap şiirini kapsayan başlıca vezin kalıplarını Halîl b. Ahmed beş aruz dairesine bölünen on beş bahir şeklinde tesbit etmiş, daha sonra onun öğrencisi Ahfeş el-Evsat buna bir bahir daha (mütedârek) eklemiştir. Bu sabit kalıplar, şiirle yakın ilişki içindeki müzik zevkinin değişmesine ve uygarlığın gelişmesine paralel olarak şairlerin değişen duygu ve düşünceleriyle yeni konu ve temaları ifade etmede yeterli görülmemiş, şairler anılan vezinlerde bazı değişiklikler yaptıkları gibi birtakım yeni vezin kalıpları da ortaya koymuşlardır. I. (VII.) yüzyıldan itibaren özellikle Hicaz bölgesi şehirlerinde gelişen uygarlığın ve ulaşılan refah düzeyinin sonucunda eğlence ve müzik toplumun her kesimine yayılmış, bunun etkisiyle müziğe elverişli kısa, şık, hafif, mutantan vezinlerde veya uzun vezinlerin tef‘ile sayıları eksiltilerek oluşturulan kısa vezinlerde (meczû, meştûr, menhûk) yazılmış şiirler ilgi görmeye başlamıştır. Bu eğilim önce gazel şiirlerinde ortaya çıkmış, ardından diğer temalarda da kendini göstermiştir. Hureymî, Emîn-Me’mûn arasındaki iktidar mücadelesinde harap olmuş Bağdat için kaleme aldığı ağır mersiyesini, o zamanın Bağdat halkının zevkine uygun biçimde hafif bir vezin olan münserih bahrinde yazmıştır.
Tek vezin ve tek kafiyeye dayalı klasik kaside anlayışının kırılması, Emevî halifesi ve şair Velîd b. Yezîd’e (ö. 126/744) kadar uzanır. Daha sonra çok vezinli, çok kafiyeli şiirlere dair kadim örnekler Beşşâr b. Bürd, Ebû Nüvâs, Muhammed b. İbrâhim el-Fezârî, Rezîn el-Arûzî, Hasan b. Sehl, Ali b. Cehm, Ebân b. Abdülhamîd el-Lâhikī, Ebü’l-Atâhiye gibi şairlerce ortaya konmuştur. Bu tür şiirler müzdevic, dûbeyt (rubâî/mesnevi), musammat, müveşşah gibi adlarla anılagelmiştir. Sonradan ortaya çıkan ve çoğu i‘rab kurallarına uymayan (melhûn), müveşşah, dûbeyt, silsile, zecel, el-kân ve kân, kûmâ, mevâliyyâ (maval), humâk, hicazî adlarıyla anılan halk şiiri türlerinin birçoğunda klasik kaside formunun aksine birim beyit değil mısradır. Ayrıca Halîl b. Ahmed ile Ahfeş el-Evsat’ın klasik şiirin vezinleri olarak tesbit ettikleri on altı bahir dışında kalan ve “ihmal edilmiş bahirler” diye nitelendirilen on kadar vezin Abbâsî dönemi şairlerince (müvelled/muhdes) kullanılmıştır. Bunlar tavîlin maklûbu müstatîl, medîdin maklûbu mümted, remelin muharrefi müteveffer, müctessin maklûbu mütteid, münserid ve onun maklûbu muttarid ile vesîm, ma‘temed, ferîd, amîd adı verilen yeni vezinlerdir. XX. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren Batı şiirinin etkisiyle Nâzîk Sâdık el-Melâike, Bedr Şâkir es-Seyyâb gibi çağdaş şairlerin öncülüğünde tef‘ile şiiri, modern şiir, serbest şiir, mutlak ve mürsel şiir gibi isimlerle anılan, mısra birimine ve bir tek tef‘ilenin her mısrada farklı sayıda tekrarı esasına dayanan modern şiirler de vezin esasına dayanmaktadır. Aynı esasa bağlı eski ve yeni bu şiir türlerinden başka modern zamanlarda ortaya çıkıp vezin ve kafiye kayıtlarından tamamen uzaklaşmış, nesre yakın bir şiir türüne de “kaside nesriyye” denilmiştir. XIX. yüzyılın son çeyreğinden itibaren Stan Guyard, Gustav Weil, el-Eb el-Ferensîsî gibi şarkiyatçılarla el-Eb Halîl Edde el-Yesûî, İbrâhim Enîs, Şükrî Ayyâd, Kemâl Ebû Dîb, Saîd Buhayrî, Muhammed el-Ayyâş gibi Arap yazarları tarafından Arap şiiri için en uygun vezin sistemlerinin tesbitiyle ilgili çalışma ve araştırmalar yapılmış, ancak bu araştırmalar şiirin lafzî yapısının analizine dayandığı, müzikal ve armonik yön ihmal edildiği için ikna edici neticelere ulaşamamıştır (Abdülhamîd Hamâm, XIII/36 [1989], s. 235).
İslâm sonrası Fars şiirinde de Arap edebiyatındaki aruz vezni ve kafiye sistemi uygulanmış, ancak Sâmânîler devrinde Arap edebiyatının etkisinden kurtularak şiirler ortaya konulmuş, XX. yüzyılın ilk yarısında modern İran şiirinin kurucusu sayılan Nîmâ Yûşîc’le birlikte klasik yaklaşımdan uzaklaşılmış ve Batı edebiyatlarının etkisiyle aruz ve kafiyenin tamamen terkedildiği serbest şiirler yazılmıştır (bk. ŞİİR [Fars Edebiyatı]). Türk şiirinin aruz dışında hece ölçüsünü esas alan bir millî vezni mevcuttur. Daha ziyade dörtlüklerle yazılan şiirlerin her mısraındaki hecelerin eşit sayıda düzenlenmesi esasına dayanan bu vezin en eski Türk şiirlerinden itibaren yüzyıllarca kullanılmış, İslâm etkisindeki Türk edebiyatının aruz veznini esas alması neticesinde “parmak hesabı” diye hafife alınsa da bilhassa halk şairleri ve tekke şairleri tarafından günümüze kadar kullanılmıştır. Hece vezni uzun ünlüsü bulunmayan Türk dili için çok uygun olup daha ziyade on bir, bazan yedi, sekiz, on dört veya on beş, nâdiren de on, on iki, on üç, on altı heceden meydana gelen mısraların bir araya gelmesiyle oluşur. Aruz ölçüsünde olduğu gibi zengin bir âhenk ve mûsiki içermez, bunun yerine heceler arasındaki belli duraklarla (altı-beş veya dört-dört-üç gibi) âhenk sağlanır. Bu duraklardaki ince âhenk ancak usta şairler tarafından ve alışkanlıklar sayesinde sağlanabilir. Aruz vezninde tef‘ileler oluşurken taktî‘ gereği kelime ikiye bölünebilir, fakat hecenin usta şairleri durakları kelime sonlarına tertipledikleri için bu vezinde bir sakillik söz konusu değildir.
Gerek aruz sisteminde gerek lugat ve sarf ilimlerinde yer alan vezin kalıpları ilk zamanlardan itibaren ”فَعَلَ“ kökünden türetilmiş yapay kelimelerden teşekkül etmiştir. Bu kalıplar ”فَعَلَ“ nin mücerredinden ya da mezîdlerinden türetildiği gibi dil bilimlerinde dörtlü ve beşli kök kelimelerin kalıpları, ”فَعَلَ“ nin “lâm”ı gereği kadar tekrar edilerek meydana getirilmiştir. Dil bilimlerinde ”فَعَلَ“ den türetilen kelimeler için vezin tabiri kullanılır, hareke ve sükûn itibariyle bu vezin kalıplarına eşdeğer olan kelimelere de mevzûn denilir. Bazı kadim sarf kitapları ile muhtevasında sarf konularının da yer aldığı eski nahiv kitaplarının genellikle son kısımlarında “el-Mesâilü’l-avîsa” ve “el-Mesâilü’l-müşkile” gibi başlıklar altında çoğu yapay olan kelimelerle ilgili vezin/kalıp bulma alıştırmalarına yer verilmiştir. Örnek olarak ”قَالَ“ fiilinin ”اِعْشَوْشَبَ“ kalıbındaki yapay vezni ”اِقْوَوَّلَ“ , bunun ”فَعَلَ“ kökünde vezni ”اِفْعَوْعَلَ“ dir. Fiil vezinlerine “bab” da denilen sarf ilminde üçlü kök fiilin harfleri ”ف، ع، ل“ esas alındığından ilk harfine “fâü’l-fi‘l”, ikinci harfine “‘aynü’l-fi‘l”, üçüncü harfine “lâmü’l-fi‘l” adı verilir. Arap dilinde fiillerin çoğunun ait bulunduğu üçlü kök fiiller için mâzi ve muzâride aynü’l-fi‘lin harekesine göre değişen altı vezin belirlenmiştir. Bunlar en çok kullanılandan başlamak üzere şu şekilde sıralanmıştır:
فَعَلَ يَفْعُلُ، فَعَلَ يَفْعِلُ، فَعَلَ يَفْعَلُ
فَعِلَ يَفْعَلُ، فَعُلَ يَفْعُلُ، فَعِلَ يَفْعِلُ
Son vezne dahil üçlü kök fiil sayısı on beş-on altı kadardır. Üçlü kök fiillerin (sülâsî mücerred) kırka varan masdar vezinleri semâîdir. Bunlar için ekseriyet esas alınarak meslek/sanat ifade edenler ”فعالة“ (ticaret, ziraat, kitâbet …), hareket/deprenme bildirenler ”فَعَلَان“ (cereyan, heyecan…), sese delâlet edenler ”فَعِيلٌ“ / ”فُعَالٌ“ (bükâün, sahîlün …), hastalık bildirenler ”فُعَالْ“ (düvâr, zükâm …) gibi bazı genel tesbitler ortaya konulmuştur. Üçlü kök fiilden türeyen fiillerle dörtlü kök fiilin (rubâî mücerred) ve türemişlerinin masdarları kıyasîdir. Fiil vezinleri masdarlarıyla isimlendirilir. Üçlü kök fiilin müfred mâzi kipine bir, iki ve üç harf eklenerek türetilen üç grup türemişi mevcuttur (mezîd). Başına veya ortasına bir harf eklenen “if‘âl, tef‘îl, müfâale” kalıplarına üçlü kökün dörtlü türemişleri (sülâsî mücerredin rubâî mezîdleri), iki harf eklenen “infiâl, iftiâl, tefe‘‘ul, tefâul, if‘ilâl” kalıplarına “beşli türemişleri” (humâsî mezîdleri), üç harf eklenen “istif‘âl, if‘ivvâl, if‘î‘âl, if‘îlâl” kalıplarına “altılı türemişleri” (südâsî mezîdleri) adı verilir. Çok az fiilin yer aldığı dörtlü kök fiilin iki vezni (fa‘lele/fi‘lâl), beşli türemişi olarak bir vezni (tefa‘lül) ve altılı türemişi olarak birkaç vezni (if‘inlâl, if‘illâl …) bulunmaktadır. Aynı şekilde sarf ilminde fiilden türeyen isim cinsinden bütün kelimeler de ”فعل“ kökünden türetilen vezin kalıplarıyla belirtilir. Kök veya türemiş fiillerden türeyen etken ve edilgen ortaçlar (müteaddî ve lâzım sıfatlar), masdarlar, mimli masdar, nicelik ve nitelik masdarları, zaman, mekân ve alet isimleri, küçültme ismi, aitlik ismi (ism-i mensub), üstünlük ismi (ism-i tafdîl), abartılı etken ortaç (mübalağalı ism-i fâil) ve sıfat-ı müşebbehe gibi isim soylu türler ve bunların çekim kalıpları yine ”فعل“ den türetilmiş vezinlerle gösterilir. Sözlüklerde de isim olsun fiil olsun kelimenin kökünün, asıl ve ziyade harflerinin ne olduğu yine ”فعل“ kökünden türetilmiş vezinlerle belirlenmiştir. Kelimenin verilen vezni aynı zamanda hareke zaptının da en kısa belirlenmesi olduğundan bu hususa sözlüklerde özel itina gösterilmiştir; meselâ Fîrûzâbâdî’nin el-Ḳāmûsü’l-muḥîṭ ’i bu hususa önem veren bir sözlüktür.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 77-79 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.