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VEZNÎ Skip to content Miktarı tartılarak belirlenen mislî mal.
Sözlükte “ölçmek, tartmak; ağırlık, ağırlık ölçüsü” anlamındaki vezn kökünden nisbet ekiyle oluşturulan veznî (çoğulu vezniyyât ), fıkıhta sözlük anlamına yakın şekilde çarşı ve pazarda ağırlık ölçü birimleriyle tartılan mislî malı ifade eder. Literatürde veznî ile, aynı kökten türeyen ve “ölçülmüş, tartılmış” mânasına gelen mevzûn (çoğulu mevzûnât ) eş anlamlı olarak kullanılır. Mecelle ’de, “Veznî ve mevzûn tartılan şey (demektir)” tarifiyle bu eş anlamlılık belirtilir (md. 134). Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de vezn kökünden türeyen fiil ve isimler yirmi üç âyette geçer ve bu âyetlerin önemli bir kısmında, özellikle hacim ölçüsü bildiren “keyl” kökünden kelimelerle birlikte ölçü ve tartıda haksızlık edilmemesi, dürüst davranılması emredilir (el-En‘âm 6/152; el-A‘râf 7/85; Hûd 11/84-85; el-İsrâ 17/35; eş-Şuarâ 26/182; el-Mutaffifîn 83/3). Diğer âyetlerde ise Allah’ın her şeyi belli bir ölçü ve denge ile yarattığı, Kur’an’ı böyle indirdiği, dünyada bunun gözetilmesi gerektiği, âhirette amellerin hiçbir hak za-yi olmadan tartılacağı ve kişilerin tartılan amellerine (mevâzîn) göre bir karşılık göreceği anlatılır (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “vzn” md.; Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “vzn” md.). Hadislerde “hacim ölçüsü” ve “tartma” anlamında keyl ve vezn kelimeleri yer almakla birlikte fıkıhtaki teknik anlamıyla mislî malların iki ayrı kategorisini ifade eden keylî/mekîl ve veznî/mevzûn terimlerine rastlanmadığı söylenebilir.
Fıkıh literatüründe mallarla ilgili en önemli ayırımlardan birine göre mallar mislî ve kıyemî şeklinde iki gruba; mislî mallar da tartı, hacim, sayı ve uzunluk birimiyle ölçülüp işlem görmeleri esas alınarak veznî, keylî, adedî ve mezrû‘ şeklinde dört gruba ayrılır. Miktarı hacmi ölçülerek veya ağırlığı tartılarak belirlenen mallar diğer iki türe göre daha yaygındır; bunlar kaynaklarda çoğu zaman birlikte anılır ve âdeta mislî mal türleri içerisinde bir alt grup oluşturur. Bunun sebebi, bu iki tür mislî malın başta faiz olmak üzere birçok hükümde diğer mallardan farklı özelliklerinin bulunması, keylî yahut veznî malların kuralda mislî mal kabul edilmesine rağmen sayı ve uzunluk ölçüsü ile belirlenen malların sadece bir kısmının mislî olmasıdır. Bundan dolayı özellikle muhtasar fıkıh metinlerinde mislî mallar bazan sadece bu iki türle temsil edilir. Öte yandan veznî mallar, miktarları piyasada ağırlık ölçüsüyle tartılarak belirlenen mallar olmakla birlikte bilhassa Hanefî mezhebinde hacim ölçüsüyle ölçülen, fakat miktarı ağırlık birimiyle ifade edilen mallar da veznî kabul edilmiştir. Veznî malların kapsamına bu tür malların da dahil edildiği tanımlarda rıtla nisbet edilen, yani ölçüsü rıtl gibi bir ağırlık birimi üzerinden hesaplanan bütün malların veznî kabul edildiği belirtilir. Buna göre piyasada fiilen hacim ölçeğiyle işlem gördüğü halde miktarı rıtl, menn, ukıyye gibi temel ağırlık birimleri üzerinden hesaplanan mallar da veznîdir.
Veznî malların değeri birim ağırlığın fiyatı üzerinden hesaplanır. Ancak aslen veznî olan mal, ham madde şeklinde kullanılıp ilâve bir değer katılarak ondan başka bir mal üretilmişse bu mal artık kıyemî mal olur (bk. MİSLÎ ). İslâm hukukçuları bu hususu belirtmek için, ustalık ve sanat yoluyla farklılaşan veznî malların mislî olmaktan çıkıp kıyemî olduğunu ifade eder (Mecelle , md. 1119), bazan da bölünmesinin o malın değerine zarar verip vermeyeceği ölçütünü kullanırlar. Meselâ demir veznî bir mislî mal iken demirden el emeğiyle üretilen kılıç kıyemîdir; bu kılıç parçalara ayrıldığında ustalıktan doğan değer bu parçalara orantılı biçimde dağılmaz ve bu parçaların toplamı kılıcın değerini vermez. Kaynaklarda zaman zaman bu tür mallardan veznî diye bahsedilse de bunların mevzûn olmaktan çıktığı açıkça belirtilir (İbnü’l-Hümâm, VII, 14). Fakat altın ve gümüşten sanat ve ustalıkla yapılan malzemeler mislî olmaktan çıksa da veznî olmaktan çıkmaz. Zira bu ikisinin veznî mal oluşu naslarla belirlenmiştir; bu durum ne ustalıkla ne de sonradan ortaya çıkan örfle değişir (Serahsî, XII, 183; İbnü’l-Hümâm, VII, 14). Veznî mallarla ilgili hükümler onlardan üretilen mallar için de geçerlidir. Veznî malların aksine keylî malların bu şekilde kıyemî bir mala dönüşmesi söz konusu değildir (bk. KEYLÎ ).
Bazı veznî malların hacim ölçüsü veya sayı ile işlem görme potansiyeli taşıması dikkate alındığında, bir malın veznî veya keylî olma vasfının farklı zaman ve mekânlardaki örflere göre değişikliğe uğrayıp uğramayacağı hususu önem kazanır. Fakihlerin büyük çoğunluğuna göre, Hz. Peygamber’in faize tâbi mallar içinde bizzat zikrettiği veznî ve keylî mallar sonsuza kadar veznî ve keylî olma özelliğini korur. Bu malların miktarını belirleme yöntemiyle ilgili örfler toplumdan topluma, zamandan zamana farklılaşsa bile bunlar dikkate alınmaz. Hanefî hukukçularına göre hadislerde hakkında faiz yasağı gelen veznî mallar sadece altın ve gümüş, keylî mallar da sadece buğday, arpa, hurma ve tuzdur. Faizle ilgili hadislerde ismen bahsedilen sadece bu altısıdır; dolayısıyla bunların dışındaki mallarda Resûl-i Ekrem zamanındaki Hicaz örfü belirleyici bir önem taşımayıp bir malın veznî veya keylî oluşunun ölçüsü her bölgenin kendi örfüdür. Keylî ve veznî kavramlarına faiz konusunda Hanefîler kadar önem atfeden Hanbelî hukukçuları ise bu noktada kapsamı daha geniş tutma eğilimindedir. Bunlar Resûlullah zamanında Hicaz ehlinin örfünün esas alınması gerektiği, bu sebeple adı geçen altı malın dışında bu örfte veznî olduğu bilinen diğer malların da daima veznî olarak kalacağı görüşündedirler (İbn Kudâme, IV, 161). Hanbelîler bu konuda ağırlık ölçüsünde Mekke ehlinin, hacim ölçüsünde Medine ehlinin örfünün esas alınmasını ifade eden hadisi de (Ebû Dâvûd, “Büyûʿ”, 8) delil olarak kullanırlar. Buna göre Hz. Peygamber döneminde veznî iken sonradan keylî olan bir mal, kendi cinsinden başka bir veznî malla değiştirildiğinde bu iki mal arasında vezn bakımından eşitlik aranacağı için keyl açısından eşitlik olsa da buna itibar edilmez. Şâfiîler’in ve Mâlikîler’in görüşü de Hanbelîler’in görüşüne yakındır. Hanefîler ise yukarıdaki hadisi ve Hicaz örfünü sadece ağırlık ve hacim ölçü birimlerinin miktarının tesbitinde kullanırlar. Bu konuda Ebû Yûsuf’tan gelen iki farklı rivayetten daha zayıfı örfü daha da öne çıkardığı için dikkat çeker. Buna göre Hz. Peygamber zamanında veznî veya keylî diye nitelenen mislî mallar yalnızca o dönemin örfü bakımından veznî veya keylîdir. Zira bir malın veznî veya keylî olmasının ölçüsü ve illeti mutlak şekilde örftür, naslarda esas kabul edilen ölçüte aykırı bile olsa örf esas alınır. Şu halde meselâ buğday ağırlık ölçüsüyle alınıp satılmaya başlanır ve bu örf yerleşirse onu hacim ölçeğini kullanmadan veznen eşit ölçülerde değiştirmek geçerlidir ve faizden uzak bir işlemdir (İbn Âbidîn, V, 176-177). Ebû Hanîfe’ye ve İmam Muhammed’e göre ise buğday keylî olma vasfını hiçbir zaman yitirmediği için veznen eşitlik sağlansa bile keylen fazlalık ihtimali söz konusudur, dolayısıyla bu işlem câiz değildir. Hicaz’da hakkında bir örf bulunmayan bir malla ilgili olarak Hanefîler’e, Mâlikîler’e ve Hanbelîler’deki iki görüşten birine göre o malın bulunduğu yerdeki örf mutlak ölçüttür. Hanbelîler’deki diğer görüşe göre o malın Hicaz örfündeki benzeri esas alınır (Mâverdî, V, 106-108; İbn Kudâme, IV, 148). Şâfiîler’de ise bu konuda örfün esas alınması yerine farklı ayrıntılı ölçütler geliştirilmiş ve bu ölçütlerle çözüm bulunmadığında Hicaz örfü esas alınmıştır (Nevevî, III, 380).
Veznî malların en önemli iki çeşidi olan ve özellikle para olarak da kullanılan altın ve gümüş bilhassa Hanefî ve Hanbelî doktrinlerinde diğer veznî mallardan farklılaşır. Bunlar genelde mislî mallar içinde veznî grubuna girse de bir hukukî işlemde başka bir veznî mala karşılık geldiğinde para/semen konumunda yer aldığı için artık veznî olarak değerlendirilme imkânı kalmaz. Bu yaklaşım bu iki mezhebin faizle ilgili teorilerinin getirdiği açmazdan kurtulma çabasıdır. Çünkü meselâ pamuk verip yağ almada olduğu gibi bir satım akdinde bedellerin ikisi de veznî ise faizle ilgili kural gereği değişim peşin yapılmalıdır. Eğer altın ve gümüş paralar diğer veznî mallardan farklı bir konuma yerleştirilmezse aynı durum veznî olan altın ve gümüş para karşılığında veznî bir mal almak için de geçerli olacağı ve para ile yapılan çoğu alışverişin veresiye içermemesi zorunluluğu doğacağı için günlük hayattaki birçok alışveriş faizli işlem haline gelecektir. Ayrıca veznî mallarda selem yapmak oldukça zorlaşacak, hatta selem kapısı kapanacaktır (İbn Kudâme, IV, 141; İbnü’l-Hümâm, VII, 14). Bu tıkanıklığı gidermek için altın ve gümüşün diğer veznî mallardan farkını ortaya koymaktan başka yol bulunmamaktadır. Bundan dolayı altın ve gümüş, tartısında miskal ve sanca gibi birimler kullanılması sebebiyle rıtl, menn, okka gibi birimlerle tartılan diğer veznî mallardan şekil bakımından, diğer veznî malların aksine tayinle taayyün etmeyip semen cinsinden olması sebebiyle de içerik ve öz olarak farklılaşır. Ayrıca insanların genel ihtiyacı böyle bir ayırım yapmayı gerektirdiğinden altın ve gümüşün veznî mallarla veresiye değişimine icmâ ile cevaz verildiği, hatta bunun mezhep içinde geçerliliği tartışmalı bir konu olan bir illetin icmâ sebebiyle tahsisi türünden olduğu belirtilir (Cessâs, IV, 247, 256). Yine selem akdi gibi bir bedelin peşin, diğerinin veresiye olduğu akidler açısından “mevzûnât” terimiyle dirhem ve dinar dışındaki veznî malların kastedildiği, bu ikisinin ise semen mahiyetinde bulunduğu için ayrı bir kategoride yer aldığı ifade edilerek (İbnü’l-Hümâm, VII, 72) konu çözümlenmek istenmiştir. Hanefîler’in bu husustaki formülü şöyle özetlenebilir: Altın ve gümüş veznî olmayan mallar açısından veznîdir, veznî mallar açısından ise veznî değildir.
Klasik kaynaklarda madenler (altın, gümüş, demir, bakır vb.), iplik üretiminde kullanılan ham maddeler (ipek, pamuk, keten, yün), katı yiyecekler (ekmek, et, tereyağ, peynir vb.), mum, safran gibi maddeler veznî mal grubunda yer alır. Hanbelîler fındık, fıstık gibi meyveleri keylî, Hanefîler ise fındığı veznî kabul etmiştir. Hanbelîler’e göre süt, zeytinyağı, bal, pekmez, sirke gibi akıcı maddeler keylî iken (mekîl) Hanefîler’de bitki yağları dahil her türlü yağ, bal, ceviz içi gibi yiyecek ve besin maddeleriyle misk, amber, kına, şap, saman, odun, kâğıt gibi maddeler veznîdir (Ali Haydar, I, 643). Ekmek gibi maddeler bazan adedî olarak değerlendirilse de genel kanaat bunların veznî olduğu yönündedir. Keylî olduğu hadislerde de belirtilen tuz eğer büyük parçalardan meydana geliyorsa Hanbelîler’deki daha sahih görüşe göre görünümü dikkate alınıp veznen satılır. Hacimle ölçülmesinde zorluk görülen her şey kendi cinsiyle değiştirilmesinde dahi bu şekilde tartılarak satılabilir. Piyasada mevcut altın ve gümüş dışındaki madenî paralar (fels) yapıldıkları madenler veznî olsa bile veznî olmaktan çıkmış, para olarak sayılıp işlem gördükleri için adedî hale gelmiştir (Serahsî, XII, 182). Bazı müellifler felsin sadece darphânedeki işlemde veznî sayıldığını, piyasada ise adedî olduğunu söyler. Felsin adedî olarak değerlendirilmesi, özellikle faiz ve selem akdiyle ilgili hükümlerde onu hem altın ve gümüş paradan hem de ham maddesi olan veznî bakır, demir gibi madenlerden farklı hükümlere sahip kılmıştır (İbn Nüceym, VI, 140-141, 169). Tedavülden kalkmış felsler artık para olma özelliğini kaybettiğinden yapıldıkları maden gibi veznî olur.
Hanefî ve Hanbelî mezheplerinde bir malın veznî veya keylî olmasının en önemli sonucu bu malın ister besin maddesi ister başka türden olsun ribevî sayılması, dolayısıyla kendi cinsinden bir malla alınıp satılıyorsa hem fazlalık hem de veresiye faizinin, başka cinsten bir veznî ile değiştiriliyorsa burada da sadece veresiye faizinin söz konusu olmasıdır. Bu sebeple işlemin faizden kurtulması için ilk durumda bedeller peşin ve eşit, ikinci durumda sadece peşin olmalıdır. Fazlalık faizine düşmemek için aynı cins iki malın değişiminde miktarda eşitlik aranır; bu eşitlik meselâ veznî mallarda sadece ağırlık bakımındandır. Dolayısıyla bir satım akdinde iki ayrı veznî mal tartılmayıp hacim ölçeğiyle eşitlense İslâm hukukçularına göre burada eşitlik gerçekleşmemiştir ve işlem faizli olur. Zira veznî mallarda eşitlik yalnız tartma ile tesbit edilebilir (İbn Kudâme, IV, 145; İbnü’l-Hümâm, VII, 16).
Faiz konusuyla irtibatlı olarak bilhassa selem akdiyle ilgili hükümler açısından da veznî mallar önem arzeder. Selemde akde konu olan malın vadeli verilmesi sebebiyle veresiye faizinin ortaya çıkma riski söz konusudur, bu sebeple iki veznî malın değişimi câiz görülmemiştir. Meselâ peşin sermaye olarak verilecek demir karşılığında pamuk, yine meselâ zeytinyağı karşılığında peynir almak üzere selem akdi yapılması veresiye faizi kuşkusu sebebiyle câiz görülmez (İbnü’l-Hümâm, VII, 13-14). Temel para birimi sayılan altın ve gümüş, madenler dahil diğer veznî mallarla değiştirilmekle birlikte sadece altın ve gümüşten sanat ve ustalıkla yapılan malzemeler -kıyemî de olsa- veznî olmaktan çıkmadığından veznî mallarla ilgili hükümler bunlar için de geçerlidir. Öte yandan demirden el emeğiyle üretilen kılıç gibi bir eşya kıyemî bir mal olduğundan, selem akdinde demir hariç başka bir veznî mala birbirinden farklı miktarlarda ve veresiye halinde karşılık olabilir. Demire karşılık olduğunda ise cins birliği söz konusudur, dolayısıyla bu akid faizlidir ve geçerli değildir (Serahsî, XII, 182).
Her iki bedel aynı cinsten olmakla birlikte sadece birinin veznî olduğu bazı satım ve selem akidleri de özellik taşır. Meselâ canlı bir hayvan karşılığında aynı cinsten bir hayvanın etinin satışının câiz görülmesi böyledir. Hanefî ve Hanbelî mezheplerine göre et veznî bir mal olsa da canlı hayvan veznî değildir. Farklı ağırlıklarda böyle bir satışa cevaz verilse bile bunun peşin olması şartı aranır. Zira hayvan veznî değilse, et ve hayvan aynı cins olduğundan bunların değişiminde iki faiz illetinden biri vardır. Bu sebeple Ebû Hanîfe ve Ebû Yûsuf hayvan karşılığında etin peşin satımını geçerli görürken bunların vadeli değişimini, bir başka deyişle hayvanda selem akdini câiz görmez. İmam Muhammed, hayvanla et aynı cinsten ise verilen etin hayvandan çıkan etten daha fazla olması şartıyla buna cevaz verir. Zira etler birbirine, fazlalık ise hayvandaki sakatata karşılık gelir. Kaynaklarda zeytinin zeytinyağı, susamın tahin, pamuğun pamuklu dokuma, buğday veya unun ekmekle satışının hükmü de tartışmalı konulardır. Aynı şekilde keylî bazı malların veznî olarak satımı veya seleme konu edilmesi zaman zaman tartışılsa da alıcının veznî bir mal yerine doğrudan para vermesinde görüldüğü gibi faizin söz konusu olmadığı durumlarda örf böyle ise bu işlemleri geçerli görme eğilimi ağır basmaktadır (İbn Nüceym, V, 306; VI, 140, 169). Hanefî ve Şâfiîler’e göre selem akdinde keylî olan bir malın miktarı veznen belirtilerek akde konu edilebildiği gibi tersi de câizdir, önemli olan güvenilir bir ölçü ile miktarın belirtilmesidir. Ancak iki mal da veznî ise burada keylen eşitlik geçerli olmadığından işlem çoğunluğa göre câiz değildir.
Keylî ve adedî (adediyyât-ı mütekāribe) olan mislî mallar bölündüğünde normalde değer kaybına uğramaz. Bu sebeple bütün keylî malların fiyatı birim fiyatla malın hacminin çarpımı üzerinden hesaplanabilir. Keylî, adedî ve bölündüğünde değer kaybı ortaya çıkmayan veznî mallar, gerek toplam miktar üzerinden fiyat belirtilip gerekse toplam miktar belli olmadan sadece birim fiyatı belirlenerek satılabilir (Mecelle , md. 223). Toplam miktar belirtilerek satılan bu tür bir malın teslim sonrası eksik çıktığı anlaşılırsa bu durumda müşteri ya akdi fesheder veya mevcut miktarı birim fiyat üzerinden yani semenden hissesiyle alır. Fazla çıkarsa bu defa fazlalık satıcıya aittir, ona geri verilir. Zira bu tür veznî mallar teknik anlamda veznîdir; akid belirli bir ağırlıktaki mal üzerinde gerçekleştiğinden akde konu olan miktarla fazlalık belirli birim hesabı yapılarak birbirinden ayrılabilir. Ancak bölünmesi sebebiyle değer kaybına uğrayan veznîlerde ise satış, malın bütünü için bir fiyat verilerek yapılmışsa akid sonrası malın miktarının akidde belirtilenden eksik geldiğinin anlaşılması durumunda müşteri ya akdi fesheder veya malı olduğu gibi akiddeki fiyat (semen) üzerinden kabul eder. Fazla olması durumunda da fazlalık müşteriye aittir (Mecelle , md. 224). Yine böyle bir mal semeni birim fiyat üzerinden belirlenerek satıldığında teslim sonrası mal belirtilenden eksik veya fazla çıkarsa müşteri ya akdi fesheder veya birim fiyatla yeni ağırlığın çarpımıyla hesaplanacak yeni semeni kabul eder (Mecelle , md. 225-226). Zira bu mal fiyatla ağırlığın çarpımı sonucu fiyatı belirlenen teknik anlamda veznî bir nesne değildir; bölündüğünde değer kaybına uğrar ve akdin konusu ile fazlalık veya eksikliğin değeri akidde belirtilen standart birim fiyat üzerinden kendiliğinden belli olmadığı için anlaşmazlığa yol açabilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “vzn” md.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 95-98 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.