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VODİNA Skip to content Yunanistan’ın Makedonya bölgesinde bugün Edessa adını taşıyan tarihî bir şehir.
Yunanistan’ın kuzeyinde, Yunanistan Makedonyası’nın (Ege Makedonyası) idarî birimlerinden (nomos) biri olan Pella nomosunun merkezidir. Deniz seviyesinden 320 m. yükseklikteki bir plato üzerinde yer alır. Selânik körfezinde Ege denizine ulaşan Loudhias nehrine dökülen Vodas çayının küçük kolları şehrin içinden geçer ve doğu tarafında düzlüğün sonunda 70 m. yükseklikte bir şelâle oluşturur. Vodina/Vodena Slav dillerinde “su şehri” anlamına gelir. Arnavutluk’un liman şehri Draç’tan (Durrës) Selânik vasıtasıyla İstanbul’a uzanan tarihî Via Egnatia yolu üzerinde bulunur. Antik dönemden VII. yüzyılın ilk dönemlerindeki Slav işgallerine kadar Edessa adıyla anıldı; bu ad Slav hâkimiyetinde Vodena’ya, Osmanlı döneminde Vodina’ya dönüştü, 1922’den itibaren tekrar eski adını aldı. Burası antik Makedonya’nın ilk merkezi olan Aigai’ın devamı gibi düşünülmüşse de Büyük İskender’in babası II. Filip’in mezarı yanında Vergina’da (Karaferye’nin [Béroia] güneydoğusu) kraliyet mezarlarının ortaya çıkarılmasından sonra bu teori bütünüyle reddedilmiştir. Edessa antik şehri şelâlelerinin aşağısındaki sulak ve yeşil ovada kurulmuştu. Buraya ait kalıntılar yapılan yoğun kazı çalışmaları neticesinde ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Duvarların orijinal inşa tekniği daha sonraki pek çok tamiratla birlikte milâttan önce IV. yüzyıldan kalmadır. V ve VI. yüzyıllara kadar giden erken döneme ait hıristiyan bazilikasının bulunması ovadaki bu şehrin o dönemde varlığını gösterir. Literatürde, uzun zamandan beri platoda yer alan bugünkü şehrin olduğu mevkide antik dönemden kalma herhangi bir kalıntıya rastlanmadığı ileri sürülmüştür. Ancak yeni kazılar sırasında Bizans şehrinin doğrudan Helenistik döneme ait temellere dayanan sur ve burçlarının bazı kısımları bulunmuştur. Dolayısıyla burada aşağı şehre hâkim olan eski bir kale (Akropolis) bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Hem şehir hem kale 600 yılı dolaylarında meydana gelen Slav-Avar istilâsı sırasında yıkılmış olmalıdır. Aşağı şehir terkedilmiş, sadece güvenli platoda bir kale kalmıştır. Bunun kuzeyinde Varousi denilen açık bir yerleşim alanı zamanla gelişme kaydetmiştir. Müslümanlar da çoğunlukla platonun batısında yerleşmiştir. Polybius’tan (ö. m.ö. 120 civarı) başlamak üzere bazı klasik yazarlar kasabayı Edessa şeklinde zikreder; Yunanca olmayan bu ad Trakça ya da Frigce “su” anlamındadır. Aşağıdaki antik Edessa’nın ortadan kalkması ve yukarı düzlükte daha küçük bir şehrin inşası hususunda kaynaklarda bilgi yoktur. 691-692’de Edessa Piskoposu Isidoros’un İstanbul’da düzenlenen Trulla Konsili’ne katıldığı zikredilmiş, ancak onun nerede oturduğu belirtilmemiştir. 600 yılından sonra şehrin civarındaki geniş alanda yoğun bir Slav yerleşmesi meydana gelmiştir. XIX. yüzyıl ile XX. yüzyılın ilk dönemlerinden kalma askerî haritalarda görülen, fakat günümüzde hepsi Helenleştirilen köy ve nehir adları Slav yerleşimin Vodina’nın güney uçlarına kadar ulaştığını ortaya koyar.
IX ve X. yüzyıllarda burası ilk Bulgar çarlığının bir parçasıydı. X. yüzyılın son yıllarında Çar Samuil’in idaresindeki Makedon-Bulgar İmparatorluğu’na katıldı. Şehir Slavca Vodena ismiyle ilk defa tarihçi Skylitzes tarafından 1001 yılında zikredilmiştir. Skylitzes, Vodena’yı hayli yüksek kayalıklar üzerindeki pek çok küçük nehir tarafından sulanan platoda müstahkem bir yer olarak tasvir eder. Platodaki eski şehirde (Varousi) her ikisi de Komnenler dönemine ait fresklerle süslenmiş, hâlâ iyi durumda bulunan XII. yüzyıldan kalma Koimisis Panaghias Kilisesi ile II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında yıkılan Ayo Theodori Kilisesi’nin mevcudiyeti o dönemlerde bile şehrin yüksek platoda yer aldığı rivayetini doğrular. 1001 yılında Vodina, İmparator II. Basil tarafından ele geçirildi ve Slavlar’ın isyanlarının ardından Bizans İmparatorluğu’na dahil edildi. Bizans İmparatoru II. Basileios’un 1020 tarihli mühründe Vodina piskoposluk merkezi diye geçer (Ivanov, s. 557). 1150 tarihli Bulgar başpiskoposları listesinde Vodina da anılır. 1230 Martında Çar II. Ivan Asen’in Epirus despotunu yenmesi üzerine Vodina tekrar canlanan Bulgar İmparatorluğu’na katıldı ve Epirus despotu Michael Komnenos’un 1246’da şehri geri almasına kadar onların hâkimiyetinde kaldı. İznik İmparatoru Ioannes Vatatzes 1251-1252’de Vodina’yı zaptetti. Şehir pek çok defa el değiştirdikten sonra 1343’te Sırbistan kralı ve imparatoru Çar Duşan tarafından zaptedildi. 1350’de Bizans İmparatoru Ioannes Kantakuzenos şiddetli bir saldırı neticesinde buraya hâkim olduysa da kısa bir süre sonra Sırplar’a karşı başarısızlığa uğradı. Sırplar henüz tamir edilmemiş surları tamamen yıktılar, şehri yağmaladılar ve kalenin diğer kısımlarını tahrip ettiler. Çar Duşan, Vodina ve Vérroia’yı (Karaferye) 1356’da kızı Irene ile evlenen Radoslav Hlapen’e verdi. Osmanlı fethine kadar Vodina Sırplar’ın hâkimiyetinde kaldı.
Erken dönem Osmanlı tarihleri Vodina’nın fethiyle ilgili oldukça karışık bilgiler içerir. Neşrî, Vodina ve Çitroz’un (Kitros) fethinden söz ederek bunun 1389 yılından hemen sonra gerçekleştiğini belirtir (Târîh-i Cihannümâ , I, 310-311). Eserini XVI. yüzyılın başlarında kaleme alan Kemalpaşazâde şehrin, Üsküp’ün fethinin ardından 1391’de ele geçirildiğini yazar. Oruç Bey ise buranın fethini Üsküp ve Vidin’in zaptından sonraki bir tarihe koyar. Ancak Vidin, Niğbolu Savaşı’nın hemen ardından 1396’da zaptedilmiştir. Âşıkpaşazâde de Vodina’nın Üsküp’ten sonra fethedildiğini kabul ederek bu olayı Yıldırım Bayezid’in Bursa’da yaptırdığı imaret, medrese ve cami inşasını başlatmasından (1391) önce zikreder. Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi, fethin Evrenos Bey’in Çayhisar (Damasis) ve Yenişehir’i (Larissa) aldığı yıl olan 1386’da gerçekleştiğini öne sürer. Kuvvetli bir ihtimale göre doğru olan bu son tarihin 1386-1387 kışı olarak kabul edilmesi daha uygundur. Osmanlılar’ın bu arada Çitroz’u da aldıklarına dair bilgi Hoca Sâdeddin’den kaynaklanan bir hatadır. Zira Vodina, Tesalya yolu üzerinde bulunmayıp Batı Makedonya’ya geçiş noktasındadır. Tesalya’ya iki geçiş noktasından biri olan Çitroz, birkaç yıl sonra 1389’da tahta geçmesini müteakip Yıldırım Bayezid’in emriyle alınmış olmalıdır. Makedonya ve Gazi Evrenos tarafından 1386’da alınan Tesalya arasındaki batı yolu, Karaferye’den (Vérroia) geçerek dağlık Serfiçe (Servia) ve Alasonya (Elasson) şehirlerinden Damasis’e ve Tesalya ovasına ulaşır, Vodina gibi Çitroz’u da tamamen dışarıda bırakır. Dolayısıyla Çitroz’un fethiyle ilgili doğru tarih 1389-1390 olmalıdır. Mahallî gelenek şehrin Evrenos Bey tarafından ve yerli halkın hıyanetiyle ele geçirildiği yönündedir. Her hâlükârda hıristiyan halkı orada kalmış ve kiliselerini korumuştur. 1395-1396 tarihli kısa Bizans kroniğinde de bu yılda Vodina’ya ağır hasar veren büyük bir depremden söz edilir (Schreiner, III, 96). Şehrin tekrar toparlanması uzun zaman almış görünmektedir. Vodina’da müslüman nüfusun varlığına işaret eden en eski Osmanlı yapıları Evrenosoğlu Ahmed Bey’in inşa ettirdiği, Cemâziyelevvel 904 (Aralık 1498) tarihli Arapça vakfiyesi olan cami, imaret, çifte hamam, çeşme ve değirmenlerdir. Ahmed Bey’in oğlu Mûsâ Bey vakfa mütevelli tayin edilmiş, daha sonra da adını taşıyan bir mahalle civarında kendi camisini yaptırmıştır. 1530’da düzenlenen, ancak içerdiği bilgiler 1520’li yıllara kadar giden bir tahrir defterine göre Vodina, Yenice-i Vardar kazasında bir nahiye merkezi idi ve küçük bir kasaba durumundaydı. Kasabada, aralarında yedi imaret hizmetkârının bulunduğu altmış bir hânelik bir müslüman cemaati yanında 132 hânelik hıristiyan hânesi mevcuttu (% 32’si müslüman olan toplam 900-1000 arası nüfus). Yenice-i Vardar, Vodina’dan hemen hemen üç kat daha büyüktü.
977 (1569-70) tarihli tahrir kayıtları (BA, TD , nr. 723) Vodina’nın çabuk geliştiğini ve müslüman nüfusun arttığını ortaya koyar. Bu sırada şehirde altmış hıristiyan hânesine karşılık 128 müslüman hânesi ya da 560 hıristiyan nüfusa karşılık mücerredler dahil 700 müslüman vardı. Osmanlı Devleti nezdindeki yeni Venedik balyosu Lorenzo Bernardo 1592’de Vodina’dan geçtiğinde şehirde gece kaldığı bir kervansaray ve bir kadı (ki 1569’da henüz yoktur) bulunduğunu bildirir; yüksek platodaki tahkimatla ovadaki aşağı şehrin kalıntılarını anlatır ve orada ne askerî bir birlik ne işe yarar herhangi bir savunma bulunduğunu vurgular. Bu gelişme XVII. yüzyılda da sürdü. 1668’de Evliya Çelebi şehrin geniş bir tasvirini yapar, burayı bir kadılık merkezi şeklinde tanıtır; sekizi müslümanlara, üçü hıristiyanlara ait on bir mahallesi, 1060 hânesi ve 300 dükkânı bulunduğunu yazar. Evliya Çelebi dokuz camiyi isimleriyle zikreder ve bunların dışında on bir mescidin mevcut olduğunu belirtir. Ayrıca dört mektep, iki tekke, bir hamam ve bir imaretten söz eder. Bu sonuncusu Hüsrev Efendi tarafından kurulmuştu; Hüsrev Efendi ayrıca bir cami yaptırmış, caminin girişinin üzerindeki kitâbede yapım tarihi 1010 (1602) olarak yazılmıştı. Bütün yapılar şehrin görünümüne uygun biçimde kiremitle örtülmüştü. Şehirde bedesten yoktu. Yedi kilisede “iffetli rahibeler ve peri yüzlü rahipler” görev yapmaktaydı. Evliya Çelebi ayrıca Vodina’da bir medresenin varlığını zikrederse de bu medrese 1660 tarihli resmî medrese listelerinde görünmemektedir. Evliya Çelebi ayrıca eski kalenin harabe kısımlarının hâlâ göründüğünü bildirir.
Arşiv kayıtlarında XVIII. yüzyılda inşa edilen, ancak tamamı 1912’den itibaren yıkılan pek çok cami, mescid ve okuldan söz edilir. Yüzyılın ilk yarısında Abdullah Paşa Vodina’da bir cami yaptırmıştı. 1765-1774 yılları arasında iki defa sadrazamlık yapan Muhsinzâde Mehmed Paşa da Vodina’nın Kopinik mahallesinde yeni bir cami inşa ettirip vakıf gelirini buraya bağışlamış ve babası Abdullah Paşa’nın yaptırdığı caminin gelirini arttırmıştı. Vakıf defterlerine göre Vodina’da Hasan Bey b. Ali Koç Bey ve Hasan Ağa b. İbrâhim Bey’in vakıfları da vardı. Çanakçı Mehmed Paşa Camii, Çelebi Çavuş Mescidi ve Hacı Hızır Bey Zâviyesi de bulunmaktaydı. 1792-1821 yılları arasında Vodina demir yumrukla yöneten, fakat şehir ve çevresinde büyük ölçüde güvenliği sağlayan Yanya Valisi Tepedelenli Ali Paşa’nın elindeydi. Selânik’teki Fransız konsolosu Felix Beanjour 1800 dolaylarında Vodina’da 12.000 nüfusun yaşadığını kaydeder. J. Hütz, Vodina’nın pek çok cami ve kilisesiyle pamuklu kumaş üreten tezgâhları bulunduğunu ve tütün üretimi yapan 12.000 kişilik nüfusa sahip olduğunu yazar. 1895 yılından hemen önce Avusturyalı antropolog Gustav Weigand, Kremu nehrinin Vodina boyunca aktığını not etmiştir. Ona göre iklim sağlıklı değildir, şehrin üçte biri Türkler’den meydana gelen 14.000 kişilik bir nüfusu vardır. Piskoposluk makamı Rumlar’ın elindedir. Bulgar sakinleri de bu kiliseye tâbidir; ancak bu durum Yunan sempatisinin değil piskopostan ve Türk otoritelerinden kaynaklanan korkunun eseridir.
1900’den birkaç yıl önce Vodina 11.070 nüfusu bulunan bir şehir olarak tasvir edilmiştir. Nüfusun 7000’i Bulgar, 4000’i Türk’tü. Geri kalanını Çingeneler ve Aromunlar (Makedon Rumenleri, Ulahlar) teşkil ediyordu. Kazada ise altmış dokuz köy vardı. Şehirle birlikte kazada 25.839’u Bulgar hıristiyanı, % 50’si Türkçe ve Bulgarca konuşan 15.948 müslüman nüfus mevcuttu. Bunların dışında 430 Aromun ve 873 Çingene (müslüman) vardı. Buna göre Vodina kazasının % 39’unu müslümanlar meydana getiriyordu. 1898-1902 yılları arasında Vodina’dan geçen Adolf Struck resmî kayıtlara göre şehrin on üç mahallesinde 1950 hânenin ve 3620’si Yunan, 3480’i Türk ve Çingene, 1530’u Slav ve 270’i Aromun toplam 8900 kişilik nüfusun bulunduğunu belirtir. Bununla birlikte nüfusun gerçek sayısı 12.500 civarında tahmin edilmektedir. 5420 kişiden 3900’ü patrikliğe bağlı olduğu için Yunan diye adlandırılıyordu, 1590 kişi de Bulgar Piskoposluğu’na tâbiydi. Üç büyük, dokuz küçük kilise vardı. Müslümanların altı büyük camisi mevcuttu. Ayrıca bir Yunan, Bulgar ve Türk okulu vardı. Şehirdeki şarap üretimiyle çevresindeki meyve ve tütün üretimi pamuk ekiminin artışından dolayı gerilemişti. Vodina’da ipekliler, kilim ve seramik üretiliyor, boyahaneler ve su gücüyle çalışan çırçır fabrikaları yer alıyordu. 1906 tarihli Selânik Vilâyeti Salnâmesi ’nde Vodina’nın on beş mahallesi, beş camisi, yedi mescidi, yedi tekkesi, üç kilisesi, beş müslüman ve beş hıristiyan mektebi, askerî kışlası ve cephanelikleri, bir de medresesi olduğu belirtilir. Şehirde su ile dönen on sekiz adet tahıl ve yedi adet susam yağı sıkan değirmen mevcuttu. Selânik-Manastır demiryolu üzerinde bulunması sebebiyle giderek kalkınan şehrin nüfusu Osmanlı idaresinin son yıllarında 14.000’e ulaşmıştı.
18 Ekim 1912’de Vodina, Yunan ordusu tarafından ele geçirildi. Slavlar’ın ve Türkler’in zoraki ayrılışından sonra nüfus ciddi biçimde geriledi. 1912 tarihli bir Yunan tahminine göre şehirde 4000’i Yunan, 1530’u Bulgar, kırk altısı Türk ve birkaçı Sırp’tan meydana gelen toplam 5600 kişi yaşıyordu. 1916-1918 yıllarında seyahat eden Schulze-Jena ise 9400 kişilik bir nüfustan söz eder. 1955’te şehirde inceleme yapan Semavi Eyice buradaki yeni caminin altmış beş yıl önce, yani 1890’larda yapıldığının söylenmesine rağmen yapının esasının eski olduğunun anlaşıldığını belirtir. II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra bu cami Edessa şehir müzesinin deposuna dönüştürülmüş, 1972’de restorasyonu gerçekleştirilmiştir. Fakat 2009’da yine harap haldeydi. İç kesiminde caminin kubbesi tamamen Abdülhamid devrine ait son dönem Osmanlı duvar nakışlarıyla yarı oryantal, yarı barok unsurların karışımıyla ve daha çok pembe renklerin hâkim olduğu yumuşak renklerle süslüdür. Bu cami günümüzde Vodina’da ayakta kalan tek Osmanlı eseridir. Bir diğer eser de XII. yüzyıla tarihlenen ve XIV. yüzyıl ile XVIII. yüzyıla ait önemli fresk süslemeleriyle dikkat çeken Vorousi mahallesindeki Panagia Kilisesi’dir. Geç dönem Osmanlı şairlerinden Hasan Remzi Efendi ile (ö. 1871) Ahmed Şâdî de (ö. 1917) Vodina’da doğmuştur. Bir ziraî ticaret, dokumacılık ve halıcılık merkezi olan Vodina’nın nüfusu 2010 yılı tahminlerine göre 18.380 idi.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Neşrî, Cihannümâ (Unat) , I, 310-311.
Hoca Sâdeddin, Tâcü’t-tevârîh , I, 103.
Hadschi Chalfa [Kâtib Çelebi], Rumeli und Bosna, Geographisch beschrieben von Mustafa ben Abdalla Hadschi Chalfa (trc. J. von Hammer), Wien 1812, s. 87.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , VIII, 176-180.
J. Hütz, Beschreibung der europäischen Türkei , München 1828, s. 258.
Selânik Vilâyeti Salnâmesi (1334), s. 293-298.
G. Weigand, Die Aromunen , Leipzig 1895, s. 23-24.
V. Kančov, Makedonija: Etnografija i statistika , Sofia 1900, s. 448-451.
A. Struck, Makedonische Fahrten II, Die Makedonische Niederlande , Sarajevo 1908, s. 59-63.
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P. Schreiner, Die Byzantinischen Kleinchroniken , Wien 1979, III, 96.
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C. F. Seybold, “Nešrī’s Notiz über die Eroberung von Vodena-Edessa und Čitroz-Kitros-Pydna durch Bājezīd I. Jildirim 1389”, ZDMG , LXXIV (1920), s. 289-292.
Semavi Eyice, “Yunanistan’da Türk Mimari Eserleri”, TM , XII (1955), s. 210.
Kemal Özergin, “Eski Bir Rûznâme’ye Göre İstanbul ve Rumeli Medreseleri”, TED , sy. 4-5 (1974), s. 263-290.
N. Kakaboyannis, “Problimata Edessaïkis Archeologias”, Edessaïka Chronika , X (1976), s. 14-66.
Ph. M. Petsas, “Edessa”, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites , Princeton 1976, s. 292-293.
“Edessa”, EBr.2 , IV, 367-368.
Brockhaus Enzyklopädia , München 2006, VII, 467.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 119-122 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.