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VÜCÛD Skip to content Varlık veya var olma anlamında mantık ve felsefe terimi.
1/2 Müellif: ALİ DURUSOY Bölüme Git
Sözlükte “kaybolan şeyi bulmak, bir şeye ulaşmak; sahip olmak, zengin olmak” anlamlarındaki vecd kökünden türeyen vücûd aynı kökten türeyen vicdân ile…
2/2 Müellif: MAHMUT KAYA Bölüme Git
FELSEFE. Varlık (vücûd) insan aklının ulaşabildiği en genel kavramdır; düşünmeye gerek kalmadan akıl tarafından hemen anlaşıldığından apaçık (bedîhî) …
Sözlükte “kaybolan şeyi bulmak, bir şeye ulaşmak; sahip olmak, zengin olmak” anlamlarındaki vecd kökünden türeyen vücûd aynı kökten türeyen vicdân ile birlikte “algılamak” (idrak) mânasında da kullanılır (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “vcd” md.; Kindî, I, 107-108, 169; Fârâbî, Kitâbü’l-Hurûf , s. 49-50). Felsefenin Arapça’ya intikali sırasında, “var olan” anlamındaki Yunanca estin ve Farsça hest kavramları bazan mevcûd , bazan hüve ile karşılanmıştır. Bu durumda hem vücûd hem de -hüveden oluşturulan- hüviyyet “varlık, var olma” mânasında masdar, mevcûd ve hüve ise “var olan” mânasında isim olarak kullanılır (a.g.e. , s. 51-53).
Metafizik ve mantıkta vücûd daima varlığın mahiyeti ve zihinde bulunuşu bakımından ele alınır. “Zihin dışında var olan” anlamındaki vücûd ise esasen fiilen mevcut olduğu için “vücûd hakkında konuşmak mevcut hakkında konuşmak demektir. Dolayısıyla metafiziğin konusu salt vücûd değil var olması bakımından mevcûddur. Vücûd-mevcûd ilişkisi hüviyyet-hüve, şey’iyye-şey, hakikat-hak ve vahdet-vâhid kavramları arasındaki ilişkiye benzer. Bu kavramlar çiftinin ilkleri tümel, soyut ve zihnî, ikincileri birincilerin zihnin dışında, nesnel dünyadaki varlığıdır (Behmenyâr b. Merzübân, s. 281-282). Bir mevcut varsa onun bir vücudu, bir şey varsa onun bir şey’iyyeti, bir hak varsa onun bir hakikati, bir vâhid varsa onun bir vahdeti vardır. Vücûd ile hüviyyet, mevcûd ile hüve, yine mevcûd ile vâhid eş anlamlıdır. Mevcut ve şey kavramları ise farklıdır. Mevcut, zihinde tasavvur ve tahayyül edilmekle birlikte zihnin dışında da fert ve tür olarak bulunanlara denir. Halbuki şey daha çok mahiyeti hakiki olmayıp itibarî olanlar için kullanılır. Bu açıdan şey denilenlerin çoğunlukla zihin dışında bir varlığı bulunmaz. Meselâ “Halâ (boşluk) bir şeydir” denir, fakat “Halâ mevcuttur” denmez. Aynı durum ma‘dûm, önerme gibi başka kavramlar için de geçerlidir (Fârâbî, Kitâbü’l-Hurûf , s. 54-66; İbn Sînâ, en-Necât , s. 493; Behmenyâr b. Merzübân, s. 286). Ma‘dûma şey denilip denilemeyeceği kelâmda tartışılmıştır (bk. ŞEY ).
Metafizikte varlık için “eys”, yokluk için “leys” kavramlarının kullanıldığı ve leys gibi eysten de kelimeler türetildiği görülür (meselâ bk. Kindî, I, 113-118, 123-124, 182-183, 215). İbn Sînâ’nın, ontolojik planda ilk tekabülün eys ve leys arasında bulunduğunu söylemesine ve ibdâyı “mutlak yokluktan sonra şeyi var etmek” diye tanımlamasına, buradan da her sebepli varlığın sonradan var olduğu sonucuna ulaşmasına bakılırsa eys ve leysi “mutlak varlık ve yokluk” mânasında kullandığı anlaşılır (Kitâbü’ş-Şifâ: Kategoriler , s. 236; en-Necât , s. 543). Vücûd ile eş anlamlı olan terimlerden biri de Arapça’daki tekit edatı “inne”den türetilen ve daha çok Tanrı’nın varlığı söz konusu edildiğinde kullanılan “inniyye”dir (bk. İNNİYYE ). Fârâbî filozofların, mahiyet ve inniyyeti aynı olan yetkin varlık için “el-vücûdü’l-kâmil” terkibini kullandıklarını söyler (Kitâbü’l-Hurûf , s. 2). Daha sonra bu kavram İbn Sînâ’da vâcibü’l-vücûda dönüşecektir. “Bir şeye sahip olma” anlamındaki mülk/mülkiyet ve yokluğu ifade eden adem vücûd kavramından yararlanarak tanımlanır (İbn Sînâ, Kitâbü’ş-Şifâ: Kategoriler , s. 231, 241-243; İşâretler ve Tenbihler , s. 26).
Mevcut, şey ve zaruri zihinde anlamları ilk beliren kavramlardandır. Varlık ilk müşahede edilen şeydir ve tasavvuru apaçık olduğundan tanıma ihtiyacı yoktur (aş.bk.). Kavramların en genelini mevcut ve şeyin teşkil ettiğinde görüş birliği bulunmakla beraber bunların beş küllînin ilki olan cinse dâhil edilip edilmeyeceği hususunda tereddüt vardır. Meselâ Fârâbî ve İbn Rüşd vâhid, mevcûd ve şeyin müşekkek (bir anlama farklı derecelerde delâlet eden) cinslerden olduğunu söylerken İbn Sînâ bazan vücudun cins olmadığını, bazan mevcûddan daha genel bir cins bulunmadığını, yer yer de vücûd ve vahdetin bir açıdan yüce cinslere benzediğini söyler (Fârâbî, Kitâbü’l-Burhân , s. 49-50; İbn Sînâ, Kitâbü’ş-Şifâ: Kategoriler , s. 56-58; II. Analitikler , s. 87, 221; Metafizik , I, 12-13; İbn Rüşd, Metafizik Şerhi , s. 62).
Algılayan özne açısından vücûd zihnî ve hâricî diye ikiye ayrılır. Mantığın dayandığı temellerden biri olan bu ayırımın yanında vücûd “varlığın mertebeleri” başlığı altında dörtlü bir tasnife daha tâbi tutulur. Buna göre bir şeyin vücûdu ya hariçte ya zihinde ya lafızda ya da yazıda bulunur (aş.bk.). Bu bağlamda mantık için büyük önem taşıyan dil-düşünce-varlık ayırımı ortaya çıkar. Öte yandan zihnî varlık kendi içinde hissî, hayalî, vehmî ve aklî kısımlarına ayrılır. Bilimin konusu olması bakımından birinci ve ikinci mâkuller denilen on kategori ve beş tümelin varlığı aklî, aritmetik ve geometrinin konusu olan sayılar ve şekillerin varlığı ise vehmîdir (Gazzâlî, s. 78-79; Behmenyâr b. Merzübân, s. 39). Şeylerin zihindeki varlıklarına başka bir yönden sûret veya mâna da denir. İnsanın nesnelere ilişkin hissî, hayalî, vehmî ve aklî düzeydeki bilgileri şeylerin bu mâna veya sûretinden oluşur. Bazan vücûd ile vehim gerçek ve sanal anlamda birbirinin yerine kullanılır (İbn Sînâ, İşâretler ve Tenbihler , s. 26).
Bütün zamanlara delâlet eden ve özneyle yüklemi birbirine bağlayan Türkçe’deki “+dır” eki, Yunanca’daki “estin” ve Farsça’daki “est”i karşılayacak bir bağ-fiilin Arapça’da bulunmaması sebebiyle Arapça önermelerde bunların yerine “el-kelimetü’l-vücûdiyye” adı verilen hüve veya mevcûd kelimeleri kullanılır yahut çoğunlukla cümlede varlığı farzedilir. “Zeydün (hüve) âdilün” ve “Zeydün (mevcûd) âdilün” (Zeyd âdildir) örneğindeki gibi. el-Kelimetü’l-vücûdiyyeden hareketle kipi açıkça zikredilmeyen önermeye “mutlaka” (kipi belirsiz) veya “vücûdiyye” denilmektedir (İbn Rüşd, Telḫîṣu Kitâbi’l-Ḳıyâs , s. 143, 148-149; İbn Ebü’l-Hadîd, s. 151). Mevcudun yüklem ve bağ-fiil şeklinde kullanılışı “var mı?” sorusunda da görülür. “Heli’l-insânü mevcûdün?” (İnsan var mıdır?) cümlesinde yüklem var olanın varlığıdır. Dolayısıyla mevcut, yüklem ve bağ-fiil olma görevini aynı anda görmektedir. “Heli’l-insânü (mevcûdün) âlimün?” (İnsan âlim midir?) dendiğinde ise mevcut sadece “+dır” anlamındaki bağ-fiil olarak kullanılmıştır (İbn Sînâ, Kitâbü’ş-Şifâ: II. Analitikler , s. 18; M. Hüseyin Tabâtabâî, s. 181).
Vücûd ile ilişkisi bakımından metafizik ve mantıkta üzerinde en çok durulan kavramlardan biri de “mahiyet”tir. İslâm felsefesinde vücûd ve mahiyetten hangisinin asıl olduğu tartışılmıştır (aş.bk.). Vücûdun kendine ilişmesiyle itibarî olmaktan çıkan mahiyet artık hakiki bir mahiyet olup dışarıda bilfiil var olması sebebiyle ona hak ve sâdık da denir. Şu halde mevcûd, hak ve sâdık kavramları eş anlamlıdır (Fârâbî, Kitâbü’l-Hurûf , s. 45; el-Medînetü’l-fâżıla , s. 48; İḥṣâʾü’l-ʿulûm , s. 121-122; İbn Sînâ, İşâretler ve Tenbihler , s. 125-127; Fahreddin er-Râzî, s. 19; Kutbüddin er-Râzî, s. 161-162). Mevcudun vücûdu onun mahiyetinin taşıyıcısı olmadığından, “İnsan mevcuttur” gibi bir önermenin yüklemli önerme olup olmadığı tartışılmıştır. Fizikçi açısından insan kavramı var olan anlamını zaten içerdiği için bu ifade yüklemli önerme değildir. Buna karşılık mantıkçıya göre, “İnsan mevcuttur” sözü bir önermenin bütün unsurlarını taşıdığı, doğru ve yanlış olma ihtimallerine açık bulunduğu için yüklemli önermedir. Fârâbî bakış açısına göre her iki görüşün de doğru olacağını belirtir (Cevâbât , s. 91). Vücûdun kendisinde tezahür ettiği mevcûdat onları idrak edişe göre mahsus ve mâkul kısımlarına ayrılır. Yine mevcut şeyler varlığı insan fiil ve ihtiyarlarına bağlı olanlar ve olmayanlar diye ikiye ayrılır (İbn Sînâ, Kitâbü’ş-Şifâ: II. Analitikler , s. 167; İbn Rüşd; Metafizik Şerhi , s. 59; Telhîsu Kitâbi’n-Nefs , s. 109).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Kindî, Resâʾil , I, 107-108, 113-118, 123-124, 169, 182-183, 215.
Fârâbî, Kitâbü’l-Burhân (el-Manṭıḳ ʿinde’l-Fârâbî içinde, nşr. Mâcid Fahrî), Beyrut 1986, s. 32, 44, 49-50, 62, 84.
a.mlf., Kitâbü’l-Hurûf: Harfler Kitabı (trc. Ömer Türker), İstanbul 2008, tür.yer.
a.mlf., el-Medînetü’l-fâżıla (nşr. Albert Nasrî Nâdir), Beyrut 1986, s. 37-40, 45, 47-48.
a.mlf., Cevâbât li-mesâʾil süʾile ʿanhâ (Risâletân felsefiyyetân içinde, nşr. Ca‘fer Âl-i Yâsîn), Beyrut 1407/1987, s. 91.
a.mlf., İḥṣâʾü’l-ʿulûm (nşr. Osman M. Emîn), Kahire 1968, s. 121-122.
İbn Sînâ, Kitâbü’ş-Şifâ: Kategoriler, el-Makûlât (trc. Muhittin Macit), İstanbul 2010, s. 56-58, 231, 235-236, 241-243.
a.mlf., Kitâbü’ş-Şifâ: II. Analitikler, el-Burhân (trc. Ömer Türker), İstanbul 2006, tür.yer.
a.mlf., Kitâbü’ş-Şifâ: Metafizik (trc. Ekrem Demirli – Ömer Türker), İstanbul 2004-2005, I-II, tür.yer.
a.mlf., el-İḫlâṣ (et-Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾânî ve’l-luġāti’ṣ-ṣûfiyye fî felsefeti İbn Sînâ içinde, nşr. Hasan Âsî), Beyrut 1403/1983, s. 106-108, 112-113.
a.mlf., en-Necât (nşr. M. Takī Dânişpejûh), Tahran 1364 hş./1985, tür.yer.
a.mlf., İşâretler ve Tenbihler: el-İşârât ve’t-tenbîhât (trc. Ali Durusoy v.dğr.), İstanbul 2005, s. 26, 32, 124-133.
Behmenyâr b. Merzübân, Kitâbü’t-Taḥṣîl (nşr. Murtazâ Mutahharrî), Tahran 1375 hş., tür.yer.
Gazzâlî, Miḥakkü’n-naẓar (nşr. Refîk el-Acem), Beyrut 1994, s. 67, 78-79, 82, 145-146.
İbn Rüşd, Tefsîru Mâ Baʿde’ṭ-ṭabîʿa , I, 296, 299, 306; a.e.: Metafizik Şerhi (trc. Muhittin Macit), İstanbul 2004, tür.yer.
a.mlf., Telhîsu Kitâbi’n-Nefs: Psikoloji Şerhi (trc. Atilla Arıkan), İstanbul 2007, s. 103, 109.
a.mlf., Telḫîṣu Kitâbi’l-Ḳıyâs (Telḫîṣu Manṭıḳı Aristo içinde, nşr. Cîrâr Cihâmî), Beyrut 1982, s. 143-144, 147-149, 175, 184.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Şerḥu’l-İşârât ve’t-tenbîhât (nşr. Ali Rızâ Necefzâde), Tahran 1384 hş., s. 19, 28, 55-57, 178-179.
İbn Ebü’l-Hadîd, Şerḥu’l-Âyâti’l-beyyinât (nşr. Muhtâr Ceblî), Beyrut 1996, s. 104-105, 134-135, 151.
Esîrüddin el-Ebherî, Keşfü’l-ḥaḳāʾiḳ fî taḥrîri’d-deḳāʾiḳ (nşr. Hüseyin Sarıoğlu), İstanbul 2001, s. 57.
Kutbüddin er-Râzî, Taḥrîrü’l-ḳavâʿidi’l-manṭıḳıyye fî şerḥi’r-risâleti’ş-Şemsiyye (nşr. Muhsin Bîdârfer), Tahran, ts., s. 112, 131, 161-162, 166, 234, 274, 359, 366.
M. Hüseyin Tabâtabâî, Bidâyetü’l-ḥikme (nşr. Abbas Ali ez-Zirâî es-Sebzevârî), Tahran 1428, s. 12-18, 23-25, 49-50, 56, 58, 181, 186-189.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 137-139 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
FELSEFE. Varlık (vücûd) insan aklının ulaşabildiği en genel kavramdır; düşünmeye gerek kalmadan akıl tarafından hemen anlaşıldığından apaçık (bedîhî) ve önsel (kablî) bir kavram sayılır. Bundan dolayı varlık teriminin tarifi yapılamaz. Fârâbî’ye göre vücûb, vücûd ve imkân gibi kavramların anlaşılması için mantıkî istidlâle veya diyalektiğe başvurmaya gerek yoktur; çünkü bunlar apaçık ve herkesin zihninde yer etmiş bulunmaktadır. Bir kimsenin bu kavramları sözle açıklamaya çalışması zihne yönelik bir uyarıdan ibaret kalır ve daha iyi bilinen bir terimle bu kavramları açıklamış sayılmaz (ʿUyûnü’l-mesâʾil , s. 117). Bununla birlikte vücûdu “sabit olan ve gözle görülen şey”, “etkin ve edilgin olan yahut hâdis ve kadîm diye ayrılabilen şey”, “bilinir ve kendisinden söz edilir türden şey” vb. şekillerde tanımlayanlar olmuşsa da bu tanımlar aynı zamanda mantıktaki on kategoriyi çağrıştırmaktadır; bunlara varlığın en yüksek cinsleri (el-ecnâsü’l-âliye) denilmekte ve tam tarifleri yapılamadığından ancak eksik tarifleri yani resimleriyle yetinilmektedir (Gazzâlî, s. 104-105).
Felsefe tarihinde vücûd kavramını tartışma gündemine getiren ilk filozofun Elealı Parmenides olduğu söylenir. Her kavram kendi karşıtını beraberinde getirdiği için problem varlık-yokluk diyalektiği üzerine süregelmiştir. Parmenides, “Varlık vardır, yokluk yoktur” diyerek düşünceye konu olanın varlık olduğunu, varlığın zıddı olmanın ötesinde yokluğun (adem) bir anlamının bulunmadığını belirtir (Kranz, s. 61). Herakleitos ve Anaxagoras da aynı görüşü benimseyerek varlığın ezelî olduğunu savunur. Daha sonra Eflâtun yokluk kavramı üzerinde durur ve yokluğu mutlak değil izâfî bir kavram olarak savunur. Ona göre yokluk “bir şeyin başka şey olması, bulunmayışı ve mahrum oluşu” anlamına gelir. Aristo ise yokluğun reel bir değer şeklinde düşünülemeyeceğini, sadece var olanın yokluğundan söz edilebileceğini söyler; Fârâbî ve İbn Sînâ da aynı görüşe katılır (eş-Şifâʾ el-İlâhiyyât [1] , s. 128). Ancak Aristo, felsefî doktrininin temelini teşkil eden madde-sûret teorisini yorumlarken yokluğu üçüncü bir ilke gibi düşünür ve bu negatif ilkeden yararlanarak oluşu izah eder. Şöyle ki, varlık ve yokluk iki zıt kavram olup bunların gerçeklik kazanabilmesi için bir dayanağa ihtiyaç vardır, bu da maddedir. Varlık kendini maddede ortaya koyduğundan yokluk gerçeklik kazanamamıştır. Şu halde her var oluş yokluğun bulunmayışı demektir; yokluğun varlık alanına çıkamayışı varlığın gerçekleşmesini sağlamıştır (Kaya, İslâm Kaynakları Işığında , s. 135). Ya‘kūb b. İshak el-Kindî ise varlığı “eys”, yokluğu da “leys” terimleriyle karşılar ve yokluğun sadece antinomi bulunduğunu, gerçekliğinin bulunmadığını belirtir (Resâʾil , I, 182-183). Felsefede bilgi problemi, “Nasıl bilirim?” sorusuna cevap vermeye çalışırken varlık problemi, “Neyi bilebilirim?” üzerinden hareketle var olanı araştırır. Diğer bir ifadeyle ilki, “Bilgi nedir?”; ikincisi, “Bilinen nedir?” yani, “Varlık nedir?” sorusu üzerinde durur. Şu halde bilginin konusu bilinenlerdir. Buradan hareketle bilgi problemi giderek varlık problemine dönüşür. Her ne kadar felsefe bilgi problemiyle başlarsa da bilginin konusunu varlık ve var olanlar teşkil ettiğine göre ontolojinin önceliği ve kuşatıcılığı tartışılmaz.
Varlık terimi delil ve ispata gerek kalmadan zihin tarafından bir anda kavranır; varlığın tam anlaşılması için filozoflar onu çeşitli derecelere ve bölümlere ayırarak incelemişlerdir. Varlık kavramının çağrıştırdığı başlıca ayırımlar şöyledir: Kadîm-hâdis, vâcip-mümkin, basit-mürekkep, vâhid-kesîr, küllî-cüz’î, cevher-araz, kuvve-fiil, tam-nâkıs, illet-ma‘lûl (İbn Sînâ, en-Necât , II, 48). İbn Sînâ ayrıca, düşünce ile varlık arasındaki ilişkiden hareketle bu kavramı düşüncede varlık, dilde varlık, dış dünyada varlık ve yazıda varlık şeklinde dört derecede irdeler (eş-Şifâʾ el-Manṭıḳ , I, 1-6). Filozof kavram idealisti olduğundan şöyle düşünmektedir: Zihin bir şeye yöneldiğinde önce o şeyin kavramı, tasavvuru zihinde canlanır, ardından dil vasıtasıyla dışa vurulur. Dille ifade edilen o şeyin dış dünyada (zihin dışında) bir karşılığı ve gerçekliği vardır. Böylece zihinde başlayan bu soyut bilgi dilde de soyutluğunu korur; dış dünyada ise somut varlık şeklinde tezahür eder; o şey yazıya geçirilip oradan tekrar zihne intikal etmek suretiyle yine soyut duruma gelir. Bu da insan zihninin metafizikten fiziğe ve fizikten metafiziğe tümel ve tikel varlık alanları üzerindeki işlevini gösterir. Varlık sorununa ilişkin konulardan biri de bu terimin cins teşkil edip etmeyeceğidir. Umumi telakkiye göre maddî ve mânevî bütün varlıkları ifade eden varlık cins teşkil etmez, o sadece müşterek bir lafızdır. Meselâ, “İnsan vardır, âlem vardır, Allah vardır” önermelerindeki “var” lafzı cins olmayıp her varlık türüne yüklenen ortak bir isim durumundadır. Şu halde her önerme ve her yargı bir var oluşu içermektedir. Ancak bu konuda farklı düşünen İbn Rüşd’e göre varlık terimi genel bir nitelik değil nesnelerin mahiyetini gösteren bir tür cinstir.
Antikçağ’dan beri felsefede süregelen tartışmalardan biri de varlık ve mahiyet (zât-vücûd) sorunudur. Nesnelerin zihindeki tümel kavramlarına mahiyet, bunların dış dünyada gerçeklik kazanmasına hakikat, varlık sahnesinde gerçeklik kazanan varlıkların sahip oldukları özellik veya nitelikler sonucu tek tek varlıkları göstermelerine hüviyet denir. Mahiyet-varlık ilişkisi konusunda filozofların idealist ve realist diye iki gruba ayrıldığı söylenebilir. Bir nesnenin mahiyetinin onun varlığından ayrı bir şey olduğunu ve önce geldiğini savunan idealistlerin başında İbn Sînâ yer alır. İbn Rüşd ve Eş‘arî kelâmcıları bir nesnenin mahiyetiyle varlığı arasında herhangi bir ayırım yapılmayacağını, ikisinin özdeş olduğunu savunurlar. İbn Sînâ, felsefesinin odağını teşkil eden bu sorun sebebiyle Aristo’dan çok Eflâtun’un idealizmine yakın durmakla birlikte ikisi arasında önemli farklar vardır. İbn Sînâ’ya göre mâhiyet her türlü varlıktan önce gelir. Meselâ insan olarak insan kavramının ifade ettiği anlam başka; onun varlığının, biyolojik, fizyolojik ve psikolojik özelliklerinin bir veya çok oluşu gibi yönleri daha başka bir şeydir. İnsan sırf insan olarak mahiyet bakımından dikkate alınacak olursa onun ferdî varlığına ilişkin nitelikler insanlığa sonradan katılan arazlar konumundadır. Meselâ, “İnsan canlı, akıllı, konuşan ve gülen bir varlıktır” ifadesindeki nitelikler insana sonradan katılan arazlardır. Şu halde insanı insan kılan mahiyet yani insanlık her şeyden önce gelmektedir. İdealistlerin diliyle söylemek gerekirse varlıktan mahiyete geçilmez, ama mahiyetten varlığa geçilir. Ancak bu görüş, Eflâtun’da görüldüğü gibi varlığın aslının idealar, yani tümel kavramlar olduğu anlamına gelmez. İbn Sînâ’ya göre varlığa ait kavramlar zihinde teşekkül ettikten sonra zihin çalışırken, yani bilgi üretirken küllîlerden/mahiyetlerden hareket ederek cüz’îlere veya soyuttan somut varlıklara iner. Filozofa göre zihnin işleyiş tarzı böyledir. Buna göre Eflâtun ideaları reel varlık sayarken İbn Sînâ, onların gerçekliğini değil sadece düşüncede nesnelerden önce geldiğini söylemektedir (eş-Şifâʾ el-İlâhiyyât [1] , s. 31-32).
Bu açıklamaya göre İbn Sînâ mahiyetin varlıktan önce geldiğini, bu açıdan varlığın mahiyete katılan bir araz konumunda bulunduğunu söylerken arazın mantıktaki anlamını kastetmiş değildir. Çünkü mantıkta araz “cevherin karşıtı olup cevherde bulunan, bulunmadığı zaman cevherin cevherliğinden bir şey eksilmeyen” anlamına gelir. İbn Sînâ’nın burada arazdan kastı ise cevherin karşıtı olan araz değil, ontolojik anlamdaki arazdır, yani mahiyetin tasavvur durumundan çıkıp var olması, gerçeklik kazanması demektir. Burada önemli olan husus İbn Sînâ’nın mahiyet-varlık ayırımı yaparken maddî varlıkları kastetmiş olmasıdır. Zira mânevî varlıklar için bu ayırım söz konusu değildir. Meselâ Allah hakkında mahiyet-vücûd ayırımı yapılamaz, O’nun mahiyetiyle varlığı özdeştir (a.g.e. , s. 244-245). Diğer bir ifadeyle Allah’ın cinsi ve faslı bulunmadığı için tarife konu olması anlamında mahiyeti yoktur, ancak ontolojik olarak mahiyeti vardır (a.g.e. [2] , s. 344-350). Mahiyet-varlık konusunda İbn Sînâ’yı eleştiren İbn Rüşd’e göre varlık terimi, mahiyetten ayrılmayan genel bir nitelik değil nesnelerin mahiyetini gösteren bir tür cinstir. Ancak varlık bakımından nesneler arasında bir sıra düzeni vardır. Meselâ sıcak kelimesi hem ateşi hem sıcak olan her şeyi ifade eder. Bu anlamda varlık terimi cins teşkil eder ve Allah hakkında da kullanılır; bu terim nesneler hakkında kullanılırsa cins teşkil etmez. İbn Rüşd’e göre İbn Sînâ varlık teriminin bu iki farklı anlamını kavrayamadığı için yanılgıya düşmüştür (Tehâfütü’t-Tehâfüt , s. 295, 302, 370).
Varlık kavramına ilişkin sorunlardan biri de bir önermede varlığın yüklem olup olamayacağı, yani varlığın diğer nitelikler gibi konuya yüklenen bir nitelik sayılıp sayılmayacağı hususudur. Meselâ, “İnsan vardır” derken bu önermenin anlamlı olup olmadığı tartışılmıştır. Çünkü önermenin konusu durumundaki insan lafzı bir varlığı ifade etmektedir; yüklem konumundaki var lafzı ise konunun anlamına yeni bir şey katmamıştır; dolayısıyla bu önerme terkibî sentetik değil tahlilî analitik bir önermedir; yani yüklem diğer nitelikler gibi konuyu nitelemediğinden yok hükmündedir; diğer bir deyişle bir şeyin varlığı o şeyden başkası değildir. Fârâbî’ye göre söz konusu önerme konu ve yüklemi bulunduğu için mantık bakımından tam bir önerme sayılır. Ancak konuyu niteleyen “var” lafzı genel bir kavram olup diğer nitelikler gibi konuyu başkalarından ayırt etmese bile bu da bir önermedir (ʿUyûnü’l-mesâʾil , s. 97). Birçok konuda olduğu gibi burada da Fârâbî’nin eklektik ve uzlaştırıcı tavrı görülmektedir. Varlık kavramıyla ilgili kaydedilmesi gereken bir başka husus da kadim felsefede metafizik ontoloji ayırımı yapılmazken Yeniçağ’dan itibaren bu ayırımın yapılmasıdır. Şöyle ki, ontoloji varlığı dış görünüşüyle değil sırf var olması bakımından irdelerken özü esas alır; yani ontolojinin en temel sorunu mahiyet-varlık (zât-vücûd) ilişkisidir. Meselâ varlık, yokluk, zorunluluk, imkân, süreklilik, ihtimal ve rastlantı gibi genel kavramlar ontolojinin başlıca alanıdır (Cemîl Salîbâ, II, 558-561; ayrıca bk. VAHDET-i VÜCÛD ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Kindî, Resâʾil , I, 182-183.
Fârâbî, ʿUyûnü’l-mesâʾil (el-Mecmûʿ içinde), Kahire 1325/1907, s. 97, 117.
İbn Sînâ, eş-Şifâʾ el-İlâhiyyât (1) , s. 31-32, 128-129, 244-245.
a.e. (2) , s. 344-350.
a.mlf., eş-Şifâʾ el-Manṭıḳ (3) , I, 1-6.
a.mlf., en-Necât (nşr. Abdurrahman Umeyre), Beyrut 1412/1992, II, 48.
Gazzâlî, Maḳāṣıdü’l-felâsife (nşr. Muhyiddin Sabrî), Kahire 1331, s. 104-105.
İbn Rüşd, Tehâfütü’t-Tehâfüt (nşr. M. Bouyges), Beyrut 1930, s. 295, 302, 370.
W. Kranz, Antik Felsefe (trc. Suad Baydur), İstanbul 1976, s. 61.
Abdurrahman Bedevî, Medḫal cedîd ile’l-felsefe , Küveyt 1979, s. 188-195.
Cemîl Salîbâ, el-Muʿcemü’l-felsefî , Beyrut 1982, II, 558-561.
Mahmut Kaya, İslâm Kaynakları Işığında Aristoteles ve Felsefesi , İstanbul 1983, s. 135.
a.mlf., “Mahiyet ve Varlık Konusunda İbn Rüşd’ün İbn Sînâ’yı Eleştirmesi”, İbn Sînâ: Doğumunun Bininci Yılı Armağanı (der. Aydın Sayılı), Ankara 1984, s. 453-459.
W. D. Ross, Aristoteles (trc. Ahmet Arslan), İstanbul 1999, s. 184-187.
O. N. H. Leaman, “Vud̲j̲ūd”, EI2 (İng.) , XI, 216-217.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 139-140 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.