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VÜCÛH ve NEZÂİR Skip to content Kur’an’da bir kelimenin farklı yerlerde kazandığı değişik mânaları mükerrerleriyle birlikte inceleyen bilim dalı ve bu dalda yazılan eserlerin ortak adı.
Sözlükte vücûh “yüz, bir nesnenin karşısında olan şey, ön, önde olan” anlamlarındaki vech kelimesinin, nezâir ise “bir şeyin dengi, benzeri, aynısı” anlamındaki nazîre nin çoğuludur. Karakterleri, söz ve davranışlarındaki üstünlükleriyle birbirine benzeyenlere de nezâir denir. Hz. Peygamber’in namazlarda okuduğu yirmi kısa sûreyi Abdullah b. Mes‘ûd’un nezâir diye adlandırması (Buhârî, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 6; Müslim, “Müsâfirîn”, 275) nazîre kelimesinin sözlük anlamıyla ilgili görülmüş ve bu sûrelerin uzunluk bakımından birbirine yakın olmasıyla açıklanmıştır (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “nẓr”, “vch” md.leri; Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , “nẓr”, “vch” md.leri). Vücûh ve nezâir ilminin öncülerinden olan Mukātil b. Süleyman (ö. 150/767) ve Yahyâ b. Sellâm ile (ö. 200/815) onları izleyen Hîrî ve Hüseyin b. Muhammed ed-Dâmegānî’nin eserlerinde bu terimler tarif edilmemişse de verilen bilgilerden Kur’an’da aynı lafzın farklı yerlerde değişik mânalarda kullanılmasına vücûh, bir lafzın anlamlarından sadece birinin başka âyetlerde tekrarlanmasına nezâir denildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bilindiği kadarıyla vücûh ve nezâir terimlerini ilk tanımlayan âlim olan Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî ile (ö. 597/1201) onu takip eden Kâtib Çelebi’ye göre her iki terim de “harekesi ve lafzı aynı olan bir kelimenin farklı yerlerde farklı mânalara gelmesi” anlamını ifade eder. Ancak bu kelimelerin kullanıldığı her yerde aynı olan lafızlarına nezâir, bunların birbirinden farklı olan mânalarına vücûh denir. Buna göre nezâir lafızlara, vücûh mânalara verilen addır (Nüzhetü’l-aʿyün , s. 83; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 2001). Bedreddin ez-Zerkeşî, İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin izahlarını vücûh ve nezâir konusunda yazılan ilk eserlerdeki anlayışı yansıtmadığı gerekçesiyle kabul etmemiştir. Zerkeşî ve onu izleyen Süyûtî ile Taşköprizâde gibi âlimler, ilk kaynaklardaki açıklamalara bağlı kalarak bir kelimenin farklı yerlerde ifade ettiği farklı anlamlara vücûh, aynı kelimenin farklı yerlerde aynı anlamda kullanılan lafızlarına da nezâir denilmesi gerektiğini belirtmişlerdir (el-Burhân , I, 193; el-İtḳān , II, 121; Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , II, 415). İbnü’l-Cevzî, İslâm kelimesinin Kur’an’da “din olarak İslâm, tevhid, ihlâs, boyun eğme, ikrar” şeklinde beş veçhi bulunduğunu söyler ve bu anlamlara dair on iki örnek zikreder (Nüzhetü’l-aʿyün , s. 136-137). Ona göre âyetlerdeki İslâm lafızları birbirinin nazîrleri, mânaları da vecihlerdir. Buna karşılık Zerkeşî’ye göre bu on iki örnekteki İslâm lafızlarından sadece aynı anlama gelenler (meselâ “ikrar” anlamında Tevbe sûresinin 74. ve Hucurât sûresinin 14. âyetlerinde) birbirinin nazîridir. Birinci gruptaki âlimler nezâir için lafzî benzerliği yeterli görürken ikinci gruptakiler bunun yanı sıra aynı lafızlar arasında mâna benzerliği de aramışlardır.
Bu açıklamalardan, vücûh teriminin Kur’an’da aynı lafzın farklı yerlerde ifade ettiği değişik mânalar için kullanıldığında görüş birliği bulunduğu ve ihtilâfın nezâir hakkında olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Nezâir tanımı açısından bakıldığında mevcut literatüre Zerkeşî’nin öncülük ettiği ikinci görüşün hâkim olduğu, aynı lafızlar arasında anlam birlikteliği de bulunduğunda nezâirden söz edildiği görülür. Mukātil b. Süleyman, Yahyâ b. Sellâm, Hîrî, Dâmegānî gibi ilk müellifler tarafından verilen örneklerin bu çerçeveye uygun olduğu tesbit edilmiştir (Karagöz, s. 448). Meselâ Mukātil b. Süleyman ile Yahyâ b. Sellâm, Kur’an’da “tâğūt” kelimesinin üç veçhinden söz ederler. Birinci vecih Bakara sûresinin 256. âyetinde şeytanı, ikinci vecih Nahl sûresinin 36. âyetinde putları, üçüncü vecih Bakara sûresinin 257. âyetinde Kâ‘b b. Eşref’i kasteden kullanımlardır. İlkinin nazîri Nisâ sûresinin 76., ikincisinin nazîri Zümer sûresinin 17., üçüncünün nazîri Nisâ sûresinin 51. âyetinde geçer (Mukātil b. Süleyman, neşredenin girişi, s. 77; Yahyâ b. Sellâm, s. 207-208). Konuyla ilgili eserlerde nazîr/nezâir yerine “نحوه، مثله، كقوله” gibi tabirlere de rastlanır. Yine bu eserlerde, İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin belirttiği gibi sadece bir lafzın Kur’an’daki farklı anlamlarından değil aynı lafzın farklı yerlerde aynı anlamı ifade etmesinden, ayrıca bir kelimenin yalnızca aynı lafız ve harekeyle zikredildiği örneklerden değil o kelimenin müştaklarından da söz edilmiştir. Klasik döneme ait iki farklı yaklaşım dışında son zamanlarda yazılan bazı eserlerde nezâirin Kur’an’daki eş anlamlı lafızlar için de kullanıldığı görülmektedir (cehennem, nâr, sakar, hutame ve cahîmin aynı mânayı ifade etmesi gibi; bk. Cerrahoğlu, s. 184-185; Süleyman b. Sâlih el-Kar‘âvî, s. 12). Ancak vücûh ve nezâir literatüründe eş anlamlı kelimelere ait örneklere rastlanmadığı için bu yaklaşım ulûmü’l-Kur’ân terminolojisi açısından isabetli görülmemiştir; belki sadece nezâirin lugat anlamıyla böyle bir tanımdan söz edilebilir (nezâirin eş anlamlılıkla bir tutulmasına yönelik değerlendirme ve eleştiriler için bk. Güven, s. 174-175).
Kur’an’daki bazı kelimelerin farklı anlamlara geldiği ve bu farklılıklara dikkat edilmesi gerektiği eskiden beri bilinen bir husustur. Ebü’d-Derdâ’dan mevkūf tariki meşhur olan, ancak zayıf ve merfû tariki de bulunan bir hadiste şöyle denilmektedir: “Kişi Kur’an için birçok vücûhu göz önünde bulundurmadıkça tam mânasıyla anlayış sahibi olamaz” (Mukātil b. Süleyman, neşredenin girişi, s. 19; Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî, XI, 255; İbn Abdülber en-Nemerî, II, 45). Hz. Peygamber’in En‘âm sûresinin 82. âyetindeki zulüm kelimesini “şirk” ile tefsir etmesi de (Buhârî, “Tefsîr”, 31, 2) vücûhun sünnetteki dayanaklarına örnek gösterilebilir. Öte yandan Hz. Ali, Hâricîler’e sözcü olarak gönderdiği İbn Abbas’tan, Kur’an’ın birçok veçhe/mânaya gelme ihtimali bulunduğu için onlara sünnetten delil getirmesini istemiştir (Süyûtî, II, 122). Âyetlerde geçen lafızların farklı mânalara gelebileceğine dair tâbiîn âlimlerinden de görüşler aktarılır. Meselâ Saîd b. Cübeyr, Kur’an’da af (afv) kelimesinin “bağışlama, harcamada orta yolu tutma ve ihsanda bulunma” şeklinde üç anlamının bulunduğunu söylemiştir (a.g.e. , II, 138). Vücûh ve nezâir konusu gerek âyetlerde geçen kelimelerin benzerlik ve farklılıklarının tesbiti, gerekse Kur’an’ın Kur’an’la tefsiri ve âyetlerin doğru anlaşılması açısından büyük önem taşır.
Vücûh ve nezâir literatürü içinde değerlendirilebilecek olan bazı eserlerde el-Eşbâh ve’n-neẓâʾir , Me’ştebehet esmâʾühû ve taṣarrafet meʿânîhi ve Me’ttefeḳa lafẓuhû ve’ḫtelefe maʿnâhü gibi başlıklara rastlanabilir. Konuya dair eserlerde ele alınan kelime sayısı yanında bu kelimelere atfedilen vücûh sayısında da farklılıklar vardır. Nitekim Mukātil b. Süleyman 185 kelime tesbit ederken Yahyâ b. Sellâm 115, İbnü’l-Cevzî 324, Dâmegānî 531, Hîrî 588 kelime tesbit etmiştir. Meselâ “emr” kelimesinin Mukātil, Yahyâ ve Hîrî’de on üç, Dâmegānî’de on yedi veçhi belirtilmiştir. “Hak” kelimesinin vücûh sayısı Mukātil’de on bir, Dâmegānî’de on iki, Hîrî’de yirmi dokuzdur (Vücûhü’l-Ḳurʾân , nşr. Fâtıma Yûsuf el-Hıyemî, neşredenin girişi, s. 18-19). Bu eserlerde kelimelerin sözlük anlamları yanında âyetlerdeki bağlamları da dikkate alınmış, belli bağlamdaki bir lafızla neyin kastedildiği ve nasıl tefsir edildiği, bir kelimenin hangi mânaya/varlığa tekabül ettiği gösterilmeye çalışılmış, bu anlamların belirlenmesinde tefsir rivayetlerinin yanı sıra Arap şiirinden de faydalanılmıştır. Bu çerçevede mânaları müphem bazı Kur’an lafızlarının tesbiti, meselâ “imrae” veya “mescid” kelimesiyle hangi kadının ya da mescidin kastedildiği gibi vücûh ve nezâirden ziyade mübhemâtü’l-Kur’ân’ın içinde ele alınması gereken örnekler de verilmiştir (Ebû Abdullah Hüseyin b. Muhammed ed-Dâmegānî, I, 68-70; İbnü’l-Cevzî, s. 568-569).
Vücûh ve nezâirle ilgili eserler büyük ölçüde Mukātil’in görüşlerine dayandırılmış, bu eserlerde önceleri bir sistem gözetilmezken zamanla (muhtemelen Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî’den itibaren) alfabetik sıralamaya geçilmiştir. Vücûh ve nezâire dair eserler ulûmü’l-Kur’ân’ın en erken örnekleri arasında yer alır. Ali b. Ebû Talha (ö. 143/760) ve Muhammed b. Sâib el-Kelbî’ye bu alanla ilgili birer eser nisbet edilir (İbnü’l-Cevzî, s. 82). Günümüze ulaşan en eski çalışma ise Mukātil b. Süleyman’a ait olup üç ayrı neşri yapılmıştır (el-Eşbâh ve’n-neẓâʾir , nşr. Abdullah Mahmûd Şehhâte, Kahire 1975, 1994, 2001; el-Vücûh ve’n-nezâir , nşr. Ali Özek, İstanbul 1993; el-Vücûh ve’n-neẓâʾir fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm , nşr. Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin, Dübey 1427/2006). Eser Farsça’ya (trc. Muhammed Rûhânî – Muhammed Alevî Mukaddem, Tahran 1385/2001) ve Türkçe’ye (Kur’an Terimleri Sözlüğü , trc. M. Beşir Eryarsoy, İstanbul 2004) tercüme edilmiştir. Kendi neşrine yazdığı girişte (s. 165-179) Şehhâte’nin yayımladığı metnin Mukātil’e nisbetini doğru bulmayan, bu metnin Hârûn b. Mûsâ el-Ezdî el-A‘ver’e (ö. 170/786 civarı) ait olduğunu ileri süren Dâmin, kendi yayımını eserin Uneyze’de el-Câmiu’l-kebîr el yazmaları kütüphanesinde bulunan nüshasına dayandırmıştır. Dâmin’in Şehhâte neşrine yönelik eleştirisi aynı metni esas alan Ali Özek neşri için de geçerlidir. Her iki neşrin dayandığı metnin isnadı Ebû Nasr Matrûh b. Muhammed b. Şâkir el-Kudâî el-Mısrî’ye ulaşırken Dâmin’in yayımladığı nüshanın râvisi Mukātil’in tefsirini de rivayet eden Ebû Sâlih Hüzeyl b. Habîb’dir. Dâmin, Şehhâte neşrinde eksik sayfalar yüzünden yer verilmeyen yirmi dört lafzın Hârûn b. Mûsâ’nın nüshasında bulunduğunu, yine muahhar kaynaklarda Mukātil’in eserinin başında yer aldığı bildirilen (Zerkeşî, I, 193) Kur’an’ın vücûhuna dair hadisin de Şehhâte neşrinde yer almadığını, kendisinin yayımladığı nüshada ise mevcut olduğunu belirtmektedir.
Mukātil b. Süleyman’ın eserinden sonra günümüze ulaşan bazı çalışmalar şunlardır: Hârûn b. Mûsâ, el-Vücûh ve’n-neẓâʾir fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm (nşr. Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin, Bağdat 1409/1988; Ammân 2002); Yahyâ b. Sellâm, et-Teṣârîf: Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân mimme’ştebehet esmâʾühû ve taṣarrafet meʿânîh (nşr. Hind Şelebî, Tunus 1400/1980); Müberred, Me’ttefeḳa lafẓuhû ve’ḫtelefe maʿnâhü mine’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-mecîd (nşr. Abdülazîz el-Meymenî, Kahire 1350/1931; nşr. Ahmed Muhammed Süleyman Ebû Ra‘d, Küveyt 1409/1989; nşr. Muhammed Rıdvân ed-Dâye, Dımaşk 1411/1991); Hakîm et-Tirmizî, Taḥṣîlü neẓâʾiri’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Hüsnî Nasr Zeydân, Kahire 1389/1969); Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, el-Vücûh ve’n-neẓâʾir (nşr. Muhammed Osman, Kahire 1428/2007; nşr. Ahmed es-Seyyid, Beyrut 2010); Ebû Mansûr es-Seâlibî, el-Eşbâh ve’n-neẓâʾir (nşr. Muhammed el-Mısrî, Beyrut-Kahire 1404/1984; Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin son eserin İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin Münteḫab adlı çalışmasıyla aynı olduğunu ileri sürmektedir [Ṣınâʿatü’l-maḫṭûṭi’l-ʿArabi’l-İslâmî , s. 182]); İsmâil b. Ahmed el-Hîrî, Vücûhü’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Fâtıma Yûsuf el-Hıyemî, Dımaşk 1996; nşr. Necef Arşî, Meşhed 1422); Ebû Abdullah Hüseyin b. Muhammed ed-Dâmegānî, Ḳāmûsü’l-Ḳurʾân: Iṣlâḥu’l-Vücûh ve’n-neẓâʾir fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm (nşr. Abdülazîz Seyyidü’l-ehl, Beyrut 1970) ve el-Vücûh ve’n-neẓâʾir li-elfâẓi Kitâbillâhi’l-ʿazîz (nşr. Muhammed Hasan Ebü’l-Azm ez-Zefîtî, Kahire 1992; nşr. Arabî Abdülhamîd Ali, Beyrut 2003 [Esma Çetin bu eser üzerine yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamıştır, 2006, UÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü]); Hubeyş et-Tiflîsî, Vücûh-i Ḳurʾân (Far. nşr. Mehdî Muhakkık, Tahran 1340 hş./1961); İbnü’l-Cevzî, Nüzhetü’l-aʿyüni’n-nevâẓır fî ʿilmi’l-vücûh ve’n-neẓâʾir (nşr. Seyyide Mihrünnisâ, Haydarâbâd 1394/1974; nşr. Muhammed Abdülkerîm Kâzım er-Râzî, Beyrut 1404/1984; müellif bu eserini Münteḫabü Ḳurreti ʿuyûni’n-nevâẓır fi’l-vücûh ve’n-neẓâʾir fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm başlığıyla ihtisar etmiş [nşr. Muhammed es-Seyyid es-Saftâvî – Fuâd Abdülmün‘im Ahmed, İskenderiye 1399/1979]), Fehd b. İbrâhim b. Abdullah ed-Dâli‘ İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin Nüzhe ’si üzerine yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamıştır, 2005, İmam Muhammed b. Suûd Üniversitesi, Riyad); İbnü’l-İmâd el-Mısrî, Keşfü’s-serâʾir fî maʿne’l-vücûh ve’l-eşbâh ve’n-neẓâʾir (nşr. Fuâd Abdülmün‘im Ahmed, İskenderiye 2004). Amacı ve kapsamı farklı olmakla birlikte bazı modern Kur’an sözlükleri de aynı kelimenin farklı anlamlarını tekrarlarıyla birlikte gösterecek tarzda hazırlanmıştır. Mısır’daki Arap Dil Kurumu’nun yayımladığı Muʿcemü elfâẓi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm (Kahire 1953-1970, 1989) bunların en önemlilerinden biridir (vücûh ve nezâir literatürü için ayrıca bk. Vücûhü’l-Ḳurʾân , nşr. Necef Arşî, neşredenin girişi, s. 36-39; Zerkeşî, I, 191-193, neşredenin dipnotu; M. Yûsuf eş-Şürbacî, XIX/2 [2003], s. 457-462). Vücûh ve nezâir konusunda Süleyman b. Sâlih el-Kar‘âvî (bk. bibl.), Selvâ Muhammed Avvâ (el-Vücûh ve’n-neẓâʾir fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm , Kahire 1419/1998), Mehmet Okuyan (Kur’an’da Vücûh ve Nezâir , Samsun 2001), Şahin Güven (bk. bibl.) ve Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Berîdî – Fehd b. İbrâhim b. Abdullah ed-Dâli‘ (Mevsûʿatü’l-vücûh ve’n-neẓâʾir fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm , http://quranicweb.com/) birer çalışma yapmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Şahin Güven, Kur’an’ın Anlaşılması ve Yorumlanmasında Çokanlamlılık Sorunu , İstanbul 2005, s. 174-175.
Mustafa Karagöz, “Vücûh ve Nezâirin Terimleşme Süreci”, Tarihten Günümüze Kur’an İlimleri ve Tefsir Usûlü (ed. Bilal Gökkır v.dğr.), İstanbul 2009, s. 441-475.
M. Yûsuf eş-Şürbacî, “ʿİlmü’l-vücûh ve’n-neẓâʾir fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm ve es̱eruhû fi’t-tefsîr ve’l-keşf ʿan iʿcâzi’l-Ḳurʾân”, Mecelletü Câmiʿati Dımaşḳ , XIX/2, Dımaşk 2003, s. 455-491.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 141-143 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.