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WELLHAUSEN, Julius Skip to content (1844-1918)
Alman teologu, Kitâb-ı Mukaddes uzmanı ve şarkiyatçı.
17 Mayıs 1844’te Almanya’nın Aşağı Saksonya eyaletinde Hameln an der Weser şehrinde doğdu. Babası August Wellhausen bir Protestan papazıydı. İlk öğrenimini Hameln’de gördükten sonra 1859’da Hannover Lisesi’ne, 1862’de Göttingen Üniversitesi Teoloji Bölümü’ne kaydoldu. Burada Heinrich Ewald gibi hocalardan aldığı dinler tarihi ve teoloji eğitiminin yanı sıra İbrânîce, Ârâmîce ve Arapça öğrendi. 1865’te üniversiteyi bitirince Hannover’de kısa bir süre özel hocalık yaptı. 1866’da Prusya Krallığı’nın Hamburg Krallığı’nı ilhak etmesi sırasında galip devlet tarafında yer aldı. 1867’de hocası Ewald’ın yanında Sâmî dilleri tahsiline devam etmek için Göttingen’e döndü. 1868-1872 yılları arasında teoloji öğrencilerinin kaldığı yurt olan Göttingen Theologischer Stift’te Repetent (mukarrir) sıfatıyla çalıştı. 1870’te Göttingen Üniversitesi’nde De gentibus et familiis judaeis quae I. Chr. 2. 4. enumerantur başlıklı teziyle doktor unvanını aldı, ardından eylemsiz doçent olarak göreve başladı. 1871’de Der Text der Bücher Samuelis untersucht (Göttingen) adlı eserini hazırladıktan sonra 1872’de Greifswald Üniversitesi’ne kadrolu Ahd-i Atîk profesörlüğüne tayin edildi. Buradaki derslerinin yanı sıra Ahd-i Atîk’le ilgili çok sayıda çalışma yaptı; ancak araştırmaları kendisini 1882’de teoloji profesörlüğünden istifa etme noktasına getirdi. Kilise ile bilimsel araştırmanın bağdaşmadığı kanaatine vardığından 5 Nisan 1882’de Prusya Kültür Bakanı Friedrich Althof’a bir istifa mektubu gönderdi. Mektupta kendisinin kutsal kitap hakkında ilmî çalışmalar yapmak için teoloji öğrenimi gördüğünü, ancak bir görevinin de talebeleri kilisede papazlık yapacak şekilde yetiştirmek olduğunu, bu görevi ise yerine getiremeyeceğini ifade ederek felsefe profesörlüğüne tayinini istedi (mektup için bk. Jepsen, Der Herr ist Gott , s. 266 vd.). İstifası kabul edildi ve Greifswald’dan ayrılırken kendisine Felsefe Fakültesi tarafından fahrî felsefe doktoru unvanı verildi. Aynı yıl Halle Üniversitesi Felsefe Fakültesi’nde eylemsiz Sâmî diller profesörlüğüne getirildi. 1883’te İskoç şarkiyatçısı ve Ahd-i Atîk uzmanı William Robertson Smith’in davetiyle Edinburgh’a gitti; burada hayranlık duyduğu Thomas Carlyle ile görüşme fırsatı buldu. 1885’te kadrolu profesör olarak Marburg Üniversitesi Felsefe Fakültesi’ne tayin edildi. Fakültede Ahd-i Atîk dersleri vermesinin yasaklanması sebebiyle araştırmalarını İslâm tarihi üzerine yoğunlaştırdı. 1892’de Paul de Lagarde’ın yerine Göttingen Üniversitesi Doğu Dilleri Kürsüsü’ne tayininden sonra tekrar Ahd-i Atîk dersleri vermeye başladı. 1913’te emekli oluncaya kadar burada çalıştı. Altmış yaşından itibaren duyma yetisini kaybeden Wellhausen uzun bir hastalık döneminin ardından 7 Ocak 1918’de Göttingen’de öldü.
1892’de Göttingen Kraliyet Bilimler Cemiyeti’ne üye seçilen Wellhausen bu üyelikten toplantılardaki konuşmaları takip edemediği gerekçesiyle 1903’te ayrılmıştır. 29 Mayıs 1901’de Prusya Devleti tarafından kendisine “Pour le mérite” nişanı verilmiş, arkadaşları ve öğrencileri, yetmişinci doğum yılı münasebetiyle Studien zur semitischen Philologie und Religionsgeschichte Julius Wellhausen zum siebzigsten Geburtstag am 17. Mai 1914 adıyla bir kitap yayımlamıştır (ed. Karl Marti, Giessen 1914). Göttingen Bilimler Akademisi tarafından 2007’den itibaren her yıl “Julius-Wellhausen-Vorlesung” başlıklı konferanslar düzenlenmekte ve bu konferanslar aynı adı taşıyan seri altında neşredilmektedir. Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Theodor Mommsen, Hermann Cremer, Adolf Jülicher, Benedikt Niese, Ferdinand Justi, Eduard Schwartz ve Rudolf Smend (I) gibi önemli düşünür ve yazarlarla tanışan Wellhausen’in kendisi de ekol oluşturan bir teologdur. Wellhausen, Carl Heinrich Becker gibi pek çok şarkiyatçı üzerinde etkili olmuştur.
Wellhausen teoloji, tarih, filoloji gibi alanlarda uzmanlaşmayı da içeren klasik şarkiyatçılığın son temsilcilerinden kabul edilebilir. Kendisi XIX. yüzyıl sonu ile XX. yüzyıl başlarında Alman düşüncesinin önemli şahsiyetleri arasında yer almıştır. Akademik hayatına Yahudilik tarihi hakkındaki araştırmalarıyla başlamış, çalışmalarını Ahd-i Atîk, Ahd-i Cedîd ve İslâm tarihi gibi geniş bir alana yaymıştır. Daha önce Leopold George, Wilhelm Vatke ve Karl Heinrich Graf gibi Ahd-i Atîk araştırmacılarının tezlerini XIX. yüzyıl tarihçilerinin tenkitçi tarih metodolojisine göre geliştirmiştir. Buna göre Tevrat tek bir dönemde ve tek bir kişi tarafından değil farklı dönemlerde farklı kişiler tarafından kaleme alınmış derleme bir kitaptır. Wellhausen, Tevrat’ı teşkil eden beş kitabın yanı sıra Yeşu kitabının dahil olduğu Hexateuch’e ait dört ana kaynağı kronolojik olarak Yahvist (J), Elohist (E), Tesniye / Deuteronomy (D) ve Ruhban Metni / Priestly Code (P) şeklinde sıralayıp tarihlendirmiştir. Yahvist ve Elohist’in ilk kısımları milâttan önce 950-850 yılları arasında derlenmiş, bunların redaksiyonu Tesniye’nin yazımından sonra milâttan önce 680’de gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ruhban metninin yazımı ise Bâbil sürgünüyle (m.ö. VI. yüzyıl) başlamış ve Ezra-Nehemya reformları döneminde (m.ö. V. yüzyıl) tamamlanmıştır (Wellhausen’in görüşleri için bk. Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels ). Literatürde “Graf-Wellhausen” teorisi diye geçen bu teori Batı’da Ahd-i Atîk uzmanları arasında taraftar bulmuş ve aynı zamanda çok eleştirilmiştir.
İslâm tarihi çalışmaları Yahudilik tarihi araştırmalarının bir devamı ve Yahudilik de Hıristiyanlığın bir önceki adımı olduğu için çağdaş kültür açısından önem kazanmaktadır. Yahudiliğin geçmişi söz konusu edildiğinde mevcut rivayetler tarih, masal ve efsane ile karıştığından bunların arasında tarihî kaynak değeri taşıyanların tesbit edilmesi ancak tarihî mevsukıyeti kesin olan İslâmî kaynaklara başvurmakla mümkündür. Wellhausen, Ahd-i Atîk’ten İslâm tarihi alanına geçişinin gerekçesini, Muhammed in Medina adlı eserinin girişinde eski İsrâil tarihinin anlaşılabilmesi için eski putperest Araplar’ın bilinmesinin gerekli olduğu şeklinde açıklar. Ancak inançları değişmemiş putperest Araplar artık bulunmadığından bu da karşıtı olan İslâmiyet vasıtasıyla anlaşılabilecektir. Neticede İslâm kaynaklarını Yahudiliği anlamak için kullanan Wellhausen, İslâm dinini ve tarihini de bu çerçevede kurgulamıştır. İslâm tarihini dinî bir teşekkülün sonucu olmaktan çok bir tür kültür tarihi (Kulturgeschichte) olarak görüp çalışmalarını yukarıdaki amacına uygun biçimde gerçekleştirmiştir. Bilhassa Hz. Muhammed’in Medine dönemine önem vermiş, onun Medine’de teşkil ettiği toplumsal yapıyı “en önemli eseri” diye görmüş ve devlet adamı yönünü ön plana çıkarmıştır.
Eserleri. İsrâil Tarihi, Ahd-i Atîk ve Ahd-i Cedîd. 1. De gentibus et familiis judaeis quae I. Chr. 2. 4. enumerantur (Göttingen 1870). Doktora tezidir.
2. Der Text der Bücher Samuelis untersucht (Göttingen 1871).
3. Die Pharisäer und die Sadducäer. Eine Untersuchung zur inneren jüdischen Geschichte (Greifswald 1874; Hannover 1924). Eser Mark E. Biddle tarafından İngilizce’ye tercüme edilmiştir (The Pharisees and the Sadducees , Macon 2001).
4. Geschichte Israels (I-II, Berlin 1878/Greifswald 1880). Müellif eserinin birinci cildini gözden geçirerek Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels adıyla defalarca yayımlamıştır (Berlin 1883, 1886, 1894, 1899, 1905, 1981). Eseri J. Sutherland Black ve Allan Menzies İngilizce’ye çevirmiştir (Prolegomena to the History of Israel. With a Reprint of the Article “Israel” from the “Encyclopaedia Britannica” , Edinburgh 1885; New York 1957).
5. Die Composition des Hexateuchs . Wellhausen, Skizzen und Vorarbeiten adlı eserinin (aş.bk.) ikinci kitabı olan bu çalışmasında Hexateuch’nün (altı kitap) ortaya çıkışını ele almıştır (Berlin 1885, 1889, 1899, 1963).
6. Die kleinen Propheten übersetzt, mit Noten . Skizzen und Vorarbeiten ’in (aş.bk.) beşinci kitabı olan bu çalışma “Küçük Peygamberler” kısmının Almanca’ya tercümesidir (Berlin 1892, 1893, 1963).
7. Israelitische und jüdische Geschichte . Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels ’i tamamlamak için kaleme alınmıştır (Berlin 1894, 1895, 1901, 1904, 1907, 1914, 1958, 1981).
8. The Sacred Books of the Old Testament (Berlin-London 1895). Hayatının son döneminde Ahd-i Cedîd’le ilgili çalışmalarına ağırlık veren Wellhausen, İncil’in çeşitli bölümlerini şerhedip Almanca’ya çevirmiştir (Das Evangelium Marci übersetzt und erklaert [Berlin 1903], Das Evangelium Matthei übersetzt und erklaert [Berlin 1904], Das Evangelium Lucae übersetzt und erklaert [Berlin 1904], Einleitung in die drei ersten Evangelien [Berlin 1905], Das Evangelium Johannis [Berlin 1908]).
İslâm Tarihi. 1. Muhammed in Medina. Das ist Vakidi’s Kitab al-Maghazi in verkürzter deutscher Wiedergabe (Berlin 1882). Kitâbü’l-Meġāzî ’nin kısaltılmış Almanca tercümesidir.
2. Skizzen und Vorarbeiten (I-VI, Berlin 1884-1899). Altı kitaptan meydana gelen eserin ilk kitabının birinci bölümü Wellhausen’in Encyclopaedia of Britannica ’nın dokuzuncu baskısı için yazdığı “İsrâil” maddesinin genişletilmiş şekli, ikinci bölümü Sükkerî’ye ait Şerḥu eşʿâri’l-Hüẕeliyyîn adlı eserin ikinci bölümünün neşir ve tercümesidir. Üçüncü kitapta eski Arap putperest âdetleri, bunların İslâmiyet’ten sonraki durumu, üç bölümden meydana gelen dördüncü kitapta İslâm’dan önce Medine, Medine İslâm toplumu ve Hz. Muhammed’in yazışmaları, iki bölümden oluşan altıncı kitabın birinci bölümü İslâm’ın ilk dönemleri hakkında olup Fikret Işıltan tarafından Türkçe’ye tercüme edilmiştir (İslâm’ın En Eski Tarihine Giriş , İstanbul 1960). İkinci bölümde yazarın Ahd-i Atîk’le ilgili çeşitli yazıları bulunmaktadır.
3. Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam (Berlin 1901; Nendeln-Lichtenstein 1970; ed. Ekkehard Ellinger, Schwetzingen 2010). İslâm’ın ilk dönemlerinde Hâricîlik ve Şîa hakkındaki eseri R. C. Ostle ve S. M. Walzer İngilizce’ye (The Religio-Political Factions in Early Islam , New York 1975), Abdurrahman Bedevî Arapça’ya (Aḥzâbü’l-muʿâraża es-siyâsiyye ed-dîniyye fî ṣadri’l-İslâm: el-Ḫavâric ve’ş-Şîʿa , 3. bs., Beyrut 1978), Fikret Işıltan Türkçe’ye (İslamiyetin İlk Devrinde Dinî-Siyasî Muhalefet Partileri , Ankara 1989) çevirmiştir.
4. Das arabische Reich und sein Sturz (Berlin 1902, 1960). Hz. Peygamber ve Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn dönemine dair bir girişten sonra Emevî Devleti’nin sonuna kadarki İslâm tarihini ihtiva eden eseri Margaret Graham Weir İngilizce’ye (The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall , Calcutta 1927; nşr. A. H. Harley, London 1973), Ebû Rîde Arapça’ya (Târîḫu’d-devleti’l-ʿArabiyye min ẓuhûri’l-İslâm ilâ nihâyeti’d-devleti’l-Ümeviyye , Kahire 1958) ve Fikret Işıltan Türkçe’ye (Arap Devleti ve Sukutu , Ankara 1963) tercüme etmiştir. Wellhausen’in ayrıca Encyclopaedia Britannica (9. bs.), Jahrbücher für Deutsche Theologie, Deutsche Literaturzeitung ve Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlaendischen Gesellschaft gibi ansiklopedi ve dergilerde maddeleri ve makaleleri, kitap tanıtımları yayımlanmıştır. Encyclopaedia of Britannica ’ya yazdığı “Muhammad” maddesi Mevlevî Abdülalîm Ahrârî tarafından Urduca’ya çevrilmiştir (Sîretü’n-nebî aor Müsteşriḳīn , Delhi 1900, 1929) (eserlerinin listesi için bk. Rahlfs, Studien zur semitischen Philologie , s. 351-368; Bibliographie der Deutschsprachigen , XVIII, 408-410).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
J. Wellhausen, Prolegomeno zur Geschichte Israels , Michigan 2005.
W. L. Baxter, Sanctuary and Sacrifice: A Reply to Wellhausen , London-New York 1895.
A. Rahlfs, “Verzeichnis der Schriften Julius Wellhausen”, Studien zur semitischen Philologie und Religionsgeschichte: Julius Wellhausen zum siebzigsten Geburtstag am 17. Mai 1914 (ed. K. Marti), Giessen 1914, s. 351-368.
J. Fück, Die Arabischen Studien in Europa , Leipzig 1955, s. 223-226.
A. Jepsen, “Wellhausen in Greifswald: Ein Beitrag zur Biographie Julius Wellhausens”, Festschrift zur 500-Jahrfeier der Universität Greifswald 17.10.1956 , Greifswald 1956, II, 47-56.
a.mlf., Der Herr ist Gott: Aufsätze zur Wissenschaft vom Alten Testament , Berlin 1978, s. 254-270.
L. Perlitt, Vatke und Wellhausen , Berlin 1965.
C. H. Becker, Islamstudien , Hildesheim 1967, II, 474-480.
F. Ph. Boschwitz, Julius Wellhausen: Motive und Mass-stäbe seiner Geschichtsschreibung , Darmstadt 1968.
el-Müsteşriḳūne’l-Almân (nşr. Selâhaddin el-Müneccid), Beyrut 1978, I, 107-113.
J. van Ess, “From Wellhausen to Becker: The Emergence of Kulturgeschichte in Islamic Studies”, Islamic Studies: A Tradition and Its Problems (ed. M. H. Kerr), Malibu-California 1980, s. 27-51.
K. Rudolph, Wellhausen als Arabist , Berlin 1983.
a.mlf., “Wellhausen, Julius”, ER , XV, 368-369.
Bibliographie der Deutschsprachigen Arabistik und Islamkunde (ed. Fuat Sezgin), Frankfurt 1993, XVIII, 408-410.
R. Smend, Julius Wellhausen: Ein Bahbrecher in drei Disziplinen , München 2006.
E. Littmann, “Erinnerung an Julius Wellhausen”, ZDMG , CVI (1956), s. 18-22.
R. G. Kratz, “Wellhausen, Julius”, Theologische Realenzyklopädie , Berlin 2003, XXXV, 527-536.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 155-157 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.