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YÂ Skip to content Arap alfabesinin yirmi dokuzuncu harfi.
Ebced tertibinin onuncu harfi olup sayı değeri ondur ve Arap alfabesinin yirmi dokuzuncu, Türk alfabesinin yirmi sekizinci, Osmanlı ve Fars alfabelerinin otuz birinci harfidir. Fenike alfabesinde “yâ”nın adı “yod”dur. Ârâmî ve İbrânî alfabelerinde de bu ad korunmuş, Yunan alfabesine “iota” diye geçmiştir. Kelime “el” anlamına geldiğinden Arapça “yed”in (el) karşılığıdır. Mısır resim yazısı hiyeroglif alfabesinde yâ el şekliyle temsil edilmiştir (bk. HARF ). Halîl b. Ahmed’e göre Arapça’da yâ kelimesi “yan, taraf, cihet”, yine ondan nakledilen bir başka rivayete göre ise “memede kalan süt fazlası” demektir (el-Ḥurûf , s. 32, 46). Arap dilinde yâ köklerin başına en az gelen harftir; yâ ile başlayan kelimelerin birçoğu da Arapça’ya başka dillerden geçmiştir. Azlığıyla birlikte diğer Sâmî dillerde de muhafaza edilmiş, Asurca’da düşmüş ve hemze fonenime çevrilmiştir (Onat, I, 329). Yunan alfabesinin yirminci harfi olan yalın “yâ”nın (ypsilon) Fenike “vâv”ından (Y) türediği kabul edilir. Eski Yunan lehçeleri arasında Y, U, I dönüşümleri meydana gelmiştir. Yunan alfabesindeki yalın U (upsilon) Latin alfabesine önce v şeklinde girmiş ve milâttan önce I. yüzyılın ortalarında “yâ”ya dönüşmüştür. Arap dilinde sâkin veya hareke ile telaffuz edilen “yâ”nın cîm ve şîn harfleriyle birlikte mahreci Halîl b. Ahmed ve Sîbeveyhi’ye göre dil ortası ile üst çene ortasıdır (el-Ḥurûf ve’l-edevât , s. 13; el-Kitâb , IV, 433). Cîm, şîn ve dâd ile birlikte “yâ”ya çene ortası harfleri de denir. Çağdaş bir yazar “yâ”nın mahrecini dilin ön kısmı ile üst çene ortası diye kaydeder (Emîl Bedî‘ Ya‘kūb, s. 527).
Yâ sesinin belirleyici sıfatı açıklık ve belirginliktir (cehr). Bu sebeple telaffuz sırasında dil yüzeyinin üst damağa tam kapaklanması ve soluk akışının kesilmesinin ardından kapaklanmanın sona ermesiyle açık-belirgin bir ses sağlanır. İbn Sînâ’ya göre ünsüz (sâmit) olan “yâ”nın mahreci cîm ve ṭâ gibi bazı harflerin çıktığı mahaldir, ancak yâ sesinde soluk hapsi az ve ses çıkışı zayıftır. Ona göre yâ sesi birbirine yapışık olan yumuşak cisimlerin birden ayrılırken çıkardığı sese eşdeğerdir (Meḫâricü’l-ḥurûf , s. 20, 27). Med harfi işlevi gören yâ ünlüsünün mahreci ise ağız boşluğudur. Bundan dolayı hurûf-ı cevfiyyeden, mahreç sahası geniş bir boşluk teşkil ettiğinden hurûf-ı hevâiyyeden, dağılan ses zayıf ve gizli çıktığı için hurûf-ı hafiyyeden kabul edilmiştir (Sîbeveyhi, IV, 436). Türk dilinde yâ fonemi daraltıcı, ötümsüz, dil üstü ve ön damaksıl ünsüzdür. Ancak açıklık ve duyulurluk bakımından ünlülerden hemen sonra geldiğinden yarı ünlü bir ses niteliğine sahiptir. Arapça’da kelime sonlarındaki “yâ”dan önce yer alan harfin harekesi üstün ise (ـَ ى ) bu, yâ şeklinde yazılan elif-i maksûre olup noktasız yazılır ve bu harfe “noktasız yâ” (yâ-i mühmele) da denir. Sondaki “yâ”dan önce gelen harfin harekesi esre ise (ـِ ي ) bu uzatıcı ister yâ-ı menkûsa (الغازي gibi) olsun, ister başka harfe destek işlevi gören bir harf (الهادئ gibi) olsun yâ şeklindeki elif-i maksûreden ayrılabilmesi için altına iki nokta konur. Buna da noktalı yâ (yâ-i mu‘ceme), iki noktalı yâ (yâ-i müsennât) ve altında iki nokta bulunan yâ (yâ-i tahtâniyye) gibi isimler verilmiştir.
Arap dilinde üçlü köke dahil “yâ”lar asıl harftir (يبس، ظبي gibi). Asılları üç harfli olan ”يد“ ve ”دم“ kelimelerinde ise sondaki asıl harf yâ düşmüştür (asılları: يدي، دمي ). Üçlü kök dışındaki kelimelerde yer alan “yâ”ların asıl yahut ziyade harfi olması ihtimal dahilindedir. Dörtlü kelimelerde yâ dışında başka ziyade harflerden mîm veya hemze varsa yâ asıl, bunlar ziyade harftir: ”ميراث أيدع“ gibi. Baştaki yâ dışında ziyade harf sayılabilecek bir harf daha varsa yâ ziyade harftir. ”يرمع“ kelimesinde yâ ziyade, mîm asıldır. Muzâri kipinde gāibin tekil, ikil ve çoğulu ile gāibenin çoğulundaki yâ muzâri harfi olarak ziyade harftir. Fiil olsun isim olsun dörtlü, beşli ve altılı yapılarda görülen yâ çoğunlukla ziyade harftir: ”يسروع، صيقل، بيطر، كريم، عثير، سرجين، عنتريس، كمّثرى“ gibi. Küçültme isimlerinde ziyade edilen “yâ”ya tasgīr “yâ”sı denir: ”كليب، دريهم“ gibi. Yâ tesniye ve müzekker sâlim cemi‘ sîgalarında nasb ve cer alâmeti olarak da ziyadedir: ”كتابين، مسلمين“ gibi. Muzâri fiilin müfred muhatabasında merfû zamir olarak yâ ziyade edilir: ”تكتبين“ gibi. Ahfeş el-Evsat ve Ebû Osman el-Mâzinî bunu müennes alâmeti bir harf sayar. İsim asıllı kelimeleri aitlik (mensubiyet) bildiren isme dönüştürmek üzere kelimenin sonuna nisbet “yâ”sı adı verilen şeddeli yâ getirilir: ”قرية ⟵ قروي“ (köy ⟶ köylü), ”مدينة ⟵ مدني“ (şehir ⟶ şehirli) gibi. İsim ve sıfatların sonuna eklenen şeddeli yâ ve tâ bunları masdara (masdar-ı ca‘lî) dönüştürme işlevi görür: ”إنسان ⟵ إنسانيّة“ (insan-insanlık), ”جاهل ⟵ جاهليّة“ (cahil-cahillik) gibi. Bu ek asıl itibariyle masdar olduğu halde özel isim haline gelmiş isimlere de eklenebilmektedir: ”إسلام ⟵ إسلاميّة“ (İslâm ⟶ İslâmlık) gibi. Ekin sonunda bulunan tâ ism-i mensub şeklindeki tekilleri çoğula dönüştürme işlevi görür: ”شافعي ⟵ شافعيّة“ (bir Şâfiî, Şâfiîler), ”حنفي ⟵ حنفيّة“ (bir Hanefî, Hanefîler) gibi. Söz konusu ek masdar anlamıyla bazı mezhep, meşrep, akım ve sistemlerin ismi veya karşılığı olan terimlere de gelir: ”اشتراكيّة“ (her şeyin ortaklığı sistemi, komünizm), ”رأسماليّة“ (kapitalizm) gibi. Bilhassa Kur’an kıraatinde kendisi sâkin, önceki harf üstün olan “yâ”ya yumuşak biçimde telaffuz edildiği için “lîn harfi” denilmiştir: ”يوم“ gibi. Lîn harfinden sonra sükûn bulunması durumunda hem yumuşaktır hem de uzatılarak telaffuz edilir ve “lîn meddi” diye anılır: ”خَيْرْ“ gibi. Bir kelimeyi bir üst köke yükseltme işleviyle ziyade edilen “yâ”ya ilhak “yâ”sı adı verilmiştir: ”أرطى، علقى، تترى، صيرف، عثير“ gibi örneklerdeki “yâ”lar üçlü kökü dörtlüye yükselten, ”زبعرى، كمّثرى“ gibi kelimelerde yer alan “yâ”lar ise dörtlü kökleri beşliye yükselten ilhak “yâ”larıdır.
İfadenin içeriğini reddetmeyi bildiren inkâr sorulu cümlede, inkârı pekiştirmek üzere vakıf “hâ”sından önce getirilen ve esreyi uzatma işlevi gören “yâ”ya inkâr “yâ”sı denilir: ”جاء زيد۰ – أزيدنيه“ (Zeyd geldi. -Zeyd miii?), ”جئت أمس۰ – أأمسيه“ (Dün geldim. -Dün müüü?) gibi. Burada kelimenin son harekesi üstün olsaydı inkâr harfi elif, ötre olsaydı vav olurdu. Yine “kim” (من ) sorusuna vakıf halinde mecrur-nekre bir şahıstan hikâye olarak ve ona işaret etmek üzere eklenen “yâ”ya vakıf “yâ”sı adı verilir ve bu tekil-ikil-çoğul, eril-dişil durumuna göre değişiklik gösterir: ”مررت برجل / برجلين / برجال ⟵ مني / منين / منين“ (Bir/iki/çok adama uğradım. -Kime, kimlere [ikil], kimlere?) gibi; ”مررت بامرأة / بامرأتين / بنساء ⟵ منه / منتين/ منات“ gibi. Mecrur tenvinli kelimede vakıf sonucu ortaya çıkan “yâ”ya da vakıf “yâ”sı denilir: ”مررت بزيد ⟵ بزيدي“ gibi. Sözün devamını hatırlayabilmek için sonu sâkin veya esreli kelimeye eklenen uzatma “yâ”sı hatırlama “yâ”sı diye anılır; ”قد قام“ cümlesinde unutulmuş olan قام kelimesini hatırlayabilmek için ”قد“ in ”قدي“ şeklinde uzatılması gibi. Hatırlama harfi kelimenin son harekesine göre elif ya da vav olabilir. Şiirde vezne uydurmak için kelimenin esresini uzatan “yâ”ya işbâ‘ “yâ”sı adı verilir: ”ترب ⟵ تريب“ gibi. Aynı amaçla kafiye esresini uzatan “yâ”ya itlak “yâ”sı adı verilir: ”المتحمّل ⟵ المتحمّلي“ gibi.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de münâdâda tamlayan konumundaki birinci şahıs zamiri olan yâ ”يا رب، يا قوم، يا عباد“ gibi örneklerde düşmüş olup esre bu düşen “yâ”ya delâlet etmek üzere bırakılmıştır (Sîbeveyhi, II, 209). Yine münâdâda ”يا أبت، يا غلاما“ gibi örneklerde düşen yâ zamiri yerine tâ ile elif getirilmiştir (a.g.e. , II, 210-211). Kur’an’da ”يسر، نبغ، التناد، المتعال“ gibi örneklerde fâsıla uyumu için kelimenin sonunda bulunması gereken “yâ”lar düşmüştür. Sonunda yâ bulunan (menkūs) nekre isimlerde vakıf konumu ile ref‘ ve cer konumlarında “yâ”lar düşer: ”قاضي ⟵ قاض، قاض، بقاض“ gibi (a.g.e. , IV, 183). Mebnî kelimelere birinci tekil şahıs zamiri “yâ”nın bitişmesi halinde, mebnînin son harekesini esreye dönüşmekten korumak üzere araya nûn-ı vikāye girer: ”نصرني، منّي، ليتني“ gibi (a.g.e. , II, 359, 369, 370). Sâkin bir uzatıcı olan yâ zamiri sonu yâ veya elif-i maksûre olan kelimeye bitiştiğinde üstünle harekelenir: ”غلاميّ، مولاي، قاضيّ، مسلميّ“ gibi (a.g.e. , III, 414).
Arap dilinde değişken, dönüşken ve kaypak bir yapıya sahip bulunan yâ fonemi ”ا، أ، ب، ت، ث، ج، ح، د، ر، س، ص، ض، ظ، ع، غ، ك، ل، م، ن، هـ، و“ harfleriyle değişim ve dönüşüme uğrar. Bir önceki harfi üstün olan yâ elife dönüşür: ”بان، أبان، رمى“ gibi. ”هدايا، مطايا، خطايا“ gibi örneklerde de önü üstün olan ikinci “yâ”lar elife dönüşmüştür. Nüdbe elifi tamlayan konumundaki birinci kişi zamiri “yâ”dan dönüşmedir: ”يا غلاما، يا غلاماه“ gibi. Önceki harfi esre olan elif ise “yâ”ya dönüşür: ”كتاب ⟵ كتيب، قاتل ⟵ قيتال“ gibi. Zamire bitişen elif-i maksûreler de “yâ”ya dönüşür: ”عليك، إليك، لبيك“ gibi. ”وا غلامكيه“ örneğinde esreden sonra gelen nüdbe elifi “yâ”ya dönüşmüştür. Hemzenin “yâ”ya dönüşmesi özellikle iki hemzenin çakışması durumunda söyleniş kolaylığı sağlama amacına yöneliktir: ”إأمان ⟵ إيمان، ذئب ⟵ ذيب، نبيء ⟵ نبيّ، أئمة ⟵ أيمة“ gibi. “Bâ”nın “yâ”ya dönüşmesi ”دباج ⟵ ديباج“ da gereklidir; ”ثعالب ⟵ ثعالي، أرانب ⟵ أراني“ örneklerinde ise şiir zaruretidir (a.g.e. , II, 273). “Bâ”nın “yâ”ya dönüştüğü yerler de bulunmaktadır. Meselâ “lebbebe/lebbâ, yülebbibü/yülebbî, telbibe/telbiye” örneklerinde görüldüğü üzere kelimenin sonunda aynı cinsten üç, hatta iki harfin bir araya toplanması söyleniş zorluğu doğurduğundan son harfleri “yâ”ya dönüşür. Bunun birçok örneği bulunmaktadır: “teẓannene/teẓannâ, teṣaddede/teṣaddâ, tesennene/tesennâ, emleltü/emleytü” gibi (Kur’an’da iki varyantı da geçer: el-Bakara 2/282; el-Furkān 25/5). Başlangıcı yâ olan fiilin bu harfi iftiâl kalıbına aktarılınca “tâ”ya dönüşür: ”يسر ⟵ اتسر“ gibi. “S̱âlis̱ ⟶ s̱âlî (salı, üçüncü gün) örneğinde görüldüğü gibi sondaki s̱â, söylenişi daha kolay olan “yâ”ya dönüşmüştür. Şiirde görülen “ḫâmis ⟶ ḫâmî, sâdis ⟶ sâdî”deki “s ⟶ y” dönüşümü de böyledir. Sondaki “yâ”ların “cîm”e dönüşümü özellikle vakıf halinde görülür: Sa‘dî ⟶ sa‘dic gibi (a.g.e. , II, 422).
Arap dilinde vâv ile yâ en çok değişim ve dönüşüme uğrayan fonemler olarak dahil oldukları yapıyı değişken, dönüşken ve düzensiz bir konuma soktukları için “illet harfleri” diye anılmıştır. Harekeli veya sâkin “vâv”ın önü esre olması halinde söyleniş hafifliği sağlamak için “yâ”ya dönüşmesi yaygındır: “ḳuvile ⟶ ḳîle, ḫuvife ⟶ ḫîfe, rivâż ⟶ riyâż, ḳıvâm ⟶ ḳıyâm, mivzân ⟶ mîzân” gibi. Önceki harfi ötre olan yâ da “vâv”a dönüşür: “müyḳın ⟶ mûḳın, müysir ⟶ mûsir, ṭuybâ ⟶ ṭûbâ” gibi. Birincisi sâkin olarak vav ile “yâ”nın bir araya gelmesi halinde söyleniş hafifliği için vav “yâ”ya dönüşür ve şeddelenir: “merḍûy ⟶ merḍıyy, meyvit ⟶ meyyit, seyvid ⟶ seyyid, levy/leyy, ṭavy/ṭayy” gibi. Sonuna elif-i maksûre eklenmiş son kök harfi yâ olan ”فعلى“ veznindeki isimlerde yâ “vâv”a dönüşmüştür: “fetyâ ⟶ fetvâ, taḳyâ ⟶ taḳvâ” gibi. Aynı vezindeki sıfatlar ise aslı üzere kalır: “reyyâ, ṣadyâ, ḫazyâ” gibi. Arap dilinde vâv-yâ dönüşümünden kaynaklanan çok sayıda anlamdaş kelime mevcuttur: “sevġ/seyġ, beyn/bevn, levṭ/leyṭ, mevs̱/meys̱; ḳınve/ḳınye” gibi (Lugavî, II, 446-534).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Ebü’t-Tayyib el-Lugavî, Kitâbü’l-İbdâl (nşr. İzzeddin et-Tenûhî), Dımaşk 1379/1960, II, 355-542.
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Naim Hazım Onat, Arapçanın Türk Diliyle Kuruluşu , İstanbul 1944, I, 329.
İsmail Karaçam, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in Fazîletleri ve Okunma Kāideleri , İstanbul 1980, s. 192, 200, 202, 205, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
Gānim Kaddûrî el-Hamed, ed-Dirâsâtü’ṣ-ṣavtiyye ʿinde ʿulemâʾi’t-tecvîd , Bağdad 1406/1986, s. 361-362.
Emîl Bedî‘ Ya‘kūb, Mevsûʿatü’l-ḥurûf , Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 527-540.
Ahmed Cemîl Şâmî, Muʿcemü ḥurûfi’l-meʿânî , Beyrut 1413/1992, s. 92-94.
Hasan Abbas, Ḫaṣâʾiṣü’l-ḥurûfi’l-ʿArabiyye ve meʿânîhâ , Dımaşk 1998, s. 98-101.
Büyük Larousse , İstanbul 1986, XX, 12340-12341, 12478.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 169-170 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.