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YAFA Skip to content Doğu Akdeniz’in Filistin sahilinde bir liman şehri.
Eski devirlerde Kudüs’ün limanı olan Yafa (Yafo, Jaffa, Joppa), günümüzde aradaki boşluklar dolup İsrail’in başşehri Tel Aviv ile bütünleşerek başşehrin bir semti durumuna geldiğinden Tel Aviv-Jaffa diye anılmaktadır. Arapça kaynaklarda Yâfâ şeklinde yer alan ve denizden 38 m. yükseklikte kurulmuş olan şehir çok eski bir tarihe sahiptir. 1950’lerden beri devam eden arkeolojik kazılarda bölgede Bronz çağından kalma bazı yapılar açığa çıkarılmış, ayrıca Pers, Helenistik ve eski Mısır kalıntılarına da rastlanmıştır. Yafa adı, milâttan önce 1470 yılında Firavun III. Thutmosis’in ele geçirdiği Filistin şehirleri listesinde “Y-pu ” şeklinde kaydedilmiştir; Amarna levhalarında ve Asurlular’da Yapu ve Yappu, Tevrat’ta Yafi diye geçer. Kudüs’teki Süleyman Mâbedi’nin inşaatı için hazırlanan ağaç gövdeleri Kral Hiram zamanında sallarla Sûr’dan (Tyrus) Yafa’ya getirtilmiş, buradan Kudüs’e nakledilmiştir. Romalılar zamanında Kaysâriye (Caesarea) ön plana çıkarken Yafa’nın bir liman olarak değeri azalmıştır. Hayfa ile Yafa arasındaki sahil bölgesi, bu iki liman arasındaki Kaysâriye merkez olmak üzere Palestine Prima adlı bir eyalet haline getirilmiştir.
Bizans döneminde bir piskoposluk merkezi olan Yafa, Hz. Ömer devrinde Amr b. Âs (diğer bir rivayete göre Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân) kumandasındaki kuvvetler tarafından 15 (636) yılında fethedildi (Belâzürî, s. 197). Bu dönemde idarî teşkilât değişmedi ve bölgeye Cündüfilistin adı verildi; merkezi de Kaysâriye’den Lüd’e (Lydda) nakledildi. Emevî Halifesi Süleyman b. Abdülmelik zamanında Yafa’nın 20 km. kadar güneydoğusunda bölgenin yeni başşehri olarak Remle kurulunca eski Yafa limanının değeri arttı. Yafa 264’te (878) bütün Filistin’i hâkimiyeti altına alan Ahmed b. Tolun’un idaresine girdi ve 292 (905) yılına kadar Tolunoğulları’nın egemenliğinde kaldı. Aynı yıl Abbâsî Halifesi Müktefî-Billâh Yafa’yı ele geçirdi. Fâtımîler döneminde 360’ta (971) Hasan el-A‘sam yönetimindeki Karmatîler, Yafa’ya kadar ilerleyip şehri kuşattılar. Karmatîler ancak 362’de (972-73) geri püskürtüldü ve Yafa kuşatmadan kurtarıldı.
Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’nin kuruluşunun (1040) ardından, planlı bir fetih harekâtı çerçevesinde Bizans hâkimiyetindeki Anadolu topraklarına akınlar yapılırken bazı Selçuklu emîrleri, XI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Suriye ve Filistin bölgelerinde faaliyet gösteriyordu. Hanoğlu Hârun, Afşin ve Sunduk (Sanduk), Kuzey Suriye’de nüfuz tesis etmeye çalışıyordu. Kurlu et-Türkî’nin idaresindeki Nâvekiyye (Yâvegiyye) Türkmenleri de Filistin’e girdi (1069-1070). Nâvekiyye Türkmenleri, Sultan Alparslan’ın eniştesi Erbasgan’ın kumandasında Anadolu’ya akınlar düzenliyordu. Erbasgan, sultana isyan ederek Bizans’a sığınınca ona bağlı Türkmenler’in bir kısmı Kurlu Bey, Atsız b. Uvak ve Şöklü gibi beylerin komutasında Fâtımîler’in hâkimiyetindeki Filistin’e geldiler. 3-4000 çadır halkından (15-20.000 kişi civarında) meydana gelen ve Filistin’e giren ilk Türk unsuru olan Nâvekiyye Türkmenleri, Yafa’nın güneydoğusundaki bölgeye yerleştiler. Başbuğları Kurlu Bey, bu sıralarda harap ve ıssız durumdaki Remle’yi merkez edinerek burada Selçuklular’a tâbi bir Türkmen beyliği kurdu ve Yafa civarını tamamen kontrolü altına aldı. Kurlu’nun 463’te (1071) ölümü üzerine yerini alan Emîr Atsız bir ara Fâtımîler’in geri aldığı Remle’yi ve Kudüs’ü ele geçirdi. Atsız’ın 1071-1076 yıllarındaki fetihleri neticesinde Askalân ve Yafa dışında Filistin ve Suriye’nin en önemli şehirleri beyliğin merkezini naklettiği Dımaşk başta olmak üzere Selçuklu Beyliği’nin hâkimiyetine girdi. Atsız, başarısızlıkla sonuçlanan Mısır seferinin ardından Yafa üzerine yürüyüp şehri kuşattı. Şehrin valisi Rezînüddevle, Sûr şehrine kaçmak zorunda kaldı. Yafa’yı ele geçiren Atsız şehrin bütün surlarını yıktırdı (469/1077). Onun ardından şehir 1079’da Tutuş’un kurduğu Suriye Selçukluları Devleti’nin egemenliğine girdi.
Haçlı seferleri döneminde Yafa ve civarı müslümanlarla hıristiyanlar arasındaki mücadelelere sahne oldu. 492’de (1099) Kudüs, Haçlılar tarafından kuşatıldığı sırada onlara erzak ve kuşatma aletlerinin yapımı için gerekli maddeleri taşıyan iki Cenova galerisiyle dört İngiliz gemisi müslümanların terkettiği Yafa Limanı’na girdi. Fakat Yafa rüzgâr ve fırtınaya açık, büyük gemilerin yanaşamayacağı kadar sığ bir limandı. Bütün çıkarma işleri küçük kayıklarda yapılıyordu. 1099 yılından 1187’ye kadar Kudüs Haçlı Krallığı’na bağlı bir kontluk olarak kalan Yafa uzun süre krallığın deniz taşımacılığının merkezi oldu. Fâtımî Veziri Efdal b. Bedr el-Cemâlî, Filistin’i geri almak için birçok defa girişimde bulundu. 494’te (1101) Haçlılar’a karşı gönderdiği ordu Remle’ye kadar ilerleyince Kudüs Kralı I. Baudouin şehri tahkim edip karargâhını Yafa’da kurdu ve bütün yazı burada geçirdi. Eylül ayında Remle yakınında yapılan savaşta Mısır ordusunun yenilgiye uğraması üzerine Yafa’da Haçlı hâkimiyeti devam etti. Ertesi yıl Efdal, oğlu Şerefülmeâlî kumandasında yeni bir orduyu Filistin’e yolladı. Yine Remle yakınındaki savaşta bu defa Fâtımî ordusu Kral Baudouin’i mağlûp ettikten sonra kraliçe ve saray ileri gelenlerinin bulunduğu Yafa önlerine geldi. Mısır donanması da limanı abluka altına aldı. Remle’den kaçan Kral Baudouin, bir İngiliz maceracısının gemisiyle şiddetli kuzey rüzgârı sayesinde Yafa Limanı’na girmeyi başardı ve burada yeniden savaş hazırlıklarına başladı. Mayıs ayının sonlarında İngiltere, Fransa ve Almanya’dan asker ve hacı getiren 200 gemilik bir İngiliz donanması Mısır ablukasını yararak Yafa Limanı’na girdi. Böylece ihtiyaç duyduğu yardımı elde eden kral şehirden çıkıp Fâtımîler’in üzerine yürüdü. 495’te (1102) Yafa yakınlarında cereyan eden savaş Mısır ordusunun yenilerek Askalân’a doğru kaçmasıyla sonuçlandı. Vezir Efdal ertesi yıl karadan ve denizden yeni kuvvetler gönderdi, Mısır donanması Yafa’ya kadar sokuldu, fakat başarı elde edemedi. Efdal’in daha sonraki yıllarda Filistin’e düzenlediği dört sefer de (1101, 1105, 1113, 1115) sonuçsuz kaldı ve Yafa’da Haçlı egemenliği sürdü. Efdal’in öldürülmesinin ardından bu defa Halife Âmir-Biahkâmillâh 516 (1122) yılında Yafa’yı kuşattıysa da geri çekilmek zorunda kaldı. 517’de (1123) Mısırlılar bir kere daha Askalân’dan çıkıp Yafa üzerine yürüdüler, fakat bu sefer de başarısızlıkla neticelendi ve Mısır donanması Venedik donanması tarafından imha edildi. Yafa, ancak Hittîn Savaşı’nda Kudüs Krallığı’nın askerî gücü ortadan kaldırıldıktan sonra müslümanlar tarafından geri alınabildi (583/1187).
III. Haçlı Seferi’ne katılarak bölgeye gelen İngiltere Kralı Aslan Yürekli Richard 587’de (1191) Yafa’yı ele geçirdi ve şehrin istihkâmlarını yeniden inşa ettirdi. Böylece Kudüs’e doğru ilerlemeden önce sahilde güçlü bir üsse sahip oldu, denizle bağlantısını emniyet altına aldı. Bu arada İngiliz ordusu, Yafa’nın kendilerine sağladığı imkânlardan faydalanıp burada bir süre dinlenme imkânı buldu. Şehrin etrafındaki bahçelerden bol miktarda sebze ve meyve temin edebiliyorlardı, gemiler de yiyecek maddesi taşıyordu. Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî, Richard’ın Yafa’dan ayrılışı sırasında Receb 588’de (Temmuz 1192) şehri kuşatıp üç gün sonra ele geçirdiyse de kaleyi alamadı. Ancak Richard şehri geri alarak yeniden tahkim ettirdi. III. Haçlı Seferi sonunda Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî ile Richard arasında Şâban 588’de (Eylül 1192) yapılan antlaşmaya göre Askalân müslümanlarda kalırken Yafa hıristiyanlara bırakıldı. el-Melikü’l-Âdil 593’te (1197) şehri tekrar ele geçirip tahkimatı tahrip etti. 595’te (1199) şehir geçici bir süre hıristiyan hâkimiyetine geçtiyse de el-Melikü’l-Âdil bir defa daha şehre hâkim oldu. Yafa IV. Haçlı Seferi’nden (1204) sonra yine Franklar’ın eline geçti. 1228’de Alman İmparatoru II. Friedrich, 1250’de Fransa Kralı IX. Louis tarafından şehir yeniden tahkim edildi. Nihayet 20 Cemâziyelâhir 666’da (8 Mart 1268) Memlük Sultanı I. Baybars, Yafa’daki Haçlı hâkimiyetine son verdi ve şehri tamamen tahrip ettirdi; iç kaleyi de yıktırarak ahşap ve mermer aksamını yeni inşa ettirmekte olduğu büyük caminin inşasında kullanılmak üzere Kahire’ye gönderdi. Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’nin halefleri zamanında bir süre Gazze’ye bağlanan Yafa, Memlükler devrinde, Dımaşk’a bağlı dört kıyı bölgesinden biri olan Remle idarî bölgesine dahildi. 736 (1336) yılında İngiltere ve Fransa kralları Doğu’ya yeni bir Haçlı seferi planladıkları sırada Memlük Sultanı el-Melikü’n-Nâsır Muhammed, Franklar’ın buradan karaya çıkmalarını önlemek için Yafa liman tesislerini tahrip ettirdi. Yine 746’da (1345) muhtemel bir Haçlı hareketine karşı limanla beraber şehir de tahrip edildi.
Arap coğrafyacıları Yafa’yı Kudüs ve Remle’nin limanı, barış zamanlarında çok canlı ticareti ve işlek pazarları olan küçük ve iyi tahkim edilmiş bir şehir olarak tasvir ederler. Yafa savaş zamanlarında sık sık düşman istilâlarına mâruz kalıyordu. Bu sebeple İslâm’ın ilk asırlarında bu saldırılara karşı korunmak amacıyla sahil boyunca birçok gözetleme noktaları kurulmuştu. Gözetleme noktalarından ateş veya duman işaretiyle Bizans gemilerinin yaklaşmakta olduğu Remle merkezine bildirilirdi. Ortaçağ’da Yafa’ya nisbetle Yâfûnî nisbesiyle tanınan birçok âlim yetişmiştir. Bunlar arasında Muhammed b. Abdullah b. İbrâhim b. Umeyr, Yafa Camii imamı Ebû Muhammed Abdullah b. Ali, Ebû Tâhir Abdülvâhid b. Abdülcebbâr gibi muhaddisler zikredilebilir (Sem‘ânî, V, 676; Yâkūt, V, 488-489).
Mercidâbık Savaşı’nın ardından (922/1516) bütün Suriye Osmanlı hâkimiyetine girdi. Yavuz Sultan Selim’in ordusu Memlük askerlerini bozguna uğrattığı sırada Yafa da tahribata uğradı. Başbakanlık Arşivi’nde bulunan 932 (1525-26) tarihli Osmanlı tahrir defterlerindeki kayıtlarda Yafa Remle’ye bağlı yirmi yedi hâneli bir köy olarak gösterilmektedir (Lewis, s. 436). 940-945 (1533-1539) tarihli defterde otuz üç hâneli, 955 (1548-49) tarihli defterde kırk dört hâneli, 963 (1556-57) tarihli defterde on hâneli bir köy şeklinde yer almakta ve Beyrut kanunu üzere alınan gümrüklere yer verilmektedir (a.g.e., s. 438-441). Osmanlı idaresinde Yafa, Gazze sancağına ve Remle nahiyesine bağlı sakin küçük bir sahil kasabasıydı (a.g.e., s. 435 vd.). 933’te (1526-27) yapılan bir tahrirde Yafa’dan 8000 akçe vergi ödeyen, yirmi yedi evlik bir köy diye bahsedilmektedir. 1548 yılına gelindiğinde hâne sayısı kırk dörde yükselirken alınan vergi de 20.000 akçeye çıkmıştır. 1555’te padişah hassı olarak kaydedilen Karye-i Yâfâ’da hâne sayısı ona düşmüş, ancak iskeleden elde edilen vergi geliri 30.000 akçeye yükselmişti (a.g.e., s. 435 vd.). Harap durumdaki şehir, ancak XVII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında özellikle iskelelerin inşasından sonra yavaş yavaş yeniden canlanmaya başladı. Şemseddin Sâmi, XIX. yüzyılın sonlarında Yafa kazasının bir nahiye ile 126 köyden ibaret olduğunu kaydeder (Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm, VI, 4784).
Mısır’da idareye hâkim olan Memlük beylerinden Bulutkapan Ali Bey durumunu güçlendirdikten sonra Osmanlı Devleti’ne baş kaldırdı ve Suriye seferine çıktı. Akdeniz’de bulunan ve Ali Bey ile iş birliği yapan Rus donanması Kasım 1772’de Yafa’yı bombardımana tuttu. Ali Bey ile memlüklerine erzak ve mühimmat taşıdı. Şehir şiddetle mukavemet ettiyse de baş gösteren kıtlık ve açlık yüzünden Şubat 1773’te Ali Bey’e teslim olmak zorunda kaldı (Tekindağ, V [1968], s. 38). Ancak Ebü’z-Zeheb Muhammed’in Ali Bey’i bertaraf etmesinin ardından Yafa işgalden kurtarıldı (1189/1775). Şehir 6 Mayıs 1799’da bu defa Napolyon tarafından işgal edildi ve esir alınan 4000 kişi sahilde kurşuna dizildi. Fransız ordusunun Yafa’yı işgali sırasında baş gösteren salgın hastalık çok sayıda insanın ölümüne yol açtı. 1838’deki deprem de şehirde nüfusun azalmasına sebep oldu; bu esnada birçok ev yıkılırken 13.000 kişi enkaz altında kaldı, şehrin tahkimatının bir bölümü de harap duruma geldi.
II. Abdülhamid döneminde el-Halîl’de, Gazze, Yafa (1889), Nâsıra ve Taberiye’de birer okul açıldı. 1868’de Yafa-Kudüs karayolu hizmete girdi. Bölgede ilk defa bir Fransız şirketi Osmanlılar’dan aldığı ruhsatla 1890-1892’de Yafa ile Kudüs arasında 87 km. uzunluğunda bir demiryolu inşa etti. 1918’de İngilizler, Lüd’den Yafa ve Hunter’e bağlanan 35 kilometrelik ikinci bir demiryolu hattı kurdu. Osmanlı idaresinde deniz ulaşımının önem kazandığı dönemlerde Üsküdar’dan hareket edip Akdeniz limanlarına uğrayan gemilerin uğrak yerleri arasında İskele-i Yâfâ önemli bir yer almaktaydı (Halaçoğlu, s. 149). 1909’da Yafa’da yahudiler tarafından Filistin Ofisi adıyla bir teşkilât kuruldu; bu teşkilâtın faaliyetleri sonucunda Filistin Toprak Geliştirme Merkezi’ni meydana getiren yahudiler yerleşme çalışmalarını devam ettirdiler. Aynı yıl Yafa’nın varoşlarında oluşturulan yahudi yerleşim birimi Tel Aviv zamanla büyüdü. Yahudiler kapitülasyonların himayesinde yabancı statüsünde yaşamlarını sürdürdüler. I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında müttefik kuvvetlerine yardım edecekleri korkusuyla Yafa-Tel Aviv halkı şehirden çıkarıldı. Fakat İngiliz kuvvetleri 16 Kasım 1917’de Yafa’ya girince yahudiler şehre geri dönmeye başladı. Mayıs 1921’de Yafa’da yahudi karşıtı ayaklanmalar patlak verdi. Bunlardan en önemlisi Filistin’deki İngiliz mandasının ilk yıllarına rastlar. Kısa bir süre sonra Tel Aviv belediye statüsüyle Yafa’dan ayrıldı. İsrail’in bağımsızlığının ardından Tel Aviv ve Yafa aynı belediyeye bağlandı.
Kayalıklarla çevrili harap durumdaki Yafa Limanı gelişmekte olan Hayfa Limanı ile rekabet edemedi. Yafa Limanı 1965’te kapatılırken yeni inşa edilen Aşdod Limanı Yafa’nın yerini aldı. Yafa şehri günümüzde bir sayfiye merkezi olarak önemini korumaktadır. Akdeniz ikliminin bütün meyveleri burada bolca yetişmektedir. Yafa portakalıyla ün salmış, şehirde sabun imalâthaneleri, mobilyacılık ve çimento sanayii gelişmiştir. Eski şehir dokusunun zengin bir tarihî ve kültürel geçmişi yansıttığı Yafa’da özellikle Osmanlılar’ın son dönemlerine ait birçok mimari eser bugün de varlığını sürdürmektedir. Bunlar arasında şehrin en eski camisi olduğu tahmin edilen Mescidü’l-bahr, Yafa’da önemli imar faaliyetleri gerçekleştiren Vali Muhammed Ebû Nebbût tarafından II. Mahmud zamanında yaptırılan Câmiu’l-Mahmûdiyye (el-Câmiu’l-kebîr, Câmiu Ebî Nebbût), yine XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına tarihlenen Câmiu’l-Cebeliyye, Câmiu’s-Sıksık, Câmiu’l-Acemî, 1917’de Vali Hasan Bey’in inşa ettirdiği Câmiu Hasan Bek, Muhammed Ebû Nebbût’un Câmiu’l-Mahmûdiyye’ye bitişik olarak yaptırdığı Mahmûdiyye Sebili ile şehrin Kudüs yolu üzerinde kurduğu Ebû Nebbût Sebili, eski eserler müzesi halinde kullanılan eski hükümet binası (es-Sarâyü’l-kadîme) ve II. Abdülhamid’in tahta çıkışının yirmi beşinci yıl dönümü münasebetiyle yaptırılan saat kulesi sayılabilir (Mustafa Murâd ed-Debbâğ, IV/2, s. 164-166, 212, 249-251; Bayhan, sy. 17 [2006], s. 17-27).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Belâzürî, Fütûh (Fayda), s. 197; İbn Havkal, Ṣûretü’l-arż, s. 111, 125, 127; Makdisî, Aḥsenü’t-teḳāsîm, s. 54, 155, 175, 177, 192; İbnü’l-Kalânisî, Târîḫu Dımaşḳ (Amedroz), bk. İndeks; Sem‘ânî, el-Ensâb, V, 676; İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil (trc. Abdülkerim Özaydın), İstanbul 1987, X, 74 vd., 99, 267 vd., 282, 295 vd., 319; XI, 422 vd., 426 vd.; XII (trc. Abdülkerim Özaydın – Ahmed Ağırakça), İstanbul 1987, s. 65-67, 75-77, 108 vd.; Bahâeddin İbn Şeddâd, The Life of Saladin or What Befell Sultan Yusuf 1137-1193 (trc. C. R. Conder), London 1897, tür.yer.; Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân (Cündî), V, 488-489; F. Carnotensis, Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem: 1095-1127 (trc. F. R. Ryan), Knoxville 1969, tür.yer.; W. Tyrensis, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea (trc. E. A. Babcock – A. C. Krey), New York 1943, I-II, tür.yer.; H. J. Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade: A Translation of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, Aldershot 1997, s. 222, 261-265, 268, 279, 285, 294, 312 vd., 331, 343, 347 vd., 370 vd.; G. le Strange, Palestine under the Moslems, Boston 1890, s. 28 vd., 39, 41, 550 vd.; S. Tolkowsky, The Gateway of Palestina: A History of Jaffa, London 1924; B. Lewis, “Jaffa in the 16th Century, According to the Ottoman Tahrir Registers”, Necati Lugal Armağanı, Ankara 1968, s. 435-446; Mustafa Murâd ed-Debbâğ, Bilâdünâ Filisṭîn, Amman 1392-93/1972-73, I/1, s. 271-297; IV/2, s. 47-362; Runciman, Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi, tür.yer.; Ali Sevim, Suriye ve Filistin Selçukluları Tarihi, Ankara 1989, s. 49 vd., 73, 81; Ahmed Zekî ed-Deccânî, Medînetünâ Yâfâ ve s̱evretü 1936, [baskı yeri yok] 1989; İzzeddin Garbiyye, Ḳıṣṣatü Medîneti Yâfâ, Beyrut, ts. (Münazzamatü’t-Tahrîri’l-Filistîniyye); a.mlf., “Yâfâ”, Mevsûʿatü’l-müdüni’l-Filisṭîniyye, Dımaşk 1990, s. 781-827; Yusuf Halaçoğlu, Osmanlılarda Ulaşım ve Haberleşme (Menziller), Ankara 2002, s. 149; Şahabettin Tekindağ, “XVIII. Yüzyılda Akdeniz’de Rus Donanması ve Cezzar Ahmed Bey’in Beyrut Savunması”, BTTD, V (1968), s. 37-39; Ahmet Ali Bayhan, “İsrail/Yafa’daki Osmanlı Mimari Eserleri Üzerine Gözlemler”, Güzel Sanatlar Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 17, Erzurum 2006, s. 15-42; Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm, VI, 4784; E. Honigmann – [Vâhid Çabuk], “Yafa”, İA, XIII, 330-333; F. Buhl – [C. E. Bosworth], “Yāfā”, EI2 (İng.), XI, 234-235.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 171-174 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.