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Yahudi Düşmanı Bir Marrano: Uriel da Costa Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 111 – 133, 30.06.2024
Mustafa Furkan Dinleyici
https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.1443011
Öz XVI. yüzyılın sonlarında Portekiz’de Marrano kökenli bir ailede dünyaya gelen Uriel da Costa (ö. 1640), yirmili yaşlarına geldiğinde ailesiyle birlikte Portekiz’den kaçmıştır. Bu kaçışın arkasındaki en önemli gerekçe dönemin Engizisyon Mahkemeleri’dir. Protestanlığın yükselişiyle birlikte Katolik ülkelerdeki dini baskı artış göstermiş ve bu durumdan Marranolar da etkilenmiştir. Dini özgürlük arayışı içinde bir Hıristiyan olarak memleketinden göç edip Amsterdam’a giden ve Yahudiliğe dönüş yapan Uriel da Costa, beklediği gibi bir Yahudilik’le karşılaşmamış ve hayal kırıklığına uğramıştır. Uriel’e göre Yahudilik, Kutsal Kitap’a harfiyen uyularak yaşanması gereken bir dindir. Ancak dönemin Yahudileri, din adamları sınıfının yönlendirmesiyle Tevrat hükümlerinde değişiklikler yapmakta ve hayatlarını bu şekilde sürdürmektedir. Bu duruma itiraz eden Uriel, 1616 yılında küçük bir risale kaleme almış ve 11 madde halinde dönemin din adamlarını “Ferisiler” adı altında eleştirmiştir. Bunun neticesinde herem ilan edilmiş ve Yahudi cemaatinden kovulmuştur. İlk etapta reformist bir dindarlık anlayışına sahip olan Uriel da Costa, herem ilan edilmesinin ardından Yahudilik’ten uzaklaşmıştır. Uzun yıllar boyunca cemaatten ayrı yaşamak zorunda bırakılan Uriel, Yahudiler tarafından çeşitli baskı ve zulümlere tabi tutulmuştur. Ailesi ve yakın çevresi dahi fikirlerinden ötürü kendisine cephe almıştır. Bu durum içerisinde Uriel, Musa Şeriatı ve Yahudilik üzerine düşünmüş ve nihayetinde Musa’nın Yasası’nın da diğer yasalar gibi insan üretimi olduğuna karar vermiştir. Bu süre zarfında Uriel da Costa 1624 yılında Exame das tradicoes Phariseas conferidas com a lei escrita (Yazılı Kanunla Karşılaştırmalı Olarak Ferisi Geleneğin İncelenmesi) adlı bir eser yayımlamıştır. Bu eserde, 1616 yılında yapmış olduğu eleştirileri genişletmiş ve çok daha sert bir üslup kullanmıştır. İlk etapta Yasa’ya kesinlikle ve harfiyen uyulması gerektiğine vurgu yapan Uriel için artık önemli olan husus tabiatın yasasıdır. Yahudi din adamlarıyla girmiş olduğu mücadele ve cemaatten dışlanması sonucunda Uriel, Tanrı fikrini reddetmemekle birlikte deizme yönelmiş ve kurtuluşun yasaya bağlı olmadığı fikrini benimsemiştir. Uriel da Costa her ne kadar aklen ve kalben Yahudilikten uzaklaşsa da herem ilan edilmesinin ardından hayat şartlarında gerçekleşen kötüleşme nedeniyle yeniden cemaate dönmeyi talep etmiştir. Amsterdam Yahudi Cemaati, bu geri dönüşü kabul etmiş fakat ağır şartlara bağlamıştır. Uriel da Costa başlangıçta bu şartları kabul etmemiştir. Fakat aradan geçen yedi yıl boyunca Da Costa’nın hayatı daha da zorlaşmıştır. Yaşamış olduğu sıkıntıların kendisine hiçbir fayda sağlamadığını aksine zarar verdiğini idrak eden Uriel da Costa, cemaatin şartlarını kabul etmiştir. Sinagogda yapılan bir törenle cemaate tekrar kabul edilmiştir. Uriel da Costa’nın aktardığına göre bu tören esnasında önce tövbe ve itiraf dolu bir metin kendisine okutturulmuş, sonrasında sinagogda kırbaçlanmış ve en sonunda sinagogun eşiğine yatırılarak bütün cemaatin üzerinden geçme cezasına çarptırılmıştır. Bu tören Uriel da Costa’nın hayatındaki önemli kırılma anlarından biri olmuştur. Böylesine bir aşağılanma ile karşılaşan Da Costa, bu noktadan itibaren dini olmasa da psikolojik ve duygusal bir dönüşüm yaşamış ve hem Yahudiliğe hem de Yahudilere karşı kin ve nefret beslemeye başlamıştır. Düşmanlık ve intikam duyguları içerisinde bir otobiyografi kaleme almıştır. Examplar Humanae Vitae (İnsan Yaşamının Bir Örneği) adını verdiği bu eserde her ne kadar Yahudilerden ve Yahudilikten bahsetse de eserin muhatabı Hıristiyanlardır. Bu çalışmasında Uriel, Yahudiliğe olan bütün düşmanlığını göstermiş ve dönemin Hıristiyanlarına çeşitli mesajlar vererek onları Yahudilere karşı kışkırtmaya çalışmıştır. Yaşamış olduğu sıkıntılar ve problemler nedeniyle derin bir melankoli içerisine giren Uriel da Costa, 1640 yılında kafasına sıktığı bir kurşunla hayatına son vermiştir. Yazdığı eserin birinci amacı olan Hıristiyanları, Yahudilere karşı harekete geçirmeyi başaramamıştır. Fakat dolaylı da olsa Yahudilerden intikamını almayı başarmıştır. Fikirleri ve hayat hikâyesiyle Amsterdam Yahudileri arasında uzun yıllar konuşulmaya devam eden Uriel, Baruch Spinoza (ö. 1677) gibi önemli bir filozofun tarih sahnesine çıkışına katkı sağlamıştır. Uriel ve onun gibi isimlerin fikirleri, sonraki yıllarda Spinoza gibi önemli Yahudi düşünürler tarafından sistematik ve felsefi bir hale getirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler Dinler Tarihi, Yahudilik, Marrano, Engizisyon, Uriel da Costa
Kaynakça Acosta, Uriel. A Specimen of Human Life. New York: Bergman Publishers, 1967. Armstrong, Karen. Tanrı’nın Tarihi. çev. Hamide Koyukan vd. İstanbul: Pegasus Yayınları, 5. Basım, 2018. Aykıt, Dursun Ali. Hıristiyanlığın Öncüsü Olarak İskenderiyeli Philo. İstanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları, 2011. Berg, Jan Van Den vd. “Menasseh ben Israel, Henry More and Johannes Hoornbeeck on the Pre-Existence of the Soul”. Menasseh ben Israel and His World. 98-116. Leiden: Brill, 1989. Bodian, Miriam. “Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: The Ambiguous Boundaries of Self-Definiton”. Jewish Social Studies 15/1 (2008), 66-80. Bodian, Miriam. “In the Cross-Currents of the Reformation: Crypto-Jewish Martyrs of the Inquisition 1570-1670”. Past & Present 176 (2002), 66-104. Cohen, Martin A. “Marrano”. Encyclopedia Judaica (Second Edition). C. 13. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007. Costa, Uriel da. “Examination of Pharisaic Traditions”. çev. H. P. Salomon – I. S. D. Sassoon. Examination of Pharisaic Traditions Supplemented by Semuel da Silva’s Treatise on the Immortality of the Soul. Leiden: Brill, 1993. Dinleyici, Mustafa Furkan. Modern Dönem Kutsal Kitap Eleştirisinin Öncüsü: Baruch Spinoza ve Eski Ahit Eleştirisi. İstanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları, 2020. Dinleyici, Mustafa Furkan. “Spinoza’nın İsa Algısı ve Hıristiyanlık ile İlgili Görüşleri”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 10/2 (2023), 446-472. Faur, José. In the Shadow of History: Jews and Conversos at the Dawn of Modernity. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992. Feld, Edward. “Spinoza the Jew”. Modern Judaism 9/1 (1989), 101-119. Goldish, Matt. “Perspectives on Uriel da Costa’s ‘Example of a Human Life’”. Studia Rosenthalia 42/43 (2011 2010), 1-23. Kandiyoti, Dalia. The Converso’s Return. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2020. Kaplan, Yosef. From Christianity to Judaism: The Story of Isaac Orobio de Castro. çev. Raphael Loewe. Oxford: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2004. Nadler, Steven. Spinoza: A Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Nadler, Steven. “Spinoza and Menasseh ben Israel”. Journal of the History of Ideas 80/4 (2019), 533-554. Nadler, Steven. Spinoza’s Heresy: Immortality and the Jewish Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Olgun, Hakan. Sekülerliğin Teolojik Kurgusu Protestanlık. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2006. Salihoğlu, Mahmut. “Marranolar ve Dini İnançları”. EKEV Akademi Dergisi 15/49 (2011), 105-115. Salomon, H. P. – Sassoon, I. S. D. “Introduction”. Examination of Pharisaic Traditions Supplemented by Semuel da Silva’s Treatise on the Immortality of the Soul. Leiden: Brill, 1993. Salomon, Herman Prins. “A Copy of Uriel da Costa’s ‘Exames das Tradicoés Phariseas’ Located in the Royal Library of Copenhagen”. Studia Rosenthalia 24/2 (1990), 153-158. Saraiva, Antonio José. The Marrano Factory: The Porteguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765. çev. H. P. Salomon – I. S. D. Sassoon. Leiden: Brill, 2001. Silva, Samuel da. “Treatise on the Immortality of the Soul”. çev. H. P. Salomon – I. S. D. Sassoon. Examination of Pharisaic Traditions Supplemented by Semuel da Silva’s Treatise on the Immortality of the Soul. Leiden: Brill, 1993. Weiss-Blok, Rivka. “‘Religiosity’ in Dutch Jewish Art in the Nineteenth and the Early Twentieth Century”. The Religious Cultures of Dutch Jewry. ed. Yosef Kaplan – Dan Michman. 270-295. Leiden: Brill, 2017. Yetim, Merve. Kutsal Kitap Eleştirisi -Julius Wellhausen Örnekliğinde-. Ankara: Eskiyeni Yayınları, 2020. Yıkar, Ömer Faruk. Kutsal Kitap Eleştirisi ve Tesniye Kitabı. Kitabevi Yayınları, 2022. Yovel, Yirmiyahu. Spinoza and Other Heretics: the Marrano of Reason. Princeton: Princeton University, 1989. Yovel, Yirmiyahu. The Other Within: The Marranos. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009.
A Jew Hater Marrano: Uriel da Costa Yıl 2024, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 111 – 133, 30.06.2024
Mustafa Furkan Dinleyici
https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.1443011
Öz Uriel da Costa (d. 1640), born into a Marrano family in Portugal in the late 16th century, fled Portugal with his family when he was in his twenties. The most important reason behind this escape was the Inquisition Courts of the period. With the rise of Protestantism, religious oppression in Catholic countries increased and Marranos were also affected. Uriel da Costa, who migrated from his hometown to Amsterdam as a Christian in search of religious freedom and returned to Judaism, was disappointed that he did not encounter a Judaism as he expected. According to Uriel, Judaism is a religion that must be lived in strict accordance with the Bible. However, the Jews of the period, under the guidance of the clergy class, make changes in the Torah’s provisions and live their lives in this way. Uriel, who objected to this situation, wrote a small treatise in 1616 and criticized the clergy of the period under the name of “Pharisees” in 11 articles. As a result, he was declared a herem and expelled from the Jewish community. Uriel da Costa, who initially had a reformist understanding of piety, distanced himself from Judaism after being declared a herem. Forced to live apart from the community for many years, Uriel was subjected to various pressures and persecutions by the Jews. Even his family and close friends turned against him for his ideas. In this situation, Uriel reflected on the Mosaic Law and Judaism and finally decided that the Law of Moses, like all other laws, was man-made. During this time, Uriel da Costa published a work in 1624, Exame das tradicoes Phariseas conferidas com a lei escrita (A Study of Pharisaic Tradition in Comparison with the Written Law). In this work, he expanded on the criticisms he had made in 1616 and used a much harsher tone. For Uriel, who had initially emphasized that the Law must be followed strictly and to the letter, it was now the law of nature that mattered. As a result of his struggle with the Jewish clergy and his exclusion from the community, Uriel, while not rejecting the idea of God, turned to deism and adopted the idea that salvation does not depend on the law. Although Uriel da Costa distanced himself from Judaism in his heart and mind, he requested to return to the community due to the deterioration in his living conditions after he was declared a herem. The Jewish Community of Amsterdam accepted this return, but under severe conditions. Uriel da Costa initially refused to accept these terms. But over the next seven years, da Costa’s life became more and more difficult. Uriel da Costa realized that the hardships he had endured were not doing him any good, but rather harming him, and he accepted the congregation’s terms. He was readmitted to the community in a ceremony held in the synagogue. According to Uriel da Costa, during this ceremony he was first made to read a text of repentance and confession, then he was whipped in the synagogue, and finally he was made to lie on the threshold of the synagogue and the entire congregation was made to pass over him. This ceremony was one of the important turning points in Uriel da Costa’s life. Faced with such humiliation, da Costa experienced a psychological and emotional, if not religious, transformation from this point on and began to harbor hatred and hatred against both Judaism and Jews. He wrote an autobiography with feelings of enmity and revenge. In this work, which he called Examplar Humanae Vitae (An Exemplar of Human Life), although he mentions Jews and Judaism, the addressees of the work are Christians. In this work, Uriel showed all his hostility towards Judaism and tried to incite the Christians of the period against the Jews by giving them various messages. Uriel da Costa, who fell into a deep melancholy due to the troubles and problems he had experienced, ended his life with a bullet to his head in 1640. He failed to mobilize Christians against the Jews, which was the primary purpose of his work. But he managed to take revenge on the Jews, albeit indirectly. Uriel, whose ideas and life story continued to be talked about among Amsterdam Jews for many years, contributed to the emergence of an important philosopher such as Baruch Spinoza (d. 1677) on the stage of history. The ideas of Uriel and others like him were systematized and philosophized by important Jewish thinkers such as Spinoza in the following years.
Anahtar Kelimeler History of Religions, Judaism, Marrano, Inquisition, Uriel da Costa
Kaynakça Acosta, Uriel. A Specimen of Human Life. New York: Bergman Publishers, 1967. Armstrong, Karen. Tanrı’nın Tarihi. çev. Hamide Koyukan vd. İstanbul: Pegasus Yayınları, 5. Basım, 2018. Aykıt, Dursun Ali. Hıristiyanlığın Öncüsü Olarak İskenderiyeli Philo. İstanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları, 2011. Berg, Jan Van Den vd. “Menasseh ben Israel, Henry More and Johannes Hoornbeeck on the Pre-Existence of the Soul”. Menasseh ben Israel and His World. 98-116. Leiden: Brill, 1989. Bodian, Miriam. “Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: The Ambiguous Boundaries of Self-Definiton”. Jewish Social Studies 15/1 (2008), 66-80. Bodian, Miriam. “In the Cross-Currents of the Reformation: Crypto-Jewish Martyrs of the Inquisition 1570-1670”. Past & Present 176 (2002), 66-104. Cohen, Martin A. “Marrano”. Encyclopedia Judaica (Second Edition). C. 13. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007. Costa, Uriel da. “Examination of Pharisaic Traditions”. çev. H. P. Salomon – I. S. D. Sassoon. Examination of Pharisaic Traditions Supplemented by Semuel da Silva’s Treatise on the Immortality of the Soul. Leiden: Brill, 1993. Dinleyici, Mustafa Furkan. Modern Dönem Kutsal Kitap Eleştirisinin Öncüsü: Baruch Spinoza ve Eski Ahit Eleştirisi. İstanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları, 2020. Dinleyici, Mustafa Furkan. “Spinoza’nın İsa Algısı ve Hıristiyanlık ile İlgili Görüşleri”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 10/2 (2023), 446-472. Faur, José. In the Shadow of History: Jews and Conversos at the Dawn of Modernity. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992. Feld, Edward. “Spinoza the Jew”. Modern Judaism 9/1 (1989), 101-119. Goldish, Matt. “Perspectives on Uriel da Costa’s ‘Example of a Human Life’”. Studia Rosenthalia 42/43 (2011 2010), 1-23. Kandiyoti, Dalia. The Converso’s Return. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2020. Kaplan, Yosef. From Christianity to Judaism: The Story of Isaac Orobio de Castro. çev. Raphael Loewe. Oxford: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2004. Nadler, Steven. Spinoza: A Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Nadler, Steven. “Spinoza and Menasseh ben Israel”. Journal of the History of Ideas 80/4 (2019), 533-554. Nadler, Steven. Spinoza’s Heresy: Immortality and the Jewish Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Olgun, Hakan. Sekülerliğin Teolojik Kurgusu Protestanlık. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2006. Salihoğlu, Mahmut. “Marranolar ve Dini İnançları”. EKEV Akademi Dergisi 15/49 (2011), 105-115. Salomon, H. P. – Sassoon, I. S. D. “Introduction”. Examination of Pharisaic Traditions Supplemented by Semuel da Silva’s Treatise on the Immortality of the Soul. Leiden: Brill, 1993. Salomon, Herman Prins. “A Copy of Uriel da Costa’s ‘Exames das Tradicoés Phariseas’ Located in the Royal Library of Copenhagen”. Studia Rosenthalia 24/2 (1990), 153-158. Saraiva, Antonio José. The Marrano Factory: The Porteguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765. çev. H. P. Salomon – I. S. D. Sassoon. Leiden: Brill, 2001. Silva, Samuel da. “Treatise on the Immortality of the Soul”. çev. H. P. Salomon – I. S. D. Sassoon. Examination of Pharisaic Traditions Supplemented by Semuel da Silva’s Treatise on the Immortality of the Soul. Leiden: Brill, 1993. Weiss-Blok, Rivka. “‘Religiosity’ in Dutch Jewish Art in the Nineteenth and the Early Twentieth Century”. The Religious Cultures of Dutch Jewry. ed. Yosef Kaplan – Dan Michman. 270-295. Leiden: Brill, 2017. Yetim, Merve. Kutsal Kitap Eleştirisi -Julius Wellhausen Örnekliğinde-. Ankara: Eskiyeni Yayınları, 2020. Yıkar, Ömer Faruk. Kutsal Kitap Eleştirisi ve Tesniye Kitabı. Kitabevi Yayınları, 2022. Yovel, Yirmiyahu. Spinoza and Other Heretics: the Marrano of Reason. Princeton: Princeton University, 1989. Yovel, Yirmiyahu. The Other Within: The Marranos. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Dini Araştırmalar (Diğer) Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi Yazarlar Mustafa Furkan Dinleyici SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0002-8819-7770 Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Şubat 2024 Kabul Tarihi 13 Haziran 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1
Kaynak Göster ISNAD Dinleyici, Mustafa Furkan. “Yahudi Düşmanı Bir Marrano: Uriel Da Costa”. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi 24/1 (Haziran 2024), 111-133. https://doi.org/10.33420/marife.1443011.
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