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YAHUDİ HIRİSTİYANLIĞI Skip to content Yahudi kökenli olup yahudi dinine mensupken Hz. Îsâ’ya inananların temsil ettiği inanç sistemi.
Yahudi-hıristiyan ifadesi, yahudi kimliklerini muhafaza edip yahudi dininin kurallarını uygulamanın yanında Hz. Îsâ’yı peygamber, öğretmen veya mesîh olarak kabul eden, gerek yahudi toplumu gerekse hıristiyan cemaati içinde ayrı bir grup teşkil eden yahudi kökenli hıristiyanlara verilen addır. Yahudi iken Hıristiyanlığı benimseyenlere yahudi-hıristiyanlar (judeo-chretiens, jewish christians), yahudilerin dışındaki milletlere (gentile) mensupken hıristiyan olanlara da putperest kökenli hıristiyanlar (pagano-chretiens, pagano-christians) denilir. Yahudi-hıristiyanlar Îsâ’yı mesîh kabul etmekle yahudilerden, yahudi şeriatını uygulamakla da hıristiyanlardan ayrılırlar. Ahd-i Cedîd’de yer almayan yahudi-hıristiyan tabiri öncelikle, ister Helenistik kültüre mensup diaspora yahudileri ister Kudüs ve Filistin yahudileri olsun yahudi kökenli bütün hıristiyanları, daha dar anlamda ise Kudüs ve Filistin cemaatine mensup hıristiyanları ifade eder. Bu takdirde söz konusu ifade özel bir anlam kazanır ve diasporadakilerden daha çok şeriata bağlı ve İsrâil’in ayrıcalıkları hususunda daha titiz davranan hıristiyanlar için kullanılır (DBS , IV, 1298).
Kudüs yahudi-hıristiyan cemaati, başlangıçtan itibaren İbrânîler ve Helenistler olmak üzere iki farklı unsurdan meydana gelmekteydi. Kudüs veya Filistin kökenli yahudilerden gelen İbrânîler Ârâmîce konuşuyorlardı ve sıkı sıkıya yahudi şeriatına bağlıydılar. Saint Paul, Helenleşmiş bir şehir olan Tarsus’tan olmasına rağmen Hıristiyanlığı kabul etmeden önce şeriatla ilgili tavrı sebebiyle İbrânîler arasında saygı görüyordu. Helenistler ise diaspora yahudileriydi ve onlar Grek dili ve eğitimine bağlı yahudi-hıristiyanlardı. Helenistler iddia edildiği gibi şeriatı terketme taraftarı değildi, fakat şeriatı daha insanî, daha ahlâkî ve evrensel şekilde yorumluyorlardı. Helenistler’de İbrânîler’deki kadar yabancı düşmanlığı görülmezdi. İbrânîler’le, Yunanca konuşan yahudiler arasında ortaya çıkan ve Ahd-i Cedîd’de, “Îsâ’nın öğrencilerinin sayıca çoğaldığı o günlerde Grekçe konuşan yahudiler, günlük yardım dağıtımında kendi dullarına gereken ilginin gösterilmediğini ileri sürerek İbrânîce konuşan yahudilerden yakınmaya başladılar” (Resullerin İşleri, 6/1) şeklinde ifade edilen anlaşmazlık sadece dil ve eğitim farkından kaynaklanmıyordu. Zira Helenistik Yahudilik, İbrânîler’ce daha aşağı görülüyordu. Yunanca konuşan yahudiler Filistin rabbilerinin asla kabul etmeyecekleri şeylere izin veriyorlardı. Bunlar, uzun süre putperestler arasında yaşadıkları ve yabancıların lânetli dilini (Mişna, Sotah, 9/14) konuştukları için ikinci sınıf ve bir tür heretik kabul ediliyorlardı. Tevrat’a aşırı bağlı İbrânîler’e göre Grekçe’ye karşı beslenen kin, dinin olduğu kadar vatan severliğin de bir parçasıydı (a.g.e. , IV, 1302). Ferîsîler yahudi ülkesine, mâbedine ve Mûsâ’ya bağlı İbrânî hıristiyanlara karşı olumlu, mâbed ve şeriat konusunda lâkayt olan Helenist hıristiyanlara karşı ise olumsuz davranıyorlardı (Ries, s. 15).
İster İbrânî ister Helenist olsun bütün yahudi-hıristiyanlar Hz. Îsâ’yı kabul etmekle beraber yahudi şeriatına bağlıydılar. Ancak bunlar, kendi aralarında putperest kökenli hıristiyanları Mûsâ şeriatından sorumlu tutma hususunda yahudi-hıristiyanlar ve yahudileştirenler (judaisants) olmak üzere ikiye ayrılmışlardı. Yahudileşmek (judaiser) “bizzat yahudi olmadığı halde yahudi âdet ve alışkanlıklarını taklit etmek” anlamındadır. Kelime bu anlamıyla Ahd-i Atîk’in Ester bölümünde (8/17), “Ülkedeki halklardan çok sayıda kişi yahudi oldu” şeklinde geçmekte, Pavlus da kelimeyi aynı anlamda kullanmakta ve, “Yahudi olduğun halde yahudi gibi değil öteki uluslardan biri gibi yaşıyorsun, nasıl olur da ulusları yahudi gibi yaşamaya zorlarsın” diyerek Petrus’u kınamaktadır (Galatyalılar’a Mektup, 2/14). Yahudileştirenler, yahudilerin dışında başka milletlere mensup iken hıristiyan olanlara Mûsâ şeriatını zorunlu tutanlardır (Resullerin İşleri, 15/1). Bunlar da yahudi kökenli hıristiyanlardı, fakat diğer yahudi-hıristiyanlar gibi sadece kendileri şeriata sıkı sıkıya bağlı kalmakla yetinmiyorlar, putperest iken Hıristiyanlığa girenleri de Mûsâ şeriatına uymakla yükümlü tutuyorlardı (DB , III/2, s. 1778).
Îsâ yahudi kökenliydi ve Mûsâ’nın getirdiği şeriatı tamamlamak için geldiğini söylüyor (Matta, 5/17), kendisi de Mûsâ şeriatına göre yaşıyordu. Her yahudi çocuğu gibi sekiz günlükken sünnet edilmiş, annesinin temizlenme günleri tamamlanınca mâbede götürülmüş, on iki yaşına gelince yahudi dini geleneklerine uygun şekilde yine mâbede gitmiş (Luka, 2/21-24, 42), ibadetini sinagoglarda yapmış (Luka, 4/16-17), bazı hususlarda (cumartesi yasakları ve boşanma gibi) Mûsâ şeriatını değiştirmiştir. Diğer taraftan bir olan Allah’a inanılması ve sadece O’na kulluk edilmesi gerektiğini vurgulamış, kendini asla Tanrı veya Tanrı’nın oğlu diye takdim etmemiştir. Hz. Îsâ’nın mesajı onun havârilerine tâlimatı doğrultusunda öncelikle yahudiler arasında yayılmıştır. Çünkü o hem İsrâil’in kaybolmuş koyununu bulmaya gönderildiğini belirtmiş (Matta, 15/24) hem de havârilerinden sadece yahudilere giderek bu yeni mesajı onlara duyurmalarını istemişti (Matta, 10/5). Dolayısıyla ilk hıristiyanlar (Hz. Îsâ’yı beklenilen mesîh kabul edip ona uyanlar) yahudilerdi. On ikiler etrafında toplanan bu hıristiyanlar Yahudiliğin içinde ayrı bir tarikat gibiydi. Onlar mâbede devam ediyor, bayramları kutluyor, cumartesi ve oruç günlerine riayet ediyor, dinî hükümlere uyuyor ve çocuklarını sünnet ettiriyorlardı (Resullerin İşleri, 2/1, 46; 3/1; 5/42; 10/9; 18/14;18/13; 20/6, 16; 21/20-21). Yahudilerden farkları Hz. Îsâ’yı mesîh olarak kabul etmeleriydi (Resullerin İşleri, 2/42; 4/2; 5/42). Yahudi-hıristiyanlar Hz. Îsâ’nın mesîhliğini kabul ediyor, onun yorumladığı şekliyle Mûsâ şeriatına sıkı sıkıya uymanın gerekliliğine inanıyordu. Onlar Îsâ mesîh adıyla vaftiz ediliyor, günahlarının bağışlanması için tövbe ediyor (Resullerin İşleri, 2/38), Îsâ’yı mesîh olarak kabul ettikleri için sinagogdan kovulmamışlarsa (Yuhanna, 9/22; 12/42) şeriatı dinlemek için sinagoga devam ediyor, evlerde toplanarak dua ediyorlardı; fakat yahudi otoriteleri, kâhinler ve Sadûkīler onlara karşı çıkıyorlardı (Resullerin İşleri, 2/42; 4/1-3).
Hz. Îsâ’dan sonra onun mesajı sadece yahudilerle sınırlı kalmamış, yahudi olmayanlar arasında da süratle yayılmıştır. Şeriat karşısında Kudüs İbrânîleri’ne göre daha az formalist olan Helenist yahudiler hıristiyan imanını diaspora yahudileri ve Grekler arasında yaymıştır. Antakya’da yahudiler hayli kalabalıktı ve Grekler arasından çok sayıda hıristiyan olan vardı. İlk zamanlardan itibaren Antakya’da Hıristiyanlığı kabul eden putperestler mevcuttu ki bunlarla yahudi-hıristiyanların irtibat kurması mümkün değildi. Fakat Antakya’daki Helenist menşeli ve eğitimli, hoşgörülü yahudiler herhangi bir endişe taşımadan onlarla görüşüyorlardı. Antakya, kısa bir süre sonra yahudi menşeli olmayan hıristiyanların ilk kilisesi ve hıristiyan yayılmacılığının en önemli merkezi haline gelmiştir. Antakya’daki Grekler’in Hıristiyanlığı kabul etmesi yeni bazı problemler ortaya çıkarmıştı. Çünkü putperest iken bu yeni dine girenlerin şeriata uyup uymayacakları hususu cevaplandırılması gereken en önemli soruydu.
Hz. Îsâ’yı en çok eleştiren Ferîsî mezhebine mensup, mutaassıp bir yahudi olduğunu söyleyen ve ilk dönemlerde Îsâ’ya inananlara zulmeden, İstefanos’un taşlanarak öldürülmesine onay veren, ancak daha sonra Îsâ’dan tebliğini yayma emri aldığını iddia eden Pavlus, “Îsâ Allah’ın oğludur” diye vaaz etmeye başlamış (Resullerin İşleri, 9/20), yahudi olmayanlar arasında bu yeni tebliği kendi yorumu doğrultusunda yayarken bunların Hıristiyanlığı kabul ederken yahudi şeriatından muaf tutulmalarını, zira artık kurtuluşun şeriatla olmadığını ileri sürmüş; böylece daha önce şeriat adına insanlara zulmeden Pavlus şeriata karşı çıkmıştır. Antakya’da misyonerlik yapan Pavlus ve Barnabas, “Siz Mûsâ’nın töresi uyarınca sünnet olmadıkça kurtulamazsınız” diyenlerle tartışmış ve hıristiyan olan putperestler için şeriatın şart olmadığını söylemişlerdi (Resullerin İşleri, 11/22-26; 15/1-2). Fakat Kudüs’teki cemaat içinde bu uygulamayı onaylamayan çok sayıda hıristiyan vardı. Onlara göre Pavlus ve Barnabas’ın davranışları, karşı çıkılması gereken yanlış uygulamalardı ve milletlere (yahudi olmayanlara) şeriatı ve sünnet olmayı şart koşmak gerekirdi. Kurtuluş ancak bu şekilde mümkündü. Şeriat karşıtı Pavlus’un en azılı düşmanları olan şeriat taraftarı yahudileştirenler bu görüşteydi. Bu yahudi-hıristiyanlar Ahd-i Cedîd’de şeriata karşı tavır alması sebebiyle Pavlus’u, “Ey kardeş! Yahudiler arasında iman eden nice bin adam var, görüyorsun, hepsi şeriat için gayret etmektedir. Ve senin için haber almışlar ki, milletler arasında olan bütün yahudilere oğullarını sünnet etmeyip âdetlere uymasınlar diye Mûsâ’dan dönmelerini öğretiyormuşsun” sözleriyle eleştirmekteydiler (Resullerin İşleri, 21/20-21).
Bunun üzerine Kudüs’e gidilip havâriler ve yaşlılarla görüşülmesi kararlaştırılmış, Pavlus’la Barnabas Kudüs’e gitmiş, Kudüs’te 49 (48 veya 52) yılında toplanan Havâriler Konsili konuyu görüşmüştür. Pavlus’un ifadesine göre (Galatyalılar’a Mektup, 2/4) Petrus da başlangıçta bu görüşteydi, fakat Havâriler Konsili’nde fikir değiştirip, “İmdi, ne babalarımızın ne de bizim taşıyabileceğimiz bir boyunduruğu şâkirdlerin boynuna koyarak niçin Allah’ı deniyorsunuz?” diyerek onların şeriatla yükümlü tutulmaması gerektiğini belirtmiştir (Resullerin İşleri, 15/10). Diğer taraftan Hz. Îsâ’nın kardeşi ve yahudi-hıristiyan cemaatin lideri Ya‘kūb da, “Benim görüşüm milletlerden Allah’a dönenleri sıkmamak, ancak putların murdarlığından, zinadan, boğulmuş hayvandan ve kandan çekinsinler diye onlara yazmaktır” sözleriyle görüşünü ifade etmiştir (Resullerin İşleri, 15/19-20). Havâriler Konsili’nde Pavlus ve taraftarlarına tâviz vermek zorunda kalınmıştır. Cemaatin başkanı Ya‘kūb da Pavlus’un fikrini benimsememekle birlikte cemaatin tehlikeye düşmemesi için uzlaştırıcı bir yol takip etmiştir. Sonuçta Kudüs’te toplanan bu ilk konsilin kararıyla (Resullerin İşleri, 15/7-10, 13, 19-20, 28-29) putperest iken hıristiyan olanlar yukarıda belirtilen dört esas dışında şeriat kurallarından muaf tutulmuş, fakat yahudi-hıristiyanlardan yahudileştirenler, “Onları sünnet etmek ve Mûsâ’nın şeriatını tutmalarını tembih etmek gerekir” diyerek bu kararı kabul etmemiştir (Resullerin İşleri, 15/5).
Yahudi-hıristiyanların hıristiyan olan putperestlerle ilişkilerinde ve özellikle cemaat yemeklerinde şeriat kurallarını uygulayıp uygulamayacakları hususu da bir problem teşkil etmekteydi. Bu konu çözümlenmemişti ve Kudüs yahudi hıristiyanları şeriat uygulamasından muaf olmayı asla düşünmüyorlardı. Birinci mesele yahudileştirenler kriziyle neticelenmiş, ikincisi de en önemlileri Antakya (Galatyalılar’a Mektup, 2/11 vd.) ve Kudüs’te (Resullerin İşleri, 21/20-24) vuku bulan çeşitli olaylara yol açmıştır. Îsâ Mesîh bu iki mesele için bir fikir beyan etmemişti. Gerçi o, putperestlerin de bu yeni imana ortak olabileceklerini bildirmiş, havârilerine bütün insanlara müjdeyi duyurma görevi vermişti (Matta, 28/19-20), ancak bunun nasıl olacağını belirtmemişti. Bizzat kendisi şeriata göre yaşamış ve şeriatın sürekliliğini vurgulamıştır (Matta, 5/17-18; Luka, 16/17). Diğer taraftan Ferîsîler’in aşırı şekilciliğini reddetmiş, şeriata yeni bir anlam ve ruh vermiş (Matta, 12/1-8; 23/4; Markos, 2/27-28; 3/1; Luka, 11/46), vergi mültezimleriyle ve günahkârlarla yemek yemiştir (Matta, 9/9-13). Bu durumda problemin çözümü için Îsâ’nın tâlimatına başvurulamayacaktı (DBS , IV, 1305). Böylece Kudüs kilisesi ve havâriler toplantısı, putperest menşelilerin şeriata tâbi olmaksızın kurtulabilecekleri yönündeki Pavlus görüşünü tasdik etmiş, fakat yahudi-hıristiyanlar için şeriatın zorunluluğu konusu tartışılmamıştır. Ancak bunlar konsilden önce olduğu gibi konsilden sonra da şeriatı uygulamayı kendileri için gerekli görmüştür, zira onlara göre bu Tanrı’nın iradesiydi ve İsrâil’in ayrıcalıklarındandı. Filistin yahudi-hıristiyanları şeriatı titizlikle uygulamaya devam ediyorlardı. Ya‘kūb, Kudüs cemaatinin yegâne yöneticisiydi (Resullerin İşleri, 12/17; 15/13; 21/18; Galatyalılar’a Mektup, 1/19; 2/7, 13). Pavlus, Îsâ’nın öğretisine döndükten sonra ilk defa Kudüs’e gittiğinde Petrus’tan daha yüksek konumdaki Ya‘kūb’u ziyaret etmek istemiştir (Galatyalılar’a Mektup, 1/19). Resullerin İşleri (15/17) Ya‘kūb’u kardeşlerin en önemlisi olarak takdim etmektedir. Şeriata bağlılığı ve dindarlığı herkes tarafından, hatta hıristiyan olmamış yahudilerce de sevilmesini sağlamıştır. Havâriler Konsili’nde putperest kökenlilerin şeriattan muaf tutulması yönünde görüş bildiren Ya‘kūb gerçekte yahudi-hıristiyanların görüşünü temsil ediyordu (NDB , s. 361). Saint Jerome’un nakline göre cemaatini otuz yıl yöneten Ya‘kūb 62 yılında öldürülmüştür (DB , III/2, s. 1086).
Kudüs ve Filistin yahudi-hıristiyanları, Kudüs’ün 70 yılında yıkılışından kısa bir müddet önce atalarının dini olan Yahudiliği yahut Îsâ’ya imanı seçmek ve mesîhe inanıyorlarsa o takdirde sinagogu ve tapınağı terketmek zorunda bırakılmışlardır. Yahudi-hıristiyanların yahudi dinî merasimlerine katılmaktan menedilmeleri, Patriyark II. Gamliel’in tâlimatıyla R. Şemuel ha-Qatan tarafından mevcut Amidah duasına lânet paragrafının eklenmesiyle olmuştur (The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion , s. 370). Yahudiler onları ihanetçiler olarak görüyorlardı, hatta savaştan sonra havradaki ibadetlerden de uzaklaştırılmışlardı. Yahudiler onları milletlerine ihanetle suçlarken Romalılar da onları yahudilerden ayırmıyor ve yedek isyancılar gibi kabul ediyordu. 70 yılında Kudüs’ün yıkılışı yahudiler için olduğu kadar yahudi-hıristiyanlar için de bir felâket olmuştur; ancak yahudi-hıristiyanlar Kudüs’ün yıkılışından kısa bir süre önce Ürdün’deki Pella’ya kaçmışlardı. Trajan döneminde (m.ö. 98-17) dağılan yahudi-hıristiyanlar tekrar Yahuda’ya dönmüş, ancak Kudüs’te fazla gelişememişlerdir. Adrien döneminde (130) Kudüs tamamen Helenleşmiş ve putperest kökenli hıristiyanlar çoğunluğu oluşturmuştur.
Yahudi-hıristiyanlar inanç farklılıkları açısından Ebiyonlar (Ebionites) ve Nazarenler (Nazarenes) diye iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Ebion kelimesi muhtemelen İbrânîce’de “fakir” anlamındaki “evyon”dan (ebyon) gelmektedir. Baskı altında tutuldukları ve alçak gönüllü oldukları yahut Pavlus’un yorumunun yaygınlık kazanmasıyla Yahudi-Hıristiyanlık marjinalleştiği ve özellikle kristoloji konusunda ortodoks gelişmeyi takipte güçlüklerle karşılaştıkları, gittikçe artan fakirlikleri sebebiyle hasımlarınca Ebiyonlar (fakirler) diye adlandırılmıştır (Dictionnaire des religions , I, 1057). Bu adlandırma, “Ne mutlu ruhta fakir olanlara!” ifadesiyle de (Matta, 5/3) bağlantılı kılınmaktadır (New Catholic Encyclopedia , V, 29). Bunlar resmî Yahudiliğe karşı çıkıyor, Îsâ’nın ulûhiyyetini, Tanrı’nın oğlu oluşunu reddediyor, fakat onun Mûsâ tarafından müjdelenen (Tesniye, 18/15) mesîh olduğunu kabul ediyorlardı. Ebiyonlar, Pavlus’un görüşlerini reddediyor ve onun Şam yolundaki vizyonunu şeytanî bir halüsinasyon olarak görüyorlardı. Onlar, Pavlus’un şeriatın vaftiz suyu ile ilga edildiği şeklindeki görüşüyle Kudüs cemaati reisi Ya‘kūb’un şeriatın uygulanması yönündeki görüşüne karşı çıkışını da reddediyorlardı. Kilise tarafından heretik sayılan Ebiyonlar’ın Matta’ya aidiyetini iddia ettikleri bir İnciller’i de vardı (DB , III/1, s. 553; Cothenet, I, 97; The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion , s. 213; New Catholic Encyclopedia , V, 29). Ebiyonlar, Mûsâ şeriatını uygulamaya devam ediyor ve Pavlus’u mürted kabul ediyorlardı. Teslîse de karşı çıkan Ebiyonlar şeriatın geçerliliğini savunuyor ve uyguluyor, sünnet olup cumartesi yasaklarına uyuyorlardı. Îsâ’yı her şeyden önce bir reformcu olarak görüyor, Gentile’yi sadece hıristiyan yapmak değil aynı zamanda yahudi şeriatıyla da yükümlü kılmak istiyor ve kurtuluş için şeriatı gerekli sayıyorlardı (The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion , s. 370).
Nazarenler ise yahudilerden mesîhe inanmakla, hıristiyanlardan da Mûsâ şeriatına bağlılıkla ayrılıyorlardı (DB , III/2, s. 1783). Onlar sadece Matta İncili’ni kabul ederler ve Îsâ’nın ilâhlığını onaylar, onun bâkire Meryem’den doğduğuna inanırlar (ERE , V, 141). Nazarenler, Gentile’den hıristiyan olanları zorunlu tutmaksızın şeriata bağlı kalanlardır. Bazı yorumlara göre Nazarenler’le Ebiyonlar iki ayrı hareket değil aynı hareketin iki ayrı ismidir (Gündüz, s. 98). Yahudi Hıristiyanlığı içindeki diğer bir hareket de “elchasaisme”dir. Bunlar, günahtan arınmanın durmadan yenilenen vaftiz merasimiyle mümkün olduğuna ve şeriatın helâl gördüğü besinlerin su ile temizlendiğine inanmaktadırlar. Tevhid akîdesine, sünnet uygulamasına, ruhban sınıfına, cumartesi ve oruç ibadetine bağlıdırlar. Onlara göre Îsâ, İbrâhimî gelenekteki son peygamberdir. 100 yılında ortaya çıkan bu hareket II. yüzyılda çok gelişmiştir (DBS , IV, 1314; Ries, s. 20). Pavlus teolojisi üzerine kurulan kiliselerce zındıklıkla itham edilen yahudi-hıristiyanlar da kendilerini suçlayanları zındıklıkla itham etmişlerdir.
Ya‘kūb’un ölümü yahudi-hıristiyanların dağılışının ve göçlerinin başlangıcı kabul edilir. Ebiyonlar henüz savaş çıkmadan 66-67 yıllarında Kudüs’ü terkedip Doğu Ürdün’e göç etmişti. Yahudi-hıristiyanlarca Îsâ’dan sonra cemaat başkanı Katolik kilisesince iddia edildiği gibi Petrus değil Îsâ’nın kardeşi Ya‘kūb’dur. Çünkü Petrus, Ya‘kūb’a vaazları ve faaliyetleri hakkında yıllık rapor verirdi. Bu durum Ya‘kūb’un Petrus’un âmiri olduğunu gösterir. Yahudi meclisini takliden kurulan idarî teşkilâtlarına göre bu grubun Ya‘kūb’un başkanlığında yetmiş-yetmiş iki kişilik bir meclisleri vardı ve cemaat işleri burada görüşülürdü. I. Havâriler Konsili’nde de başkanlığı Ya‘kūb yapmıştı. İlk cemaatte Îsâ’nın halefi Petrus veya Pavlus değil Îsâ’nın kardeşi Ya‘kūb’du. Yahudi-hıristiyanlar, Pavlus’un kendini putperestlerin havârisi ilân etmesini de Şam yolundaki vizyonunu da kabul etmezler. Yahudi-hıristiyanlarca Îsâ, Mûsâ tarafından müjdelenen onun gibi bir peygamberdir. Her ikisi de mûcizeler göstermiştir; ancak Îsâ bir peygamber olmaktan öte mesîhtir. Îsâ, Mûsâ şeriatının ıslahatçısı olarak gelmiştir. Kurban kültünü kaldırmıştır. O, şeriatın savunucusudur ve şeriatı ruhuna uygun biçimde uygulamak, kutsal kitaptaki değişiklikleri, vahiy olmayan unsurları temizlemek istemiştir. Îsâ vahye muhatap bir insandır, peygamberdir, ancak ona Tanrı’nın oğlu gibi ulûhiyyet isnat etmek şirktir. Komünyon âyini bir hâtıradan ibarettir. Yahudi-hıristiyanlar Hz. Îsâ’yı peygamber ve mesîh kabul etmek, onun gibi sünnet olmak, şeriata göre yaşamak suretiyle onun gerçek mesajını temsil etmişlerdir ve Hz. Îsâ ile ilgili kabulleri İslâmî inançlarla aynıdır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 184-187 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.