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YAHYÂ b. ÂDEM Skip to content Ebû Zekeriyyâ Yahyâ b. Âdem b. Süleymân el-Kureşî el-Ümevî el-Kûfî (ö. 203/818)
Kitâbü’l-Harâc adlı eseriyle tanınan Kur’an ve hadis âlimi.
Kûfe’de doğdu ve orada yetişti. Yetmiş yaşlarında vefat ettiğine (Zehebî, Maʿrifetü’l-ḳurrâʾ , I, 344; İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, V, 254) ve akranı Kabîsa b. Ukbe’den (d. 136/753 civarı) iki yaş büyük olduğunu bizzat söylediğine göre (Hatîb, XII, 474; Mizzî, XXIII, 484; İbn Hacer, Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , VIII, 348) 133 (750-51) yılında doğmuş olmalıdır. Fars asıllı bir muhaddis olan babası Kureyşli Hâlid b. Hâlid b. Ukbe el-Ümevî’nin mevlâsıdır. Şaşılığından dolayı “el-Ahvel” lakabıyla da anılmıştır. Kaynaklarda hayatının erken dönemleri hakkında yetim kaldığı dışında pek bilgi yoktur. Ebû Bekir b. Ayyâş ve Ali b. Hamza el-Kisâî’den kıraat, Zeydiyye’nin Sâlihiyye kolunun kurucusu Hasan b. Sâlih’ten hadis okudu. Süfyân es-Sevrî, İbn Râhûye, İsrâil b. Yûnus es-Sebîî, Abdullah b. Mübârek, Hammâd b. Seleme, Fudayl b. İyâz, Vekî‘ b. Cerrâh gibi şahsiyetlerden hadis dinledi. Bazı ricâl âlimleri tarafından sika, sadûk, sebt, hüccet ve hadis ilminin önde gelen temsilcisi olarak nitelendirilmiş, Şa‘bî ile kıyaslanmış, ayrıca güvenilir müfessirler arasında sayılmıştır. Ancak birkaç mu‘dal, müdelles ve mürsel rivayeti bulunduğu belirtilmiştir (meselâ bk. Yahyâ b. Maîn, III, 307, 346, 446; Ahmed b. Hanbel, II, 1749).
Yahyâ b. Âdem, Ebû Hanîfe’nin talebesi Ebû Yûsuf’tan fıkıh okuması ve Hasan b. Ziyâd’a övgüler düzmesi (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 258) sebebiyle Hanefîliğe yakınlık duyduğu izlenimi verse, ayrıca Hanbelîler tarafından sahiplenilse de (onun, “Ahmed imamımızdır” dediğine dair rivayet için bk. Hatîb, IV, 417; İbn Ebû Ya‘lâ, II, 520; İbn Hacer, Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , I, 73) herhangi bir mezhebe mensubiyeti bilinmemektedir (bazı Sünnî fıkıh mezheplerine mensubiyetine dair bk. Taxation in Islam I , trc. A. Ben Shemesh, tercüme edenin girişi, s. 2-3; EI , IV, 1150). Çağdaşları Ebû Hanîfe, Mâlik, Şâfiî ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’in mezheplerinin doğuşuna şahit oldu, maiyetiyle beraber hadis halkasına katılan Ahmed b. Hanbel ile müzakereler yaptı. Kitâbü’l-Ḫarâc ’ında İmam Mâlik, Ebû Hanîfe ve Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî’nin bazı ictihad ve rivayetlerine yer vermiş (s. 25, 30, 44, 47, 111, 112, 145, 160, 164, 172), ismini anmadan Ebû Hanîfe’nin bazı fikirlerine karşı çıkmış (s. 18, 29, 31, 89, 113, 167), en azından bir defa Mâlik’in görüşüne açıkça muhalefet etmiştir. Abdullah b. İdrîs ile nebîzin helâlliğine dair tartışmasında uyguladığı delil getirme yöntemi onun cedelci yönünü yansıtır (Ebü’l-Kāsım ez-Zeccâcî, s. 137).
Telif çalışmaları yanında tedris faaliyetlerini de sürdüren Yahyâ b. Âdem, Ahmed b. Hanbel, İbn Râhûye, Ali b. Medînî, Ebü’l-Hasan İbn Ebû Şeybe, Ebû Bekir İbn Ebû Şeybe, Yahyâ b. Maîn, Abd b. Humeyd, Halef b. Hişâm, Ahmed İbnü’l-Furât, İbnü’s-Selcî, Ebü’l-Hasan el-İclî, Müsnedî ve Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî gibi önemli şahsiyetlere rivayette bulunup ders verdi. Ayrıca Bağdat’a giderek ilim alış verişinde bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır (Zehebî, Târîḫu’l-İslâm , s. 223). Yahyâ, 203 yılının Rebîülevvel ayı (Eylül 818) ortalarında Dicle’nin Vâsıt yakınlarındaki kıyı kasabası Femüssılh’ta vefat etti. Vefat tarihiyle ilgili olarak aynı yılın rebîülâhir ayı ve 210 (825) yılı da verilmiştir. İbn Kuteybe’nin kaydettiği 103 yılı (721) (el-Maʿârif , s. 516) istinsah veya baskı hatası olmalıdır. Künyesinden ve kendisinden yapılan rivayetlerin senedlerinden hareketle Zekeriyyâ Hasan adlı iki oğlunun bulunduğu söylenir. Zehebî Yahyâ b. Âdem’i Şâfiî ve Affân b. Müslim ile birlikte devrinin otoriteleri arasında zikreder ve büyük müctehidlerden sayar.
Eserleri. Yahyâ b. Âdem’in günümüze ulaştığı bilinen tek eseri Kitâbü’l-Ḫarâc ’dır. II. (VIII.) yüzyılda İslâm kamu maliyesi düşüncesinin ortaya konmasında önemli bir yeri olan eser muhteva ve yaklaşımından hareketle değerlendirildiğinde iktisat düşüncesindeki “hadisçi” geleneğin eldeki ilk örneği olduğu görülür. Eserin yüzyıllar boyunca güçlü vezirler ve aralarında kadınların da bulunduğu (bir örnek için bk. İbn Hacer, el-Muʿcemü’l-müfehres , s. 81) meşhur ulemâ tarafından okunduğunu gösteren icâzetnâmeler muhtelif nesillerden âlimler nazarındaki öneminin bir işaretidir. Büveyhî Veziri Ebü’l-Kāsım Ali b. Tırâd ez-Zeynebî el-Abbâsî, Kādiriyye tarikatının kurucusunun oğlu Abdürrezzâk b. Abdülkādir el-Geylânî ve seçkin Hanbelî fakihi Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye bu icâzetnâmelerde ismi geçen şahsiyetler arasındadır (Taxation in Islam I , trc. A. Ben Shemesh, Goitein’in önsözü, s. IX-X; icâzetnâmeler için ayrıca bk. a.g.e. , s. 17-20, 139-172; G. Vajda, “Quelques certificats de lecture dans les manuscrits arabes de la Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris. I. La transmission du Kitāb al-Parağ de Yaḥyā b. Ādam”, Arabica , I [Leiden 1954], s. 337-342).
Muhtevası haraç kelimesinin teknik anlamdaki karşılığı olan “toprak vergisi”ne münhasır kalmayan eser genelde fetihler sonrası toprak hukuku, tarımsal yapı, vergi düzeni, devlet gelirleri, kamu harcamaları, zimmîlerin hukukî durumu ve kamu maliyesine ilişkin konulara dair hadisleri yeniden derlemekte, öncelikle ilgili küllî kaideleri özlü biçimde ortaya koymaktadır. Kitap farklı temalara göre gevşek bir tertibe sahip dört cüzden meydana gelmektedir. Birinci cüzde ganimet, fey, haraç, cizye, madenler, deniz ürünleri, değerli taşlar ve definelerden alınan vergiler, öşür, vergi oranları, bunların değişip değişemeyeceği, ödeme gücü ilkesi, çifte vergilendirme, vergi indirimi veya muafiyetleri gibi meseleler, haraç ve öşür arazilerinin statüsüne, özellikle bunların birbirine dönüştürülmesinin, temelde de harâcî toprakların müslümanlarca satın alınmasının hükmüne ilişkin konularla birlikte incelenmektedir. İkinci cüzde silâhla veya barış yoluyla fethedilen toprakların konumu, barış antlaşması şartlarının bağlayıcılığı, sivillerin dokunulmazlığı gibi savaş ahkâmı, haraç arazilerinin müslümanlarca satın alınmasına dair yasak, kamu topraklarının sınıfları, mukaveleden doğan özel statülü hıristiyan kabilesi Benî Tağlib’in, diğer zimmîlerin ve harbîlerin vergilendirilmesi gibi meseleler ele alınmaktadır. Üçüncü cüzde (özellikle ödeme gücü ilkesi bağlamında) haraç ve cizye oranları, iktâ, tarım ve bahçeciliğin önemi, ölü toprakların tahciri (çitleme) ve ihyası, çevrilip de işlenemeyen âtıl arazilerin geri alınması, özel mülkiyet altındaki toprakların üzerinde izinsiz bina veya ekim dikim yapılarak işgali ve nihayet tarım ürünlerinden alınan öşür ve yarım öşür hakkında bilgi verilmektedir. Dördüncü cüz sadaka, zekâtı kaçırma yasağı, zekâta tâbi mallar, nisab miktarı, çifte vergilendirme (haraç + öşür), öşür vb. konulara dairdir. Bu cüzde ölçü ve tartılara da üç bölüm ayrılmıştır.
Eser, ihtiva ettiği konular bakımından Ortadoğu yönetimleri ve halkları için hâlâ önemini korumakta, bölgenin toplumsal tarihini ve örgütlenmelerini, hukukî ve iktisadî düzenlerini, ziraî yapılarını araştıranlar için özel bir değer taşımaktadır. İslâm’ın ilk iki yüzyılında canlı bir adlî icraat ruhunun ve yapıcı hukuk düşüncesinin geliştiğini ilham eden Kitâbü’l-Ḫarâc (Taxation in Islam I , trc. A. Ben Shemesh, Goitein’in önsözü, s. IX), sadece İslâm’ın ilk yüzyıllarındaki ekonomik örgütlenme modeli açısından değil toplumsal kavramlar yönünden de vazgeçilmez bir kaynaktır. Müellif genellikle kavramsal açıklamalara yer vermekte, tereddütlü noktalara değinmekte ve muğlak terimleri açıklamaktadır (meselâ bk. s. 72, 87, 107, 122, 123, 128, 146, 170). Hadisler yanında fıkhî kaideleri, menkıbeleri ve hikmetli sözleri derleyen eser, halka kendileri için bol gelir sağlayacak ve İslâm ümmetinin içtimaî-siyasî âhengi için yeterli malî ve fikrî sermayeyi temin edecek gücü veren değerler konusunda ıslahat iddiasıyla iktidara gelen Abbâsî idarecilerine, devlet erkânına, yasama erkine ve müminlere telkinlerde bulunmayı hedefleyen bir kamu maliyesi ilmihali özelliğindedir. İyi incelenmesi halinde eserin Grek felsefesinin İslâm literatürüne nüfuzundan önceki İslâm düşüncesi açısından önemi anlaşılacaktır (a.g.e. , Goitein’in önsözü, s. IX). Diğer kamu maliyesi risâlelerininkinden farklı bir mahiyete sahip olan kitap Ebû Yûsuf’un eserinin aksine düzenin aksaklıklarına ve bunların çarelerine değinmemektedir. Ancak Yahyâ’nın eseri, Hz. Peygamber’in hadisleri ve sahâbe kavilleriyle tâbiînin ictihadları yönünden Ebû Yûsuf’un eserinden daha zengindir. Dolayısıyla Joseph Schacht’ın (F. Pfaff’ı izleyen), “Yahyâ’nın Kitâbü’l-Ḫarâc ’ı Ebû Yûsuf’un hadislere büyük önem veren aynı adlı eserine muhaliftir…” şeklindeki iddiası (EI , IV, 1150) mesnetsizdir. Bu hususta Ben Shemesh’in, Yahyâ’nın hadis mecmuasının Ebû Yûsuf’un eserini yalanlamak yerine tamamladığına dair tesbiti (Taxation in Islam I , trc. A. Ben Shemesh, tercüme edenin girişi, s. 17) daha isabetlidir. Yahyâ b. Âdem, rejimin teknik veya idarî verimliliğinin gereklerinin izahından çok siyasî-ahlâkî düsturların beyanıyla ilgili görünmektedir. Onun düşünce kalıplarını İslâm’ın geniş ölçüde naslarla kayıtlı içtimaî, siyasî ve iktisadî kaideleri şekillendirmektedir. Bu sebeple Ben Shemesh’in “Yahyâ’nın bu derlemedeki sorumluluğu sınırlıdır” şeklindeki iddiası (a.g.e. , s. 14) J. Schacht’ın ifadesiyle “aşırı derecede bayağı”dır; çünkü bu, her hadis derlemesine aynı geçerlilik veya geçersizlik derecesinde uygulanabilecek bir mülâhazadır (Bibliotheca Orientalis , XVII/1-2 [1960], s. 118). Ben Shemesh’in şu mülâhazası da isabetsizdir: “Diğer yazarların Yahyâ’nın sistemini izlemesi ihtimal dahilinde değildir, çünkü o değişime yahut yaratıcı çalışmaya imkân bırakmamaktadır. Yahyâ tarafından bir kere derlenen hadisler artık zamanla değişen idare ve vergi şekilleriyle birlikte yenilenemez” (Taxation in Islam I , tercüme edenin girişi, s. 6-7). Zira bu iddia, meselâ Yahyâ’nın sistemini izleyen Ebû Ubeyd’in Kitâbü’l-Emvâl ’inde daha çok sayıda hadise ve nisbeten yüksek derecede fıkhî münazaraya yer verdiği, onun talebesi İbn Zencûye’nin de sınırlı çapta dahi olsa aynı şeyi yaptığı gerçeğiyle çelişmektedir.
Kitâbü’l-Ḫarâc ’ın yapı ve usulüne gelince ana kaynakları Kur’an ve Sünnet’tir. Her babda ilgili âyetler, hadisler, sahâbe ve tâbiîn sözleri yanında fukahanın görüşleri aktarılmaktadır. Ancak bir dizi hadisin yorumsuz olarak derlendiği bablar da vardır. Sahâbe ve tâbiîn kavli sünnet hükmündedir, fakat nasla çelişince kural gereği terkedilir. Diğer yandan Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn’in ictihadları diğerlerine tercih edilir (meselâ bk. s. 155). Hadis ilminin bir sisteme kavuştuğu devrin muhaddislerinden olan Yahyâ hadisleri isnadlarıyla birlikte nakletmektedir. Rivayetlerin sıhhatini incelemekte, gerektikçe sened tenkitleri yapmaktadır. Buna karşılık isnadında müphem râvilerin bulunduğu hadislere de yer vermektedir. Bazan hadis metinlerinde ihtisara gitmekte veya senedlerini hazfederek lafzan değil mânen aktarmaktadır. Bazı mezhep imamlarının görüşlerine yer verip gerektiğinde onları eleştirmekte, bazan da aleyhlerinde deliller sunarken kimliklerini özellikle belirtmediği fakihlerin görüşlerinden de alıntı yapmaktadır. Tercihini belli kalıplarla ifade eden müellif okuyucuya kendisinin veya arkadaşlarının görüşlerini dayatmamaktadır. Bu veriler ışığında, A. Ben Shemesh’in, “Yahyâ’nın devrin ihtilâflarına ve münakaşalarına katıldığını gösteren hiçbir şey yoktur” şeklindeki iddiası ifrata kaçmakta, “Yahyâ’nın … hadisleri devrin ruhunu ve ihtilâflarını kavramamızı sağlamaktadır” sözü gerçeği teslim etmektedir (Taxation in Islam I , trc. A. Ben Shemesh, tercüme edenin girişi, s. 2, 17). Çoğunluğu hadislerden müteşekkil bir mecmua olmasına rağmen Kitâbü’l-Ḫarâc Hz. Peygamber’den sonraki hükümet politikaları, özellikle de vergi sisteminin temellerinin atıldığı Hz. Ömer devriyle zaman içinde bozulan düzenin İslâm’ın ruhuna uygun şekilde yeniden yapılandırıldığı kısa ömürlü, fakat bereketli Ömer b. Abdülazîz döneminin uygulamaları üzerinde odaklaşan kayda değer bilgiler içermektedir. Müellifin devlet başkanının nüfuzunun sınırlarına, arazi ahkâmına, vergilendirme ilkelerine ve bedevî-hadarî ikilemine dair görüşleri birer esin kaynağıdır. Yahyâ ehl-i hadîsin temsilcisi, dolayısıyla İslâmî akîde ve değerlerin sözcüsü sıfatıyla naslara, onların ilk müslümanlarca yapılmış ilmî yorumlarına ve Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn’in politikalarına sarılmış, bu sebeple salt iktisat bilimi, özellikle de uygulamalı ekonomi açısından özgün sayılabilecek analitik pratik sonuçlara her zaman ulaşamamıştır. Böylece, II. (VIII.) yüzyılın sonlarındaki maliye siyaset ve teşkilâtının ana esaslarını ıslah etmek suretiyle iktisadî düzenin Kur’an ve Sünnet temelleri üzerinde yeniden ihyasını salık vererek geleneksel değerlerin savunuculuğunu yapmıştır. Vergi, arazi, idare ve devletler hukukuna dair çeşitli konuları aydınlatan Kitâbü’l-Ḫarâc bu yönüyle İslâm’ın ilk iki yüzyılındaki normatif iktisat düşüncesinin kayda değer bir kaynağı olup muhtelif âlimlerce incelenmiş ve kamu maliyesine ilişkin hususlarda iktibas edilmiştir (Yahyâ b. Âdem’in bazı iktisadî görüşleriyle ilgili değerlendirmeler için bk. Kallek, s. 111-120).
Eser, ilk önce Th. W. Juynboll tarafından Bibliothèque Nationale’de kayıtlı (A. nr. 6030) yazmaya dayanılarak tahkik edilmiş ve Fransızca’ya çevrilmiştir (Le livre de l’impôt foncier de Yaḥyā ibn Ādam , Leiden 1896). Daha sonra F. Pfaff eseri doktora tezinde (Historisch-kritische Untersuchungen zu dem Grundsteuerbuch des Jahjā ibn Ādam , Berlin 1917) eleştirel bir gözle incelemiştir. Ardından Ahmed Muhammed Şâkir tarafından Arapça metin Juynboll neşri esas alınıp giriş, açıklamalar ve dizinler eklenmek ve bazı küçük düzeltmeler yapılmak suretiyle Kitâbü’l-Ḫarâc (Kahire 1347, 1352, 1384/1964; Lahore 1975; Beyrut 1399/1979) ve Mevsûʿatü’l-Ḫarâc (Beyrut 1399/1979) başlıklı üçlü bir derlemenin ikinci kitabı olarak yayımlanmıştır. Müstakil de basılan Ahmed M. Şâkir neşrini (Kahire 1384) A. Ben Shemesh doktora tezi çerçevesinde giriş, küllî kaidelere dair liste, lugatçe, şahıs ve yer isimleri dizini, hadislere ilişkin bazı açıklamalar ve icâzetnâmelerden seçmelerle İngilizce’ye çevirmiştir (bk. bibl.). Bunun ilk baskısı J. Schacht tarafından tenkit edilmiş (bk. bibl.), daha sonra kitabın eleştiriler ışığında gözden geçirilmiş yeni baskısı yapılmış (Leiden 1967), bu baskıyı da Ugi Suharto eleştirmiştir (“A. Ben Shemesh’s Introductions in Taxation in Islam: Comments on His Sources and Interpretation”, al-Shajarah , III/1 [Kuala Lumpur 1998], s. 35-55). Son olarak Kitâbü’l-Ḫarâc ’ı birer önsözle birlikte Hüseyin Mûnis (Kahire-Beyrut 1987) ve Fazl Şelak (Fi’t-Türâsi’l-İktiṣâdi’l-İslâmî içinde, Beyrut 1990) neşretmiştir. Osman Eskicioğlu Kitâbü’l-Ḫarâc ’ı Yahyâ’nın biyografisine, eserine ve İslâmî vergilere dair uzun bir önsözle birlikte Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir (İslam Hukukunda Vergiler: Yahyâ b. Âdem ve Kitâbü’l-Harâc’ı , İzmir 1996). Alevî Sekkāf’ın yaptığı Fehârisü’l-eḥâdîs̱: el-Emvâl li-Ḥumeyd b. Zencûye ve’l-Ḫarâc li-Yaḥyâ b. Âdem el-Ḳureşî ve’l-Ḫarâc li-Ebî Yûsuf Ṣâḥibi Ebî Ḥanîfe adlı çalışma (Riyad 1410) -isminden anlaşıldığı üzere- Yahyâ’nın bu eserinin de aralarında bulunduğu üç kitabın içerdiği hadislerin dizinidir. Mûcibullah Nedvî (Mujibullah Nadvi) Kitâbü’l-Ḫarâc ’ın muhtevasını Urduca konuşan halklara tanıtıcı bir makale yazmıştır (“Yaḥyâ b. Âdem ôr unkî Kitâbü’l-Ḫarâc”, Maʿârif , LXIV/4 [A‘zamgarh 1949], s. 293-300; LXIV/5 [1949], s. 367-375).
Yahyâ b. Âdem’in günümüze ulaşıp ulaşmadığı bilinmeyen diğer eserleri de şunlardır: Kitâbü’l-Ferâʾiż (Yahyâ b. Maîn, ferâiz konularına dair karmaşık meseleleri bile kısa zamanda çözebilen İbn Âdem’den daha hâkim kimse görmediğini belirtmektedir), Kitâbü’l-Ḳırâʾât (Yahyâ’nın kırk yıl boyunca Ebû Bekir b. Ayyâş’ın muhtelif kıraatlere ilişkin rivayetlerini kaydederek hazırladığı eser Âsım b. Behdele’nin kıraati hakkındaki ana yazılı kaynaktır), Kitâbü Mücerredi aḥkâmi’l-Ḳurʾân , Kitâbü’z-Zevâl. Ebû Muhammed Hibetullah b. Ahmed İbn Tâvûs ed-Dımaşkī’nin (ö. 536/1141) Ebû Bekir b. Ayyâş’ın Âsım’dan yaptığı rivayetleri nakleden Yahyâ b. Âdem ile Yahyâ b. Muhammed el-Uleymî’nin birbirinden ayrıldıkları noktalara ilişkin Cüzʾ fîhi ḫilâf beyne Yaḥyâ b. Âdem ve’l-ʿUleymî el-Enṣârî adlı risâlesi Ammâr Emîn ed-Düdû tarafından neşredilmiştir (el-Aḥmediyye , XV [Dübey 1424/2003], s. 305-362).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Yahyâ b. Âdem, Kitâbü’l-Ḫarâc (nşr. Ahmed M. Şâkir), Beyrut 1399/1979.
a.mlf., Taxation in Islam I (trc. A. Ben Shemesh), Leiden 1958, Goitein’in önsözü, s. IX-X, tercüme edenin girişi, s. 2-3, 6-7, 14, 17.
İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , VI, 335, 402.
Yahyâ b. Maîn, et-Târîḫ , II, 639-640; III, 307, 346, 442, 446, 503; IV, 20.
Ali b. Medînî, el-ʿİlel (Kal‘acî) , s. 40.
Ahmed b. Hanbel, el-ʿİlel (Vasiyyullah) , II, 1601, 1749; III, 4730.
Buhârî, et-Târîḫu’l-kebîr , VIII, 261-262.
İclî, es̱-S̱iḳāt , s. 468.
İbn Kuteybe, el-Maʿârif (Ukkâşe) , s. 287, 516.
İbn Ebû Hâtim, el-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl , IX, 128-129.
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İbn Hibbân, es̱-S̱iḳāt , IX, 252.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist , s. 38, 41, 258, 283.
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İbn Ebû Ya‘lâ, Ṭabaḳātü’l-Ḥanâbile (nşr. Abdurrahman b. Süleyman el-Useymîn), Riyad 1419/1999, II, 520-521.
Nevevî, Tehẕîbü’l-esmâʾ ve’l-luġāt: el-Esmâʾ (nşr. Ali M. Muavvaz – Âdil Ahmed Abdülmevcûd), Beyrut 1426/2005, s. 637.
Mizzî, Tehẕîbü’l-Kemâl , II, 380; XXIII, 484, 485; XXXI, 188-192.
İbn Abdülhâdî, ʿUlemâʾü’l-ḥadîs̱ , I, 514-515.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , IX, 522-529; XI, 189.
a.mlf., Maʿrifetü’l-ḳurrâʾ (Altıkulaç), I, 342-344.
a.mlf., Târîḫu’l-İslâm: sene 251-260 , s. 223.
İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, Mesâlikü’l-ebṣâr (nşr. M. Acâc el-Hatîb v.dğr.), Ebûzabî 1425/2004, V, 252-254.
İbnü’l-Cezerî, Ġāyetü’n-Nihâye , II, 363-364.
İbn Hacer, Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , I, 73; VIII, 348; XI, 175-176.
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Ebü’l-Yümn el-Uleymî, el-Menhecü’l-aḥmed (nşr. Abdülkādir el-Arnaût v.dğr.), Beyrut 1997, I, 139-140.
Dâvûdî, Ṭabaḳātü’l-müfessirîn , II, 360-361.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 192-193; Suppl. , I, 308.
Cengiz Kallek, İslâm İktisat Düşüncesi Tarihi: Harâc ve Emvâl Kitapları , İstanbul 2004, s. 103-120.
Mohd. Khalidi, “Taxation in Islam: Yahya Ben (?) Adam’s Kitab-al-Kharaj by A. Ben Shemesh”, IC , XXXIII/2 (1959), s. 142-143.
J. Schacht, “A. Ben Shemesh, Taxation in Islam. Volume I: Yaḥyā ben Ādam’s Kitāb al Kharāj”, Bibliotheca Orientalis , XVII/1-2, Leiden 1960, s. 117-118.
a.mlf., “Yaḥyā b. Ādam”, EI , IV, 1150.
M. J. Kister, “The Social and Political Implications of Three Traditions in the Kitāb al-Kharādj of Yahyā b. Adam”, JESHO , III/3 (1960), s. 326-334.
W. Schmucker, “Yaḥyā b. Ādam”, EI2 (İng.) , XI, 243-245.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 234-237 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.