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YAHYÂ b. HÂLİD el-BERMEKÎ Skip to content Ebû Alî (Ebü’l-Fazl) Yahyâ b. Hâlid el-Bermekî (ö. 190/805)
Abbâsî veziri.
Abbâsî bürokrasisinde Bermekî ailesinin ilk temsilcisi olan Hâlid b. Bermek’in oğludur. Vefat ettiğinde altmış dört-yetmiş veya yetmiş dört yaşlarında bulunduğuna dair rivayetlerden 116-126 (734-743) arasında doğduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Gençlik yıllarında Rey, Taberistan ve Demâvend valiliği yapan babası Hâlid tarafından Rey’de görevlendirildi; bu esnada Rey’e gönderilen Halife Ebû Ca‘fer el-Mansûr’un oğlu Muhammed el-Mehdî’nin hizmetinde bulundu. Burada oğlu Fazl’ın doğumundan kısa bir süre sonra Mehdî’nin oğlu Hârûn dünyaya geldi (149/766). Yahyâ’nın hanımı Zübeyde Hârûn’u, Mehdî’nin ümmüveledi Hayzürân da Fazl’ı emzirdi. Kurulan süt akrabalığı Yahyâ’yı Halife Mansûr’a ve ailesine daha çok yaklaştırdı (Cehşiyârî, s. 136). Bununla birlikte Halife Mansûr bilinmeyen bir sebeple Hâlid’i valilikten azletti, ayrıca 2.700.000 dirhem para cezasına çarptırdı. Yahyâ, Hayzürân’dan ve babasının dostlarından topladığı paralarla bu miktarı ödedi. Daha sonra affedilen Hâlid Musul, Yahyâ ise Azerbaycan valiliğine tayin edildi (158/774-75).
161 (778) yılında Yahyâ yeni halife Mehdî-Billâh tarafından oğlu Hârûn’un hocalığı ve kâtipliğiyle görevlendirildi. Böylece Hârûnürreşîd’in baba diye hitap ettiği Yahyâ ile beraberliği ve Yahyâ’nın Abbâsî siyasetinde etkin biçimde rol oynama dönemi başlamış oldu. Hârûn 163 (780) yılında Bizans üzerine sefere gönderildiğinde Yahyâ onunla birlikte gitti ve ordunun levazım işlerini yürüttü. Aynı yıl içinde Azerbaycan ve İrmîniye dahil batı eyaletlerinin valiliğine tayin edilen Hârûn, Yahyâ’yı Dîvânü’r-resâil’in başına getirdi. Bölgeyi 166’da (782-83) babası tarafından kendisine “Reşîd” lakabı verilerek kardeşi Mûsâ el-Hâdî’den sonra ikinci veliaht ilân edilen Hârûn adına yöneten Yahyâ, Mehdî-Billâh’ın ölümüne kadar bu görevde kaldı ve Mehdî’nin ölümü üzerine ortaya çıkan karışıklıkların yatıştırılmasında önemli rol oynadı. Mehdî, Mâsebezân’da vefat ettiği sırada (169/785) Hârûnürreşîd ve Yahyâ onun yanında bulunuyordu. Yahyâ, Hârûnürreşîd’e bir kargaşaya meydan vermeden orduyu Bağdat’a götürmesini ve Cürcân’daki ağabeyi Mûsâ el-Hâdî için biat almasını tavsiye etti. Hârûnürreşîd de her tarafa babasının ölümünü ve kardeşi Mûsâ el-Hâdî’ye biat edildiğini bildiren mektuplar göndererek devlet içinde muhtemel bir karışıklığı önledi. Ayrıca Mûsâ ve Hârûn’un annesi Hayzürân’ın isteğiyle Bağdat’ta bazı ileri gelenlerin evlerini ateşe veren askerlerin maaşlarını ödeyip olayları önledi; bu sırada Cürcân’da bulunan yeni halife Mûsâ el-Hâdî’nin acele Bağdat’a gelmesini sağladı.
Yahyâ’nın hizmetlerinden memnun kalan Mûsâ el-Hâdî onun Hârûnürreşîd’in yanında görevine devam etmesine izin verdi, bununla birlikte Hârûnürreşîd’e yakınlığından rahatsız oluyordu. Bir süre sonra Hârûnürreşîd’in yerine küçük oğlu Ca‘fer’i veliaht yapmak istediğinde Yahyâ, bir taraftan hilâfetin ellerinden çıkma tehlikesinin ortaya çıkabileceğini söyleyerek Hâdî’yi oğlu bulûğ çağına erişinceye kadar beklemesi için iknaya çalıştı; diğer taraftan kardeşinin baskısı yüzünden veliahtlıktan çekilmeyi düşünen Hârûnürreşîd’i bu kararından vazgeçirdi ve ava çıkma bahanesiyle bir süre merkezden uzaklaştırdı. Hayzürân da Yahyâ’yı destekleyince düşüncesini gerçekleştiremeyen Hâdî’nin Yahyâ’ya karşı tepkisi arttı ve sonunda onu tutuklattı. Yahyâ’nın hapisten, kendisini öldürtmek isteyen halifenin ansızın ölümü üzerine kurtulduğu söylenmektedir. Bazı rivayetlere göre Hâdî kardeşi Hârûnürreşîd’i de ortadan kaldırmaya niyetlenmişti.
Mûsâ el-Hâdî’nin ölümünün (170/786) ardından halifelik makamına geçen Hârûnürreşîd önce Yahyâ’yı hapisten çıkarıp geniş yetkilerle vezir tayin etti. Halifeliği onun aldığı tedbirler sayesinde elde ettiğini belirterek kendisine tam yetki verdiğini açıkladı. Bermekîler’in nüfuz dönemini başlatan bu tayinle Dîvânü’l-hâtem dışında bütün divanlar Yahyâ’ya bağlandı. Ebü’l-Abbas Fazl b. Süleyman et-Tûsî ölünce (171/787-88) Dîvânü’l-hâtem de onun emrine verildi ve iki vezirlik uhdesinde toplandı (Taberî, VIII, 235). Ancak kısa bir süre sonra Dîvânü’l-hâtem Yahyâ’nın oğlu Ca‘fer’in idaresine bırakıldı. 173’te (789) bu divanın başına Fazl b. Rebî‘ getirildiyse de 178’de (794) tekrar Yahyâ’nın emrine verildi. 181 (797) yılında bu görevi iade ederek hacca giden Yahyâ ertesi yıl Bağdat’a döndü. Hârûnürreşîd 186’da (802) Yahyâ ile birlikte hacca gitti. Halifenin oğulları Emîn ve Me’mûn ile beraber Fazl ve Ca‘fer de bu kafileye katıldı. Dönüşte Enbâr yakınlarındaki konaklama yerinde halife görünürde bir sebep yokken âniden Bermekîler’in bertaraf edilmesine karar verdi. Yahyâ’nın oğlu Ca‘fer idam edildi; kendisi ve diğer oğlu Fazl tutuklandı, ailenin bütün serveti müsadere edildi (Bermekîler’in cezalandırılma sebepleri hakkında bk. DİA , V, 519). Hârûnürreşîd’in halifeliğinin son altı yılında Yahyâ ile oğullarının yokluğunu daima hissettiği, Yahyâ el-Bermekî’ye hapiste iken bile akıl danıştığı bildirilmektedir. Oğlu Fazl ile birlikte Rakka’da yaklaşık üç yıl hapiste kalan Yahyâ 3 Muharrem 190 (29 Kasım 805) tarihinde vefat etti ve Fırat nehri kıyısında Rabazuherseme denilen yerde defnedildi (Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, XVI, 199).
Yahyâ’nın on yedi yıl süren vezirliği Bermekî ailesi için tam bir saltanat dönemi olmuştur. Bununla bilikte Yahyâ vezirliğinin ilk üç yılında yaptığı bütün işleri halifenin annesi Hayzürân’ın onayına sunar, devlet işlerini onun tâlimatıyla yürütürdü. Hayzürân’ın ölümünden (173/789) sonra yönetim tek başına Yahyâ’nın eline geçmiş, merkezde ve eyaletlerde önemli görevler üstlenen oğulları Ca‘fer ve Fazl ile birlikte idarede mutlak söz sahibi haline gelmiştir. Her gün oğulları ile birlikte halkın şikâyetlerini dinler, devlet işlerini görüşüp karara bağlardı. Tayin ve azillerde tek yetkili kılınmasının yanı sıra önceleri sadece halifelerin imzasıyla yürürlüğe giren Dîvânü’l-harâc yazıları da artık onun imzasıyla çıkıyordu. Devletin maliyesi, bu arada halife sarayının harcamaları üzerinde bile tam bir tasarrufa sahipti (Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb , III, 377, 386). Yahyâ’nın iki oğlu babalarına yardım eder, merkez ve eyaletlerde önemli görevler üstlenirdi. Fazl doğu, Ca‘fer de batı eyaletlerine vali tayin edilmiş, devletin taşra idaresi ikisi arasında bölüştürülmüştü. Yahyâ valilerin tayininde de halifeye tavsiyelerde bulunabilirdi.
Yahyâ b. Hâlid’in vezirlik yaptığı yıllar Abbâsî hilâfetinin en parlak dönemi kabul edilmektedir (Taberî, VIII, 212; Mes‘ûdî, et-Tenbîh ve’l-işrâf , s. 315). Bu başarıda onun sosyal, ekonomik, bilimsel ve kültürel hayata katkıları önemli yer tutar. Vezirliğe gelince Irak ve Şam gelirlerinden bir kısmını Haremeyn halkına, misafir olarak orada bulunanlara ve ilimle uğraşanlara dağıtmış, yetimler için bakım evleri açtırmıştır (Cehşiyârî, s. 177). Yahyâ’nın vezirliği döneminde Bağdat’ta Bermekî Hastahanesi adıyla bir hastahane açılmışsa da gözden düşmesinden kısa bir süre sonra hastahanenin hizmete devam edemediği anlaşılmaktadır (Öztürk, s. 149). Bâbüşşemmâsiyye’de yer alan görkemli Kasrü’t-tîn onun tarafından inşa ettirilmiş, Seyhan ve Kātûl nehirleri ıslah edilerek bölgelerde tarım ve ulaşımın canlanması sağlanmıştır. Abbâsîler’in ilk yıllarında ihmale uğrayan berîd teşkilâtının Emevîler dönemindeki üstün seviyesine çıkması da onun sayesinde gerçekleşmiştir (DİA , V, 499). Bağdat’ın doğusunda Sûkuyahyâ ismindeki yerin Hârûnürreşîd tarafından Yahyâ b. Hâlid’e iktâ edildiği ve daha sonra ona nisbetle anıldığı belirtilmektedir (Yâkūt, III, 284-285). Bermekî ailesi siyasî güçle birlikte büyük bir malî güce de sahipti. Merkezdeki sarayları dışında özellikle Basra bölgesinde geniş arazileri vardı. Zenginlikleri herkesi kıskandıracak bir seviyeye ulaşmıştı.
Öte yandan Yahyâ ve oğulları kültür alanında da önemli hizmetler yapmış, İslâm dünyasında fikrî ve ilmî gelişmeye katkıda bulunmuştur. İlm-i nücûm başta olmak üzere dinî, felsefî ilimlerle müsbet ilimlerde geniş birikime ve zengin bir kütüphaneye sahip olan Yahyâ b. Hâlid ilim ve sanat ehlini himaye etmiş, sarayında kendisinin de katıldığı ilmî ve edebî toplantılar yapılmıştır. Meşhur tabip II. Buhtîşû‘ b. Curcîs ve dil âlimi Sîbeveyhi onun himayesiyle Bağdat’a gelmiştir. Ayrıca Yunan, Hint ve Fars kültürüne ait kitapların Arapça’ya tercüme edilmesi için çalışmış, Batlamyus’un el-Mecisṭî ’si ve Hintçe yazılmış Susrata adlı tıp kitabı onun isteği üzerine Arapça’ya çevrilmiştir. Yine bir kişiyi görevlendirerek Hindistan’ın içtimaî ve dinî hayatı hakkında ilk defa bir rapor hazırlatmış, bu rapor dönemin müelliflerinin istifadesine sunulmuştur (DİA , XVIII, 74-75). Kelîle ve Dimne adlı eser de onun isteğiyle Ebân b. Abdülhamîd tarafından manzum hale getirilmiştir (Cehşiyârî, s. 211). Yahyâ ve oğullarının cömertliği darbımesel haline gelmiştir. Resmî yazıların başına ilk defa salât ve selâm cümlesini ilâve ettiren Yahyâ, peygamberlerin faziletine dair bir risâle kaleme almıştır (a.g.e. , s. 177). Ebû Yûsuf el-Cevâmiʿ i (el-Câmiʿ , Câmiʿu’l-Berâmike ) onun için telif etmiştir (DİA , XXXII, 279). Yahyâ b. Hâlid ile ailenin diğer fertlerinin küfür ve zındıklıkla itham edildiğine dair rivayetler onlara karşı beslenen düşmanlığın bir sonucu olmalıdır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., ʿUyûnü’l-aḫbâr , I, 24-25, 51.
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İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , bk. İndeks.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 251-253 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.