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YAHYÂ b. MAÎN Skip to content Ebû Zekeriyyâ Yahyâ b. Maîn b. Avn el-Mürrî el-Bağdâdî (ö. 233/848)
Tasnif dönemi hadis ve ricâl âlimi.
158’de (775) Bağdat yakınlarındaki Enbâr’ın Nikyâ köyünde doğdu. Ataları Serahs şehrindendir. Dedesi, Horasan Valisi Cüneyd el-Mürrî’nin âzatlısıdır ve bu sebeple Mürrî nisbesiyle anılmıştır. Bağdat’ta ve yakın çevresindeki ilk eğitiminden sonra on sekiz yaşında Kûfe’ye gitti. Ardından Basra, Rusâfe, Mekke, Medine, Horasan, Yemen, Rey, Vâsıt, Nehrevan, Harran, Remle, Misis (Masîsa), Mısır, Şam, Humus ve San‘a’ya ilmî seyahatler yaptı. Yirmi yaşından itibaren birçok defa Hicaz’a gidip geldi. Rey’in vergisini (haraç) toplamakla görevlendirilen babasının maddî durumu sayesinde hayatı boyunca ilimle uğraştı ve otuzlu yaşlarına kadar babasının desteğiyle seyahatlerini sürdürdü. Babasından miras kalan yaklaşık 1.000.000 dirhemin tamamını hadis tahsili için harcadı (Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, Târîḫu Baġdâd , XIV, 178). Yahyâ b. Maîn, hadis ve ricâl bilgisini kendisine borçlu olduğunu söylediği (a.g.e. , VIII, 125) Muzaffer b. Müdrik el-Horasânî’nin yanı sıra Ebû Seleme Mansûr b. Seleme ve Ebû Sehl Heysem b. Cemîl’den ders okudu. Abdullah b. Mübârek, Vekî‘ b. Cerrâh, Hişâm b. Yûsuf, Gunder, Süfyân b. Uyeyne, Abdurrahman b. Mehdî, Yahyâ b. Saîd el-Kattân, Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî, Ebû Müshir, Affân b. Müslim ve Ebû Nuaym Fazl b. Dükeyn çok istifade ettiği diğer hocalarıdır. Öğrencileri arasında Buhârî, Müslim b. Haccâc, Ebû Dâvûd es-Sicistânî, Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî, Ebû Zür‘a er-Râzî, Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Mevsılî, akranlarından Ahmed b. Hanbel, İbn Sa‘d, Ebû Hayseme Züheyr b. Harb gibi isimler yer almaktadır. Abbas b. Muhammed ed-Dûrî, İbnü’l-Cüneyd el-Huttelî, Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Muhriz, Osman b. Saîd ed-Dârimî, Yezîd b. Heysem b. Tahmân, Ahmed b. Hasan es-Sûfî, Ebû Saîd Hâşim b. Mersed et-Taberânî, Ebû Bekir Ahmed b. Ali el-Mervezî de onun eserlerini günümüze ulaştıran öğrencileridir. Yahyâ b. Maîn 23 Zilkade 233 (29 Haziran 848) tarihinde Medine’de vefat etti. Ölüm döşeğinde iken son arzusu sorulduğunda “Beytün hâlî ve isnâdün âlî” (Boş bir ev ve âlî bir isnad) cevabını vermiştir (DİA , XXIII, 158). Büyük bir kalabalığın katıldığı cenaze namazını Medine valisi kıldırdı ve Bakī‘ Kabristanı’na defnedildi.
“Emîrü’l-mü’minîn fi’l-hadîs, imâmü’l-cerh ve’t-ta‘dîl, hüccetü’l-İslâm, imam rabbânî, seyyidü’l-huffâz” gibi sıfatlarla anılan ve odasının hadis defterleriyle dolu olduğu rivayet edilen Yahyâ b. Maîn’in mükerrerleriyle birlikte -herhalde biraz da abartılmış olarak- 1 milyon civarında rivayet yazdığı zikredilmekte, Ali b. Medînî’nin onun hakkında, “Âdem peygamberden beri İbn Maîn kadar çok hadis yazan birini bilmiyorum” dediği nakledilmektedir (a.g.e. , XIV, 182). İbn Maîn mesaisinin çoğunu hadis toplamaya ve yazmaya ayırdığı için yazdıklarına nisbetle az miktarda hadis rivayet etmiştir (İbn Sa‘d, VII, 354). “Yazarken ne bulursan yaz, rivayet edeceğin zaman iyice ayıklayıp öyle rivayet et” sözüne göre hareket eden İbn Maîn (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XI, 85), uydurma hadislere karşı tedbir almak maksadıyla pek çok mevzû hadis yazmışsa da zamanla bunları imha etmiş ve, “Yalancılardan çok hadis yazdık, sonra o rivayetlerle fırını yakıp ekmek pişirdik” demiştir (İbn Ebû Hâtim, I, 315). Yahyâ b. Maîn’in rivayetler arasındaki farklılıkları, hataları, illetleri tesbit edebilmek için bir hadisi birden çok hocadan öğrendiği ve yine bir hadisi elli ayrı tarikten yazdığı nakledilir.
Şu‘be b. Haccâc ile başlayıp Abdurrahman b. Mehdî ve Yahyâ b. Saîd el-Kattân ile devam eden tabakat ve ricâl literatürü dalında bunlardan sonraki ilk neslin en önemli isimlerinden olan İbn Maîn, sadece belirli bir bölgenin râvileri hakkında değil bütün râviler hakkında görüş beyan etmiş, onun ricâl bilgisi Ali b. Medînî, Ahmed b. Hanbel, İshak b. Râhûye, Ebû Bekir b. Ebû Şeybe, Ebû Hayseme Züheyr b. Harb gibi çağdaşları tarafından takdir edilmiştir (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XI, 78). Ahmed b. Hanbel hadislerdeki hataları öğrenmek için kendisine gelenleri Yahyâ’ya gönderir, râviler hakkında ondan faydalanır ve aynı hocadan beraber hadis rivayet ettiklerinde İbn Maîn’in nüshasını esas alırdı (İbn Ebû Hâtim, I, 314). Yahyâ b. Maîn, hadis râvilerini titizlikle değerlendirmesi, hadis öğrenme ve öğretme esaslarından hiç tâviz vermemesi, râviler hakkında ağır cerh ifadeleri kullanması sebebiyle “müteşeddid” tenkitçiler arasında yer almıştır. Özellikle kendisinin yetiştiği Bağdat ve çevresindeki muhaddislerin genelde hadis rivayetinde gevşek davranmasına karşı tepki göstermiştir. Mihne döneminde sorgulanıp ölümle tehdit edildiği için Kur’an’ın mahlûk olduğunu kabul eder görünmüş, daha sonra da bunu baskı altında kabul ettiğini söylemiş (Sübkî, II, 147) ve mihne olayına karşı durmayanlardan hadis rivayet etmeyi hoş karşılamayan Ahmed b. Hanbel ile bu yüzden araları açılmıştır (Zehebî, Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , IV, 410). Yahyâ b. Maîn genelde Ebû Hanîfe’nin görüşlerini benimseyen âlimlerin öğrencisiydi. Onun özellikle fürû-i fıkha dair meselelerde Hanefîler’e yakın olduğu zikredilmekle birlikte dönemindeki pek çok muhaddis gibi o da geniş hadis birikimiyle fıkıh konularında görüş beyan eder, fetva verirdi. Bu sebeple Hâkim en-Nîsâbûrî kendisini fıkhü’l-hadîsi bilen muhaddisler arasında saymıştır (Maʿrifetü ʿulûmi’l-ḥadîs̱ , s. 72).
Eserleri. Yahyâ b. Maîn, hadis alanındaki bilgilerini kitap şeklinde telif etmeyi hoş karşılamamışsa da (İbn Receb, I, 220) onun bu birikimini talebeleri tedvin ve telif ederek günümüze ulaştırmıştır. Bundan dolayı eserleri genellikle talebelerinin ricâl hususundaki sorularına verdiği cevaplardan (suâlât) yahut müzakere sırasında kendisinden öğrenilenlerden oluşmaktadır. Suâlât türü kitaplarda umumiyetle sika-zayıf râvi ayırımı gözetilmediğinden İbn Maîn’in eserleri de her iki gruptan râviler içerir.
1. et-Târîḫ (et-Târîḫ ve’l-ʿilel) . İbn Maîn’in talebesi Abbas b. Muhammed ed-Dûrî tarafından derlenmiştir. 5414 râvinin güvenilirlik açısından değerlendirildiği eser üzerine Ahmed Muhammed Nûrseyf doktora tezi hazırlamış ve eser Yaḥyâ b. Maʿîn ve kitâbühü’t-Târîḫ adıyla neşredilmiştir (I-IV, Mekke 1399/1979). Nûrseyf birinci ciltte İbn Maîn’in hayatı ve hadis ilmindeki yeri hakkında bilgi vermiş, eserde geçen hadisleri fıkıh bablarına göre tertip etmiş, ikinci ciltte râvileri alfabetik olarak sıralamıştır. Kitabın aslını teşkil eden üçüncü ve dördüncü ciltlerde râviler tabakalara ve bölgelere göre tasnif edilmiştir. Bu kısım bazı sahâbîlere dair bilgilerle başlamakta, daha sonra tâbiîn ve tebeu’t-tâbiîne mensup râviler bölgelere göre sıralanmakta, Kûfeli râviler eserin yaklaşık üçte birini meydana getirmektedir. Ayrıca Abdullah Ahmed Hasan tarafından Târîḫu Yaḥyâ b. Maʿîn adıyla yayımlanan (Beyrut 1990) eser hakkında Ömer b. Bedr el-Mevsılî bir çalışma yapmıştır (bk. DİA , XXIX, 489).
2. Suʾâlâtü İbni’l-Cüneyd . Yine müellifin talebesi İbnü’l-Cüneyd el-Huttelî’nin râviler hakkında hocasına sorduğu sorulardan oluşturduğu bir eserdir (nşr. Ahmed Muhammed Nûrseyf, Medine 1408/1988; nşr. Mahmûd Muhammed Halîl, Beyrut 1990; nşr. Ebû Ömer Muhammed b. Ali el-Ezherî, Kahire 1428/2007).
3. Maʿrifetü’r-ricâl . İbn Maîn’in talebesi Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Muhriz’in derlediği, günümüze kısmen ulaşan eser zayıf râvilerle başlayıp meçhuller, sikalar ve mürsel rivayette bulunanlar şeklinde devam etmektedir (nşr. Muhammed Kâmil Kassâr – Muhammed Mutî‘ el-Hâfız – Gazve Büder, I-II, Dımaşk 1405/1985).
4. Târîḫu ʿOs̱mân b. Saʿîd ed-Dârimî ʿan Ebî Zekeriyyâ Yaḥyâ b. Maʿîn fî tecrîḥi’r-ruvât ve taʿdîlihim . Râvilerin alfabetik sırayla tanıtıldığı eserin baş tarafında Zührî, Katâde, A‘meş, Şa‘bî gibi tâbiîler hakkında bilgi verilmektedir (nşr. Ahmed Muhammed Nûrseyf, Beyrut 1400/1980).
5. Min kelâmi Ebî Zekeriyyâ Yaḥyâ b. Maʿîn fi’r-ricâl . Yezîd b. Heysem’in derlediği eserde sika râvilere daha çok yer verilmiştir (nşr. Ahmed Muhammed Nûrseyf, Beyrut 1400/1980). Bazı kaynaklarda eserin Kitâbü’l-Mecrûḥîn adıyla zikredilmesi (Sezgin, I, 202) muhtevasıyla çelişmektedir.
6. Cüzʾün fîhi ḥadîs̱ü’ṣ-Ṣûfî ʿan Yaḥyâ b. Maʿîn . Ahmed b. Hasan es-Sûfî’nin İbn Maîn’den aktardığı seksen beş rivayeti içeren bir hadis cüzüdür. Cemal Ağırman eser üzerine yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamıştır (Yahyâ b. Maîn ve Ebû Abdillâh Ahmed b. el-Hasan es-Sûfî’nin Yahyâ’dan Rivayet Ettiği Hadis Cüz’ü , 1988, MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
7. Suʾâlâtü ʿOs̱mân b. Ṭâlût el-Baṣrî li’l-İmâm Ebî Zekeriyyâ Yaḥyâ b. Maʿîn b. ʿAvn el-Baġdâdî (nşr. Ebû Ömer Muhammed b. Ali el-Ezherî, Kahire 1428/2007).
8. el-Cüzʾü’s̱-s̱ânî min ḥadîs̱i Yaḥyâ b. Maʿîn (el-Fevâʾid ). İbn Maîn’in talebesi Ebû Bekir Ahmed b. Ali el-Mervezî’nin hocası Yahyâ’dan aldığı rivayetlerden meydana gelmektedir (nşr. Hâlid b. Abdullah es-Sebît, Riyad 1419/1998).
9. Cüzʾün fîhi eḥâdîs̱ü Yaḥyâ b. Maʿîn bi-rivâyeti Ebî Manṣûr Yaḥyâ b. Aḥmed eş-Şeybânî (nşr. Abdullah Muhammed Hasan Demfû, Mecelletü Câmiʿati’l-İmâm Muḥammed b. Suʿûdi’l-İslâmiyye , sy. 22 [Riyad 1419/1998], s. 43-169).
10. Târîḫu Ebî Saʿîd Hâşim b. Mers̱ed eṭ-Ṭaberânî ʿan Ebî Zekeriyyâ Yaḥyâ b. Maʿîn fi’t-taʿdîl (nşr. Nazar Muhammed el-Fâryâbî, Riyad 1410/1990). Eserin sonunda Yahyâ b. Maîn’den gelen bütün rivayetlere dair bir fihrist yer almaktadır.
Bunların dışında Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Mevsılî’ye nisbet edilen Ḥadîs̱ü Yaḥyâ b. Maʿîn adlı bir cüzden söz edilmektedir (İbn Hacer, el-Muʿcemü’l-müfehres , s. 379). Mustafa Işık, Yahyâ b. Maîn’in Hayatı ve Hadis İlmindeki Yeri (1991, EÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü), Erdinç Ahatlı, Yahyâ b. Maîn ve Cerh-Tadildeki Metodu (1992, UÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) başlıklı yüksek lisans tezleri hazırlamışlardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Yahyâ b. Maîn, et-Târîḫ (nşr. Ahmed M. Nûrseyf), Mekke 1399/1979, neşredenin girişi, I, 40-41.
İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , VII, 354.
İbn Ebû Hâtim, el-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl , I, 314-319; IX, 192.
Hâkim en-Nîsâbûrî, Maʿrifetü ʿulûmi’l-ḥadîs̱ (nşr. Seyyid Muazzam Hüseyin), Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 54, 72.
Hatîb, Târîḫu Baġdâd , I, 43; VIII, 125; XIV, 177-187.
a.mlf., el-Câmiʿ li-aḫlâḳı’r-râvî ve âdâbi’s-sâmiʿ (nşr. Mahmûd et-Tahhân), Riyad 1403/1983, II, 38, 41, 47, 174, 176, 184, 187, 201.
Mizzî, Tehẕîbü’l-Kemâl , XXXI, 543-568.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XI, 71-96.
a.mlf., Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , IV, 410.
Sübkî, Ṭabaḳāt (Tanâhî) , II, 39, 147.
İbn Receb, Şerḥu ʿİleli’t-Tirmiẕî (nşr. Nûreddin Itr), Beyrut 1398/1978, I, 218-220.
İbn Hacer, Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , XI, 280-288.
a.mlf., el-Muʿcemü’l-müfehres (nşr. M. Şekkûr el-Meyâdînî), Beyrut 1418/1998, s. 379.
Kettânî, er-Risâletü’l-müsteṭrafe , s. 129.
Sezgin, GAS (Ar.) , I, 201-203.
Erdinç Ahatlı, “Yahyâ b. Ma‘în’in Eserleri ve Kullandığı İhtilaflı ve Garîb Lafızlar”, Sakarya Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , sy. 1, Adapazarı 1996, s. 211-232.
Raşit Küçük, “İsnad”, DİA , XXIII, 158.
M. Yaşar Kandemir, “Mevsılî, Ömer b. Bedr”, a.e. , XXIX, 489.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 256-257 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.