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YAHYÂ b. YAHYÂ el-LEYSÎ Skip to content Ebû Muhammed Yahyâ b. Yahyâ b. Kesîr el-Leysî el-Masmûdî el-Kurtubî (ö. 234/849)
Mâlikî mezhebinin Endülüs’te yayılmasını sağlayan fakih, el-Muvaṭṭaʾ râvisi.
150 (767) yılı civarında doğdu. Endülüs’ün fethi sırasında Fas’ın (Mağrib-i Aksâ) kuzeybatısındaki Tanca şehrinden gelip Kurtuba’ya (Córdoba) yerleşen Berberî asıllı Masmûde kabilesinden Ebû Îsâ ailesine (Benî Ebû Îsâ) mensuptur. Dedesi Kesîr b. Vislâs (Vislâsen), Târık b. Ziyâd’ın askerleri arasında İspanya’nın fethine katılmış ve Arap asıllı Kinâne kabilesinden Benî Leys’in mevlâsı olmuştur. Babası Yahyâ, Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nin kurucusu Abdurrahman b. Muâviye’nin hizmetinde bulunmuş, daha sonra Cezîretülhadrâ (Algeciras) ve Şezûne (Sedona, Medina Sidonia) valiliği yapmıştır. Aileye adını veren Ebû Îsâ künyesinin dedesine ya da babasına aidiyeti hususunda farklı rivayetler vardır.
Yahyâ, Emevî hânedanına yakın bir asker ve bürokrat ailesine mensup olmakla birlikte dinî ilimlere ilgi duydu ve Kurtuba’da İmam Mâlik’in öğrencisi Ziyâd Şebtûn’un derslerine katıldı. Ondan Mâlik’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ını dinledi, fıkhî görüşlerini öğrendi ve kısa zamanda en gözde talebesi oldu. Ayrıca Mâlik’in ilk nesil Endülüslü talebelerinden Ebû Osman Saîd b. Ebû Hind ve Yahyâ b. Mudar el-Kaysî’ye de öğrencilik yaptı. Daha sonra hocası Şebtûn’un teşvikiyle, varlıklı ailesinden yardım almadan onun sağladığı malî destekle Doğu’ya ilim yolculuğuna çıktı. Mâlik b. Enes, Süfyân b. Uyeyne, Leys b. Sa‘d, İbnü’l-Kāsım, İbn Vehb, Abdullah b. Nâfi‘ es-Sâiğ ve Ebû Damre Enes b. İyâz’dan ders aldı. Bazı kaynaklarda hocaları arasında kıraat âlimi Nâfi‘ de (ö. 169/785) zikredilmekle birlikte (İbnü’l-Faradî, II, 898; İbn Abdülber en-Nemerî, el-İntiḳāʾ , s. 106; ayrıca bk. Kādî İyâz, Tertîbü’l-medârik , III, 380) zaman bakımından bu mümkün değildir. Yahyâ’nın hangi tarihte Doğu’ya seyahat ettiği ve Mâlik ile ne zaman görüştüğü konusunda kaynaklarda farklı bilgiler yer almaktadır. En geç 175 (791) yılında Mâlik ve Leys b. Sa‘d’dan ders okumuş, daha sonra Endülüs’e dönüp buradan 179’da (795) ikinci bir yolculuğa çıkmış ve önce Mısır’a gidip İbnü’l-Kāsım ile görüşmüş, ardından Medine’ye gidip Mâlik’in cenazesine katılmış olmalıdır. Bu iki yolculuk arasında Endülüs’e döndüğünde (178/794) Endülüs Emîri I. Hişâm tarafından İspanya’nın kuzeyindeki Franklar üzerine gönderilen ve Erbûne’ye (Narbonne) kadar ilerleyen orduya katıldı. Bu arada babası vefat etti ve Doğu’ya ikinci yolculuğuna onun mirasından aldığı payı ile çıktı.
Doğu seyahatini tamamladıktan sonra Endülüs’e döndü ve Kurtuba’nın önde gelen fakihlerinden teşekkül eden, hem kadılara görüş bildiren hem de yargı kararlarını denetleyen fetva meclisine üye oldu. Aynı zamanda Kurtuba Camii’nde ders vermeye başladı. Emîr I. Hakem’in yönetiminden rahatsızlık duyan muhalifler arasında yer alan Yahyâ, 189’da (805) hükümdarı devirmek amacıyla düzenlenen komplo girişiminde ya da 202 (818) tarihli Rabaz isyanında rol oynadığı için Kurtuba’yı gizlice terketmek zorunda kaldı. Zorlu ve tehlikeli bir yolculuğun ardından Emevî hâkimiyetinin zayıfladığı ve Kurtuba’dan kaçan muhaliflerin sığındığı Tuleytula’ya (Toledo) ulaştı. Muhammed b. Hâris el-Huşenî, onun burada fazla kalmadığını ve Emîr I. Hakem’in oğlu Abdurrahman’ın girişimiyle affedilip Kurtuba’ya döndüğünü kaydeder (Aḫbârü’l-fuḳaḥâʾ , s. 361). Kādî İyâz’ın verdiği bilgiye göre ise Mâlik b. Enes’in öğrencisi olan Tuleytula müftüsü Saîd b. Abdûs el-Cüdey‘in himayesine girmiş ve onun aracılığıyla emîr tarafından affedilmiştir (Tertîbü’l-medârik , III, 113). Kurtuba’ya döndükten sonra Emîr I. Hakem’in ilgisine mazhar oldu; onun ardından tahta geçen ve ulemâ ile çok yakın ilişkiler kuran oğlu II. Abdurrahman’ın emirliği döneminde Kurtuba’da güçlü bir ilmî ve siyasî otorite kazandı. Kurtuba müftüsü Îsâ b. Dînâr’ın vefatının (212/828) ardından onun yerine getirildi ve fetva meclisinde en yetkili isim haline geldi. Kendisine teklif edilen Kurtuba kadılığı görevini kabul etmemekle birlikte emîr üzerindeki etkisi sayesinde kadıların tayin, azil ve denetimlerinde mutlak söz sahibiydi. Kurtuba’da onun görüşleri ve kararları tartışılmazdı. Artık fakihler arasında ve yargı çevrelerinde “Yahyâ’nın ekibi”nden (silsiletü Yahyâ) söz edilmeye başlanmış (Muhammed b. Hâris el-Huşenî, Aḫbârü’l-fuḳaḥâʾ , s. 364), hatta onlar için “şer ekibi” (es-silsiletü’s-sû’) nitelemesi de yapılmıştır (Muhammed b. Hâris el-Huşenî, Ḳuḍâtü Ḳurṭuba , s. 123). Fakat zamanla Yahyâ’nın bu gücünden rahatsız olan Emîr II. Abdurrahman, Kurtuba Kadısı Yahyâ b. Ma‘mer el-Elhânî’nin de etkisiyle, onun fetva ve yargı kurumlarındaki nüfuzunu kırmak amacıyla İşbîliyeli Mâlikî fakihi İbn Habîb es-Sülemî’yi Kurtuba’ya çağırıp fetva meclisine dahil etti. İbn Habîb, Yahyâ’nın fetvalarına genellikle muhalefet etse de onun yargı üzerindeki otoritesini fazla etkileyemedi. 234 yılı Cemâziyelâhir veya Receb ayında (Ocak veya Şubat 849) vefat eden Yahyâ b. Yahyâ’nın cenazesi daha sonra pek çok âlimin defnedildiği Benî Abbas Kabristanı’nda toprağa verildi. Başta oğlu Ubeydullah ve diğer oğlu Yahyâ’nın torunu Ebû Îsâ Yahyâ b. Abdullah el-Leysî olmak üzere, Yahyâ b. Yahyâ’dan sonraki birkaç nesil boyunca Ebû Îsâ ailesi Kurtuba’nın ilim hayatında ve yargı teşkilâtında etkili olmaya devam etmiştir.
Kaynaklarda Mâlik b. Enes’in fıkhını Endülüs’e getiren kişi olarak Yahyâ’nın hocası Şebtûn, İbnü’l-Kāsım’ın rivayet ve görüşlerini Endülüs’te meşhur eden kişi olarak da Îsâ b. Dînâr zikredilmekle birlikte Mâlikî mezhebinin Endülüs’te hızla yayılması ve resmî mezhep haline gelmesi sürecinde Yahyâ b. Yahyâ’nın fetva ve yargı alanındaki otoritesi daha etkin bir rol oynamıştır. İbn Hazm, Yahyâ’nın bu süreçteki rolünü Ebû Yûsuf’un Hanefî mezhebinin yayılması sürecindeki rolüne benzetir (el-İḥkâm , I, 576). Zehebî’nin naklettiğine göre bu otoritesi sebebiyle Yahyâ’nın öğrencileri hızla artmış, bu da mezhebin yayılmasını doğrudan etkilemiştir (Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , X, 524). Yahyâ’nın çok sayıdaki öğrencileri arasında oğlu Ubeydullah, Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Utbî, Yahyâ b. İbrâhim (İbn Müzeyn), Asbağ b. Halîl, Megāmî, İbrâhim b. Muhammed b. Bâz, Ebû Vehb Abdüla‘lâ b. Vehb, Abdullah b. Muhammed b. Hâlid b. Mertinîl gibi Mâlikî fakihlerinin yanı sıra İbn Vaddâh ve Bakī b. Mahled gibi muhaddis-fakihler de vardır.
İbn Abdülber, Yahyâ’nın şöhretinde ve mezhebin yayılmasında onun el-Muvaṭṭaʾı rivayet etmesinin tesirine vurgu yapar (Kādî İyâz, Tertîbü’l-medârik , III, 381). el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , İmam Mâlik’in sağlığında Yahyâ’nın hocası Şebtûn ve Gāzî b. Kays tarafından Kurtuba’da rivayet edilmekle birlikte Mâlik’ten el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ı dinleyip rivayet eden son Endülüslü âlim Yahyâ b. Yahyâ’dır. Yahyâ’nın otoritesine paralel olarak el-Muvaṭṭaʾ rivayeti de büyük ilgi görmüş, önce Endülüs ve Kuzey Afrika’da, ardından bütün İslâm dünyasında en meşhur rivayet haline gelmiş, hatta el-Muvaṭṭaʾ denildiğinde genellikle Yahyâ’nın rivayeti anlaşılır olmuştur. Doğu’da Kütüb-i Sitte ve diğer meşhur hadis derlemelerinin tasnif edildiği dönemde başta Ka‘nebî olmak üzere Yahyâ b. Yahyâ el-Minkarî et-Temîmî, Yahyâ b. Abdullah b. Bükeyr el-Kureşî ve Ebû Mus‘ab ez-Zührî gibi Mâlik’in muhaddis öğrencilerinin el-Muvaṭṭaʾ rivayetleri tercih edilirken Süyûtî’nin döneminde (X./XVI. yüzyıl) en meşhur rivayet Yahyâ b. Yahyâ el-Leysî rivayetidir (Tenvîrü’l-ḥavâlik , s. 9-12). Onun el-Muvaṭṭaʾ rivayetini sonraki nesillere aktaran meşhur râvileri ise oğlu Ubeydullah ile İbn Vaddâh’tır. Hatta Yahyâ’nın el-Muvaṭṭaʾ rivayetindeki pek çok hatanın (vehim ve tashîf) İbn Vaddâh tarafından düzeltilerek nakledildiği söylenmiş, Muhammed b. Hâris el-Huşenî tamamı isnadla ilgili bu hataları eserinde nakletmiştir (Aḫbârü’l-fuḳahâʾ , s. 348-358; Kādî İyâz, Tertîbü’l-medârik , III, 381). Öte yandan Yahyâ hadis ilminin ve hadisçiliğin Endülüs’te zayıf olduğu bir dönemde yaşamış ve kendisinin de bu alanda yetersizliğinden söz edilmiştir (İbn Abdülber en-Nemerî, el-İntiḳāʾ , s. 109; Zehebî, X, 523). Ancak İbn Abdülber en-Nemerî, içerdiği rivayet hatalarına rağmen Yahyâ b. Yahyâ rivayetinin diğer el-Muvaṭṭaʾ rivayetlerinden daha üstün olduğunu kaydeder (et-Temhîd , VII, 102-103; ayrıca bk. İbn Hacer, XI, 301). Yahyâ’nın rivayetiyle ilgili bir başka husus da “Kitâbü’l-İʿtikâf” bölümünün büyük bir kısmını Mâlik’ten dinleyemediği ya da şüpheye düştüğü için hocası Şebtûn’dan rivayet etmiş olmasıdır. Ayrıca diğer el-Muvaṭṭaʾ nüshalarında olup da Yahyâ’nın nüshasında bulunmayan altmış dört rivayet İbn Abdülber en-Nemerî tarafından derlenmiştir.
Yahyâ b. Yahyâ’nın Endülüs ilim hayatına katkısı el-Muvaṭṭaʾ rivayetiyle sınırlı değildir. Hem İmam Mâlik’in hem onun Medineli ve Mısırlı öğrencilerinin, özellikle de İbnü’l-Kāsım’ın rivayet ve görüşlerinin Endülüs’te fetva ve yargı alanında belirleyici duruma gelmesinde Yahyâ’nın önemli rolü vardır. Kurtuba’da Şebtûn’dan fıkıh eğitimi almakla birlikte Yahyâ’nın asıl fıkıh hocaları İbnü’l-Kāsım yanında İbn Vehb, Eşheb ve Abdullah b. Nâfi‘ gibi Mâlik’in Mısırlı ve Medineli öğrencileridir. Mâlik’in İbnü’l-Kāsım tarafından derlenen fıkhî görüş ve fetvalarını (Semâʿu İbni’l-Ḳāsım min Mâlik ) Kurtuba’ya getirip öğrencilerine okutan Yahyâ, aynı zamanda kendisi de İbnü’l-Kāsım’ın derslerinde tuttuğu notlara dayanarak Mâlik’in ve İbnü’l-Kāsım’ın görüşlerini içeren bir mesâil derlemesi oluşturmuştur. Başta oğlu Ubeydullah olmak üzere öğrencileri tarafından rivayet edilen ve Semâʿu Yaḥyâ b. Yaḥyâ (min İbni’l-Ḳāsım) yahut on kitap ihtiva ettiği için ʿAşratü Yaḥyâ b. Yaḥyâ adıyla anılan bu derlemenin en azından VII. (XIII.) yüzyıla kadar Endülüs’te ve Mağrib’de okutulduğu anlaşılmaktadır (İbn Hayr, s. 312; İbnü’l-Ebbâr, I, 306). Ayrıca Yahyâ’nın öğrencisi Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Utbî’nin Mâlikî mezhebinin ilk yazılı kaynakları durumundaki mesâil derlemelerini bir araya getirdiği eseri el-ʿUtbiyye (el-Müstaḫrece) içerisinde yer alan Semâʿu Yaḥyâ b. Yaḥyâ , İbn Rüşd el-Cedd’in el-ʿUtbiyye ’nin şerhi niteliğindeki eseri el-Beyân ve’t-taḥṣîl vasıtasıyla bugüne ulaşmıştır. Yahyâ b. Yahyâ bunların yanı sıra İbn Vehb’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ı ve el-Câmiʿ ini, Leys b. Sa‘d’ın hadislerini içeren (muhtemelen fıkhî görüşleriyle birlikte) bir derlemeyi ve Mâlik’in Medineli öğrencisi Abdullah b. Nâfi‘ es-Sâiğ’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾ daki bazı meselelere dair açıklamalarını içeren Tefsîrü’l-Muvaṭṭaʾ ı da öğrencilerine okutmuş ve bu eserler özellikle oğlu Ubeydullah tarafından sonraki nesillere aktarılmıştır. İmam Mâlik’in muhtemelen ölüm döşeğinde iken öğrencilerine yaptığı vasiyet de (Vaṣıyyetü’l-İmâm Mâlik b. Enes [Vaṣıyyetü Yaḥyâ b. Yaḥyâ] li-ṭalebeti’l-ʿilm ) Yahyâ b. Yahyâ’dan rivayet edilmiştir (Kādî İyâz, el-Ġunye , s. 120).
Mâlikî mezhebinin gelişmesine yaptığı katkı ve Endülüs’teki otoritesi dikkate alındığında Yahyâ b. Yahyâ ile Kayrevanlı çağdaşı Sahnûn arasında bir benzerlik kurulabilir. Her ikisinin de etkileri kendi dönemleri ve bölgeleriyle sınırlı kalmamış, Yahyâ’nın el-Muvaṭṭaʾ rivayetiyle Sahnûn’un Mâlik ve İbnü’l-Kāsım’ın fıkhî görüşlerini derlediği el-Müdevvenetü’l-kübrâ ’sı Mâlikî mezhebinin iki temel kaynağı olma özelliğini hiçbir zaman kaybetmemiştir. Görüştüklerine dair bir bilgiye rastlanmasa da Yahyâ’nın Endülüs’teki otoritesinin Sahnûn tarafından kabul edildiğine dair bir rivayet bulunmaktadır (Kādî İyâz, Tertîbü’l-medârik , IV, 112). Endülüslü çağdaşı İbn Habîb ise Yahyâ’nın gölgesinde kalmış olmakla birlikte el-Vâżıḥa adlı eseriyle Mâlikî fıkıh literatüründe önemli bir yer edinmiştir.
Fıkıh anlayışı ve fetvaları büyük ölçüde İmam Mâlik’e ve öğrencisi İbnü’l-Kāsım’a dayanmakla birlikte Yahyâ b. Yahyâ bazı fıkhî meselelerde hocası Leys b. Sa‘d’ın görüşlerini tercih etmiştir. Mâlik’in görüşüne muhalif olmasına rağmen Endülüs Mâlikîleri’nin yaygın biçimde benimsediği bu görüşler şunlardır: Sabah namazı dahil hiçbir namazda Kunut duası okunmaz; mahkemede tek şahit ve yeminle yetinilemez (iki erkek şahit ya da bir erkek iki kadın şahit şarttır); toprak kendi ürünü karşılığında kiraya verilebilir. Yahyâ’nın, eşler arasındaki anlaşmazlığın giderilmesini Mâlik’in mezhebine uygun şekilde aile içinden hakemlere değil yörenin herkesçe tanınan güvenilir şahsiyetlerine (dâr-ı emîn) havale etmesiyle ilgili görüşü diğer üç meselenin aksine kabul görmemiş, yalnızca oğlu Ubeydullah ve kendi soyundan gelen diğer bazı kadılar tarafından sürdürülmüştür. Emîr II. Abdurrahman’ın oruçlu iken bir câriyesiyle cinsel ilişkide bulunması üzerine Yahyâ’nın verdiği kefâret fetvası (iki ay oruç tutma) Mâlik ve öğrencilerinin meşhur görüşlerine muhalif olup Mâlikî mezhebi kaynaklarında şâz bir görüş olarak nakledilmekte ise de Karâfî tarafından muteber maslahata dayalı bir tercih olarak değerlendirilmiştir (Hattâb, II, 435; Muhammed İlîş, I, 404).
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Necmeddin el-Hintâtî, el-Meẕhebü’l-Mâlikî bi’l-ġarbi’l-İslâmî , Tunus 2004, s. 40-41.
Ali Hakan Çavuşoğlu, “Endülüs’te Re’y-Hadis Mücadelesi”, İslâmiyât , VII/3, Ankara 2004, s. 60-61.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 267-269 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.