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YAHYÂ en-NAHVÎ Skip to content Yahyâ el-İskenderânî en-Nahvî (ö. VI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı)
Ya‘kūbî dil bilgini, Aristo şârihi ve teolog.
Batı kaynaklarında John Philoponus olarak anılan Yahyâ, muhtemelen milâdî V. yüzyılın sonlarında hıristiyan bir aile içinde dünyaya geldi. Aslen Kayserili olup çalışmalarını İskenderiye’de sürdürmüştür. Grekçe’de temel dil bilgisi eğitiminden sonra İskenderiye’deki Yeni Eflâtuncu felsefe okulunda Hermeas’ın oğlu filozof Ammonius’un öğrencisi oldu ve onun derslerini yazıya geçirme görevini üstlendi. Bizans İmparatoru Iustinianos’un 529 yılında Atina felsefe okulunu kapatması üzerine buradaki felsefeciler İran’a sığınmış ve bu dönemde İskenderiye okulu felsefî araştırmaların merkezi haline gelmiştir. Bu okulda Yahyâ en-Nahvî, Simplicius ve Elias, Aristo külliyatına dair bir kısım eserleri şerhettiler (Mâcid Fahrî, II/2, s. 1280). Yahyâ hakkında çok az bilgi bulunmakla birlikte günümüze kadar gelen bazı çalışmaları İskenderiye’nin Yeni Eflâtuncu felsefe okuluyla özdeşleşmiştir. Onun Aristo’nun Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân (De Generatione ), Kitâbü’n-Nefs (De Anima ), Kitâbü’l-Ḳıyâs (Analytica Priora: I. Analitikler ) ve Kitâbü’l-Burhân (Analytica Posteriora: II. Analitikler ) adlı eserlerine yaptığı şerhlerin büyük ölçüde Ammonius’un seminerlerinde tuttuğu notlara dayandığı ve Kitâbü’l-Maḳūlât (Categorias: Kategoriler ), Fizik (Physics ) ve Meteoroloji (Meteorology ) adlı kitapları ise kendi birikimiyle şerhettiği belirtilmektedir.
İslâm kaynaklarında Yahyâ en-Nahvî’nin yaşadığı dönemle İskenderiye Kütüphanesi’nin yakılmasına ilişkin yanlış bilgilerin yer alması üzerinde durulması gereken bir husustur. İbnü’n-Nedîm’in (el-Fihrist , s. 314) ve daha ayrıntılı biçimde İbnü’l-Kıftî’nin (İḫbârü’l-ʿulemâʾ , s. 354-357) naklettiğine göre Yahyâ en-Nahvî, Amr b. Âs’ın Mısır’ı fethettiği tarihte (21/642) henüz hayattadır. Amr onun teslîs akîdesiyle ilgili farklı görüşlere sahip olduğunu öğrenince kendisini görmek ister. Yahyâ en-Nahvî’nin keskin zekâsı, geniş teoloji ve felsefe bilgisi sayesinde ikisi arasında bir dostluk kurulur. Yahyâ, Amr b. Âs’tan Potelemeius Filadelfus’un kurduğu İskenderiye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan ve müslümanların işine yaramayan kitapların kendilerine verilmesi ricasında bulununca Amr bu isteği Halife Ömer’e sorması gerektiğini söyler ve halifeye durumu bildirir. Hz. Ömer, “Sözünü ettiğin kitaplar Allah’ın kitabına uyuyorsa elimizde Allah’ın kitabı varken onlara ihtiyacımız olmaz. Şayet bu eserler Allah’ın kitabına aykırı ise zaten gereksiz sayılır; her hâlükârda onları yok et” diye cevap verir. Bunun üzerine Amr b. Âs kitapların yakılmasını emreder ve kitaplar hamamların külhanlarında altı ay süreyle yakılır. Ancak bu rivayet tarihî gerçeklerle bağdaşmamaktadır; çünkü Yahyâ en-Nahvî Mısır’ın fethinde, hatta İslâm’ın zuhurunda bile hayatta değildi. İbnü’n-Nedîm ile İbnü’l-Kıftî’nin eserlerinde yer alan bir ifadeye göre Yahyâ es-Semâʿü’ṭ-ṭabîʿî ’nin dördüncü makalesini şerhederken zamandan söz ettiği sırada bu şerhi Kıptî takvimine göre 343 yılında yazdığını belirtir, bu da milâdî 627’ye tekabül eder. Halbuki bu ifade söz konusu şerhin on altıncı makalesindedir ve yazıldığı tarih de 245’tir ki milâdî 529’a karşılık gelir (Abdurrahman Bedevî, et-Türâs̱ü’l-Yûnânî , s. 50). Bu durumda Yahyâ, Mısır’ın fethinden bir asır önce yaşamış olmalıdır. Ayrıca kitap yakma olayından ilk söz eden kişi Abdüllatîf el-Bağdâdî’dir, onu İbnü’l-Kıftî ve Ebü’l-Ferec izlemiştir. Öte yandan bu kütüphane birkaç defa talan edilmiş, milâttan önce 47’de ve milâdî 391’de iki büyük yangın geçirmiştir. Yukarıda adı geçen üç müellif Mısır’ın fethinden yaklaşık 600 yıl sonra yaşamıştır ve o zamana kadar ne müslüman ne de hıristiyan tarihçiler böyle bir olaydan söz etmişlerdir (Hasan İbrâhim Hasan, I, 245-250).
Yahyâ en-Nahvî’nin önemi Helenizm’in ikinci dönemi sona ererken İlkçağ, Helenistik felsefe ve monofizit hıristiyan öğretisi birikimiyle Aristo’nun fizik ve kozmoloji görüşlerine, Galileo’ya kadar rastlanmayan ilk kapsamlı ve etkin eleştiriyi yapmış olmasından gelmektedir. Onun Yeni Eflâtuncu felsefe geleneğine ve Aristo’ya yönelttiği eleştiriler İskenderiye’deki felsefe çevrelerini rahatsız etti ve Yahyâ, muhtemelen 530’lu yılların sonundan itibaren hayatının ikinci döneminde daha çok hıristiyan ilâhiyatına dair konularla ilgilendi (Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy , VII, 371-372). Yahyâ en-Nahvî’nin varlık düşüncesinin temelini monoteist tanrı, dolayısıyla Tanrı tarafından yaratılmış bir evren inancı oluşturmaktadır. Yahyâ, monoteizmin ve Hıristiyanlığın yaratılış anlayışıyla ilmî kozmolojiyi bir arada değerlendiren ilk hıristiyan düşünürdür. Onun düşüncesinde üç esas belirginleşmektedir: Âlem tek Tanrı tarafından yaratılmıştır ve ezelî değildir; gözlemlediğimiz gökyüzü fizikî olarak yeryüzü gibi yaratılmıştır; gök cisimleri ilâhî bir tabiata (yarı tanrı gibi bir niteliğe) sahip değildir. Aristo’nun iddiasının aksine âlem kadîm değildir; gök cisimleri yaratılmış olup onlar da fizikî hareket kanununa tâbidir. Gök cisimlerinin seyirleri bir sürtünme meydana getireceğinden boşlukta hareket etmektedir. Halbuki Aristo onları ilâhî ruhların hareket ettirdiğini kabul eder. Yahyâ en-Nahvî, dönemindeki yaygın panteist anlayışa karşı, Tanrı’nın âlemi yoktan yarattığını ve ona kaostan düzenli hale geçişi sağlayan fiziksel özellikleri ve tabiat kanunlarını yerleştirdiğini belirtmiş, fakat tanrıların maddî âlemle iç içe olduğuna inanan paganlar bu düşünceyi kabullenmemiştir (Stock, s. 11; Graves, s. 14-16). Yahyâ en-Nahvî âlemin yaratılmışlığını ispat için üç önerme ileri sürmektedir. 1. Eğer bir şeyin varlığı kendinden önce başka bir varlığın bulunmasını gerektiriyorsa önceki varlık olmadan sonraki var olamaz. 2. Gerek fiilen gerekse zihnen sonsuz sayı olamaz. 3. Bir şeyin varlığı kendinden önce sonsuz sayıda başka varlıkları gerektiriyorsa o şeyin var olması mümkün değildir. Aksi bir düşünce birbirini gerektiren varlıkların sonsuz sayıda olmasına götürür, bu da mantık bakımından geçerli sayılmadığından âlemin varlığını açıklayamaz (Sorabji, s. 178-179). Yahyâ en-Nahvî, âlemin ezelîliğini ispata çalışan Atinalı Proclus’a karşı De aeternitate mundi contra Proclum adlı eserini yazdı. Bu eserinde Tanrı’nın kādir-i mutlak olduğu inancından hareketle yoktan yaratmanın imkânı üzerinde durdu. Yahyâ’nın âlemin ezelîliği anlayışına karşı mücadelesinin ikinci safhasını, 530-534 yıllarında Aristo’ya karşı De aeternitate mundi contra Aristotelem adlı eserini kaleme aldığı dönem teşkil eder (Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy , VII, 374).
Yeni Eflâtuncu literatürde Ḥucecü Bruḳlüs fî ḳıdemi’l-ʿâlem adıyla anılan eserler müslümanlarca tanınmaktaydı. Nitekim Yahyâ en-Nahvî’nin, âlemin yaratılmış ve sonlu olduğu görüşünü aklî delillerle desteklemek üzere Proclus’a karşı yazdığı eserden Gazzâlî yanında diğer bazı kelâmcıların faydalandığı ve bu delillerin İbn Rüşd tarafından Aristocu bir yaklaşımla yeniden ele alındığı belirtilmektedir (Wolfson, s. 315-331). Yahyâ en-Nahvî’nin bu reddiyesinin Arapça’ya Kitâb fi’d-Delâle ʿalâ ḥads̱i’l-ʿâlem adıyla yansımış bir versiyonunda Proclus’un yanı sıra Aristo ve âlemin kıdemini ileri süren diğer filozoflar dehriyye kapsamında değerlendirilmektedir. Müellif, kitabını bu tür iddiaları reddetmek için yazdığını belirtmektedir (Pines, II [1972], s. 321 vd.). Süryânî filozofu İbnü’l-Hammâr’ın da Yahyâ en-Nahvî’nin geliştirdiği, “Her cisim üç boyutlu olduğu ve sınırlı bir potansiyele sahip bulunduğu için sonludur; şu halde cismanî âlem de mekân ve zaman bakımından sonludur” şeklindeki delilini mâkul gördüğü bilinmektedir (Maḳāle , s. 243-247).
Yahyâ en-Nahvî varlık düşüncesiyle bağlantılı olarak cisimlerin hızı/hareketi konusunu da ele almıştır. Aristo hareketi, ileriye doğru atılan cismin terkettiği yeri işgal eden havanın geriye doğru giderken cismi ittiği, böylece devam eden hareketler silsilesinin cismi ileri hareket ettirdiği şeklinde açıklıyordu. Bu anlayış XVI. yüzyıla kadar Aristocu düşünürler arasında yaygınlığını korurken yaklaşık 1000 yıl öncesinde Yahyâ en-Nahvî cismin, hareket ettirenin verdiği kinetik enerjiyle ileri itildiği, hareketi süresince bu enerjiyi tükettiği görüşünü benimsemiştir (Graves, s. 15). Aristo’ya göre ışığın bir özü ve hariçte varlığı yoktur, özelliklerinden bahsedilemez, dolayısıyla tanımlanamaz. Işığın görünümünü ise “şeffaf olma potansiyeli bulunan bir vasattan şeffaflığın gerçekleşmesine bir anlık geçiş” diye tanımlar. Bu kabul, gerek optik ilminin kuralları gerekse ay altı âleminin güneşin ışıklarıyla ısındığı gerçeğiyle uyuşmamaktadır. Yahyâ en-Nahvî, bu bağlamda olgusal bir durum olarak değil cisimleri ısıtma kapasitesine sahip bulunan -canlılardaki ruh gibi maddî olmayan- bir faaliyet olarak “enerji” (energia) terimini kullanmış, ışığı devingen/enerjik bir nitelikle yorumlamıştır. Esîr anlayışını terkederek ışık ve ısının güneşin tabiatının neticeleri olduğunu ve güneşten yayılan ışıkların kırılarak sürtünme yoluyla havayı ısıttığını belirten Yahyâ (Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy , VII, 372) Aristo gibi ışığın doğrusal yön takip eden bir fenomen olduğunu, ışınların gözümüzden cisimlere değil cisimlerden gözümüze ulaştığı gerçeğini benimsemiştir (Graves, s. 16). Öte yandan Yahyâ en-Nahvî mantığı müstakil bir ilim dalı değil felsefenin aracı/anahtarı olarak görmüştür. Mantık tarihçileri onu büyük terimin sonucun yüklemini, küçük terimin de konusunu içerdiği şeklinde kıyasın tatmin edici tanımını yapan ilk filozof kabul etmektedir (Ebbesen, s. 444-462; Flannery, s. 53-65).
530’lu yılların sonunda Yahyâ en-Nahvî, felsefî çalışmalarına son verip Aristo felsefesiyle beslediği monofizit hıristiyan teolojisini geliştirir (Wilderbeg, VII, 374). Kadıköy Konsili’nde (451) Îsâ’nın ilâhî ve insanî şeklinde iki tabiatlı tek bir şahsiyet olduğu, Tanrı’nın oğlu anlayışıyla da teslîs inancının bir uknûmunu teşkil ettiği kabul edilmiştir. Yahyâ en-Nahvî monofizit hıristiyan olarak iki tabiat inancına karşı çıkmış, zira monofizit anlayışa göre Îsâ’da bulunan insanlık unsuru ilâhlık unsurunun içinde erimiştir, bu sebeple Îsâ’daki tek unsur ilâhlıktır (Ward v.dğr., s. 537). Yahyâ en-Nahvî tabiat (nature) ve öz/uknûm (hypostasis) terimlerinin aslında özdeş olduğunu ileri sürmüştür. Ona göre tabiatın bir genel, bir de özel iki anlamı vardır. Genel anlamda insan tabiatı yanında insan ferdinin tabiatından da bahsedilebilir. Mesîh’te iki tabiatın bir araya gelmesinden söz edildiğinde küllî anlamda ilâhlık ve insanlık tabiatına atıfta bulunulmaz. Dolayısıyla iki tabiat anlayışından bahsedilince bundan Îsâ Mesîh’e münhasır olan “logos”un ve Îsâ’nın insanlığına özel mânaları, logosun ve insan olan Îsâ Mesîh’in özel tabiatları anlaşılmalıdır. Yahyâ en-Nahvî’ye göre özel tabiat şahıs ve fert için kullandığı öz/uknûm ile özdeştir. Îsâ Mesîh bir şahıs ve özdür; buna göre onun ilâhlık ve insanlık özelliklerini bir araya getiren ve koruyan tek birleşik tabiatın olduğunu kabul etmektedir (Lang, s. 48-62). Öte yandan Yahyâ en-Nahvî’ye göre öz bir araz olmadığına göre teslîs inancının üç özü üç müstakil özdür. Yahyâ, Aristo felsefesinde görüldüğü gibi küllîlerin ancak zihnî varlıklarının söz konusu edilebileceğini, dolayısıyla monoteizmin sadece bir kavram olduğunu belirtir. Pagan çok tanrıcılığını reddededen Yahyâ en-Nahvî teslîsi küllî mânada aynı ilâhî tabiattan olan üç ilâhî varlık olarak anlamış, fakat İstanbul Konsili’nde (680-681) üç ulûhiyyet inancı reddedilmiştir (Pohle, II, 257-263; Grillmeier – Hainthaler, II, 131-135). Yahyâ en-Nahvî, Aristo felsefesine eleştirileri ve hıristiyan monofizit inancına felsefî yaklaşımları sebebiyle yaşadığı dönemde felsefecilere ve teologlara tesir etse de, İstanbul Konsili’nde sapkın ilân edildiğinden onun teolojik görüşleri hıristiyan çevrelerince benimsenmemiştir. Ancak onun âlemin ezelîliğine karşı görüşleri çoğu zaman kendisine atıfta bulunulmadan hıristiyan ve müslüman düşünürler tarafından kullanılmıştır. İslâm âlimleri kendisine Yahyâ en-Nahvî yahut Yahyâ el-Askalânî isimleriyle atıfta bulunmuştur.
Eserleri. Yahyâ en-Nahvî’nin eserlerinin Latince çevirileri, Aristo şerhleri ve Proclus’a karşı yazdığı reddiyeler XVI. yüzyılda yayımlanmaya başlanmıştır.
1. De aeternitate mundi contra Proclum (ed. Hugo Rabe, Lipsiae 1899; On the Eternity of the World against Proclus [De aeternitate mundi contra Proclum] , ed. H. Rabe, Leipzig 1899; Against Proclus’s “On the eternity of the world, 1-5” [De aeternitate mundi contra Proclum] , trc. Michael Share, New York 2005; Against Proclus’s “On the eternity of the world, 6-8”, trc. Michael Share, New York 2005; Against Proclus’s “On the eternity of the world, 12-18” , trc. James Wilberding, New York 2006).
2. On the Eternity of the World against Aristotle (De aeternitate mundi contra Aristotelem, Philoponus against Aristotle on the Eternity of the World , trc. C. Wildberg, London 1987).
3. On Aristotle’s on Generation and Corruption (ed. H. Vitelli, Berlin 1897; Johannes Philoponus commentaria in libros de generatione et corruptione Aristotelis , trc. Hieronymus Bagolinus, Venedig 1558 [?]; Stuttgart 2004). Ammonius’un notlarından hareketle Aristo’nun Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân ’ına yapılan şerhtir.
4. On Aristotle’s on the Soul (ed. M. Hayduck, Berlin 1897; Commentaire sur le “de Anima” d’Aristote [par] Jean Philopon , ed. G. Verbeke, Paris 1966; On Aristotle on the intellect [De anima 3.4-8] , trc. William Charlton – Fernand Bossier, New York 1991; On Aristotle’s “On the soul 3.9- 13” , trc. William Charlton, New York 2000; On Aristotle’s “On the soul 2.1-6” , trc. William Charlton, New York 2005; On Aristotle’s “On the soul 2.7-12” , trc. William Charlton, New York 2005).
5. On Aristotle’s Categories (ed. A. Busse, Berlin 1898). Aristo’nun Kitâbü’l-Maḳūlât adlı eserinin şerhidir. Yahyâ en-Nahvî bu şerhe felsefe öğrencileri için bir giriş eklemiş, burada Aristo’nun mantıkla ilgili eserlerini giderek karmaşık hale gelen bir muhteva ile tanıtmıştır.
6. On Aristotle’s Prior Analytics (ed. M. Wallies, Berlin 1905; Commentaria annotationes in libros priorum resolutivorum Aristotelis , trc. Guillelmus Dorotheus, Venedig 1541 [?]; Stuttgart 1994).
7. On Aristotle’s Posterior Analytics (ed. M. Wallies, Berlin 1909; Commentaria in libros posteriorum Aristotelis , trc. Andreas Gratiolus – Philippus Theodosius, Venedig 1542 [?]; Stuttgart 1995).
8. On Aristotle’s Physics (ed. H. Vitelli, Berlin 1887-88; Philoponus, On Aristotle’s Physics 2 , trc. A. R. Lacey, London 1993; Philoponus, On Aristotle’s Physics 3 , trc. M. J. Edwards, London 1994; Philoponus, On Aristotle’s Physics 5 to 8 , trc. P. Lettinck, London 1994; On Aristotle’s Physics 5-8 , trc. Paul Lettinck – J. O. Urmson, New York 1994; On Aristotle’s “Physics 1.1-3” , trc. Catherine Osborne, New York 2006). Yahyâ en-Nahvî’nin felsefî düşüncesinin gelişim seyrinde önemli bir çalışma kabul edilmektedir.
9. On Aristotle’s Meteorology (ed. M. Hayduck, Berlin 1901).
10. On the Creation of the World (De opificio mundi) (ed. W. Reichardt, Leipzig 1897).
11. On the Contingency of the World (De contingentia mundi) (trc. S. Pines, “An Arabic summary of a lost work of John Philoponus”, Israel Oriental Studies , II [1972], s. 320-352).
12. Arbiter (Diaetetes), Opuscula monophysitica Ioannis Philoponi (Latince’ye trc. A. Sanda, Beirut 1930; John Philoponus, Grammatikos von Alexandrien , Almanca’ya trc. W. Bohm, Munich-Paderborn-Vienna 1967). Eserde monofizit kristoloji anlayışı Yeni Eflâtuncu bakış açısıyla ele alınmaktadır.
13. On the Trinity (De trinitate) (Les fragments tritheites de Jean Philopon, Fransızca’ya trc. A. Van Roey, Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica , XI [1980], s. 135-163).
14. On the Use and Construction of the Astrolabe (ed. H. Hase, Bonn-E. Weber, 1839; Traite de l’astrolabe , Fransızca’ya trc. A. P. Segonds – Jean Philopon, Paris 1981; The Astrolabes of the World, İngilizce’ye trc. H. W. Green, Oxford 1932).
15. On Nicomachus’ Introduction to Arithmetic (ed. R. Hoche, I-II, Wesel 1864, 1865, III, Berlin 1867).
16. On Words with Different Meanings in Virtue of a Difference of Accent (De vocabulis quae diversum significatum exhibent secundum differentiam accentus ) (ed. ve trc. L. W. Daly, Philadelphia-American Philosophical Society, 1983).
Bunlar dışında kaynaklarda Yahyâ en-Nahvî’ye Grek filozofları ve tabiplerine dair bir eser daha nisbet edilmekte (Abdurrahman Bedevî, La Transmission , s. 36-45), onun Câlînûs’un eserleri üzerine çalışmalar yaptığı belirtilmektedir. Ya‘kūbî mütercimi İbn Zür‘a’ya nisbet edilen Kitâbü Menâfiʿi aʿżâʾi’l-ḥayevân bi-tefsîri Yaḥyâ en-Naḥvî adlı eserin (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 323) Aristo’nun De partibus animalium adlı kitabına Yahyâ en-Nahvî tarafından yapılan şerhin tercümesi olabileceği belirtilmektedir (DİA , XX, 476). İbnü’n-Nedîm, Yahyâ en-Nahvî’nin yukarıdaki eserlerinin çoğunu Arapça isimleriyle kaydetmiştir (bk. bibl.; EI2 [İng.] , XI, 251-253).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 309, 311, 314-315, 323, 345-346, 348, 351.
J. Philoponus, On Aristotle’s Prior Analytics (ed. M. Wallies), Berlin 1905, s. 67.
İbnü’l-Hammâr, Maḳāle fî enne delîle Yaḥyâ en-Naḥvî ʿalâ ḥades̱i’l-ʿâlem evlâ bi’l-ḳabûl min delîli’l-mütekellimîn aṣlen (nşr. Abdurrahman Bedevî, el-Eflâṭûniyyetü’l-muḥdes̱e ʿinde’l-ʿArab içinde), Küveyt 1977, s. 243-247.
İbnü’l-Kıftî, İḫbârü’l-ʿulemâʾ (Lippert) , s. 354-357.
J. Pohle, Dogmatic Theology: The Divine Trinity (trc. A. Preuss), Freiburg-London 1912, II, 257-263.
Abdurrahman Bedevî, La Transmission de la philosophie grecque au monde arabe , Paris 1968, s. 36-45.
a.mlf., et-Türâs̱ü’l-Yûnânî fi’l-ḥaḍâreti’l-İslâmiyye , Beyrut 1980, s. 50.
B. Stock, “Science, Technology and Economic Progress in the Middle Ages”, Science in the Middle Ages (ed. D. C. Linberg), Chicago 1976, s. 11.
Hasan İbrâhim Hasan, Târîḫu’l-İslâm , Kahire 1979, I, 245-250.
Mâcid Fahrî, “el-Meşşâʾiyyetü’l-ḳadîme”, el-Mevsûʿatü’l-felsefiyyetü’l-ʿArabiyye , Beyrut 1988, II/2, s. 1280.
S. Ebbesen, “Philoponus, ‘Alexander’ and the Origins of Medieval Logic”, Aristotle Transformed (ed. R. Sorabji), New York 1990, s. 444-462.
K. L. Flannery, Ways into the Logic of Alexander of Aphrodisias , Leiden-New York 1995, s. 53-65.
A. Grillmeier – T. Hainthaler, Christ in Christian Tradition (trc. O. C. Dean), London 1996, II, 131-135.
D. Graves, Scientists of Faith , Michigan 1996, s. 14-16.
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Sahbân Halîfât, “İbn Zür‘a”, DİA , XX, 476.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 258-261 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.