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YA‘KŪB Skip to content Hz. İbrâhim’in torunu ve İsrâiloğulları’nın atası olan peygamber.
1/2 Müellif: ÖMER FARUK HARMAN Bölüme Git
İshak’ın oğlu Ya‘kūb, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’e göre peygamber, yahudi inancına göre İsrâil’in ataları diye adlandırılan üç kişiden biridir (diğerleri İshak ve…
2/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA İSMET UZUN Bölüme Git
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Hz. Ya‘kūb müslüman milletlerin kültür ve edebiyatında, halk inanışlarında adı çokça geçen ve hayatına dair bilgi verilen peygamberler…
İshak’ın oğlu Ya‘kūb, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’e göre peygamber, yahudi inancına göre İsrâil’in ataları diye adlandırılan üç kişiden biridir (diğerleri İshak ve İbrâhim’dir) (IDB , II, 786) ve İsrâiloğulları’nın isim babasıdır. Ya‘kūb kelimesinin aslı İbrânîce Yaakob’dur (Yaakov). Tevrat’ta kelimenin menşei iki şekilde izah edilmektedir. Bunlardan birine göre Yaakob “topuk tutan” demektir; zira Esav ile ikiz olan Ya‘kūb önce doğan Esav’ın topuğunu tutarak dünyaya gelmiştir (Tekvîn, 25/26). Diğerine göre ise kelime “birinin yerini alan” mânasındadır. Ya‘kūb, Esav’ın ilk oğul olma hakkını elinden aldığı, onun yerine geçtiği ve bereketini çaldığı için bu adla anılmıştır. Esav, “Onun adı haklı olarak Yaakob çağrılmıyor mu, çünkü iki defa beni aldattı, benim yerime geçti” sözleriyle (Tekvîn, 27/36) bunu vurgulamaktadır (a.g.e. , II, 782-783). Ahd-i Atîk’te kelime, “Çünkü her kardeş çok aldatacak” (Yeremya, 9/4) ve, “Rahimde kardeşini topuğundan tuttu” (Hoşea, 12/3), şeklinde her iki anlamda da kullanılmaktadır. Yine Tevrat’taki bir ifadeye göre Ya‘kūb’a Tanrı tarafından İsrâil adı verilmiş olup (Tekvîn, 35/1-15) bizzat Tanrı ile veya meleğiyle güreştiği için bu adı almıştır (Tekvîn, 32/22-32). Eski Ahid’de de Ya‘kūb’un ana rahminde kardeşini topuğundan tuttuğu, büyüyünce Allah ile güreştiği ve meleğiyle de güreşip onu yendiği belirtilmektedir (Hoşea, 12/3-4). Ayrıca kelimeyi oluşturan harflerin nümerik değerleri ileride meydana gelecek İsrâil’le ilgili önemli olaylara bir işarettir (Ginzberg, II, 98).
Ya‘kūb’a dair bilgiler doğumu yirmi beşinci, vefatı ellinci babda olmak üzere Tevrat’ın Tekvîn bölümünün yarısını kaplamaktadır. Tevrat’a göre İshak kırk yaşında iken Ârâmî Laban’ın kız kardeşi Rebeka ile evlenir, fakat hanımı kısır olduğundan uzun süre çocukları olmaz; nihayet İshak, Rabb’e yalvarır ve Rebeka hamile kalır. İshak altmış yaşında iken önce Esav, ardından Ya‘kūb dünyaya gelir (Tekvîn, 25/20-26). Esav avcıdır, Ya‘kūb ise çadırda oturan sakin bir kişidir. Yahudi rivayetlerine göre dede İbrâhim, Ya‘kūb’u çok sever ve onu takdis ederek hayır duada bulunur (a.g.e. , II, 100). Öte yandan İshak Esav’ı, Rebeka ise Ya‘kūb’u daha çok sever. Bir gün kırdan dönen Esav, Ya‘kūb’dan yiyecek ister, Ya‘kūb da ilk oğulluk hakkını satması şartıyla ona yiyecek verir (Tekvîn, 25/27-34). İshak Esav’ı kutsamak ister, fakat Rebeka ile Ya‘kūb’un hilesi sonucu Esav’ı değil Ya‘kūb’u kutsar. Gerçeği anlayan İshak Esav’a, “Kardeşin hile ile geldi ve senin bereketini aldı” der (Tekvîn, 27/35). Esav’ın kendisini öldürmesinden korkan Ya‘kūb, babasının tâlimatı üzerine hem Esav’dan kurtulmak hem de kızlarından birini almak üzere Paddanaram’a dayısı Laban’ın yanına gider (Tekvîn, 27/1-28/5). Yolda Bethel’de gecelerken bir rüya görür: Göğe uzanan bir merdivenden melekler inip çıkmaktadır. Tanrı, Ya‘kūb’a ve zürriyetine üzerinde bulundukları toprakları vaad eder ve ona zürriyetinin çoğalacağını müjdeler (Tekvîn, 28/10-22). Harran’a varınca dayısının Lea (Leah) ve Raşel (Rahel) adlı iki kızı ile evlenir ve her biri için dayısına yedi yıl hizmet eder (Tekvîn, 29/1-30). Raşel ve Lea câriyeleri Zilpa ile Bilha’yı da Ya‘kūb’a verirler. Ya‘kūb’un Lea’dan Ruben, Şimon (Simeon), Levi, Yahuda (Yuda), İssakar ve Zebulun ile kızı Dina; câriyesi Zilpa’dan Gad ve Aşer; Raşel’den Yûsuf ve Bünyâmin; câriyesi Bilha’dan Dan ve Naftali olmak üzere on iki oğlu dünyaya gelir (Tekvîn, 29/31-30/24; 35/23-26). Ya‘kūb çok zenginleşir, bu yüzden Laban’ın oğulları onu kıskanınca Paddanaram’ı terkedip Ken‘an diyarına döner (Tekvîn, bab 31). Dönüş yolunda Yabbok Geçidi’nde bir adamla karşılaşır ve onunla sabaha kadar güreşir. Karşısındaki, “Tanrı ile ve insanlarla uğraşıp onları yendin” der ve Ya‘kūb’un adını İsrâil şeklinde değiştirir. Ya‘kūb da o yerin adını, “Tanrı’yı yüz yüze gördüm ve canım sağ kaldı” diyerek Peniel (Tanrı’nın yüzü) koyar (Tekvîn, 32/22-32). Yahudi rivayetlerine göre Ya‘kūb’un güreştiği kişi Mîkâil’dir (a.g.e. , II, 147). Ya‘kūb, Ken‘an diyarına döndükten sonra kardeşi Esav ile barışır; Esav Seir’e döner, Ya‘kūb da önce Sukkot’a, ardından Şekem şehrine gider (Tekvîn, 33/1-20). Tanrı’dan Beytel’e gidip orada bir sunak yapma emrini alır ve bu emri yerine getirir. Bu arada ailesine ve çevresindekilere yabancıların ilâhlarından vazgeçmelerini, kendilerini temizlemelerini öğütler. Tanrı, Ya‘kūb’a görünerek, “Senin adın Ya‘kūb’dur, ancak artık Ya‘kūb çağrılmayacaksın, adın İsrâil olacaktır” der ve çoğalmasını isteyerek kendisinden milletlerin ve kralların çıkacağını, İbrâhim’e ve İshak’a vaad edilen diyarı kendisine ve zürriyetine vereceğini bildirir (Tekvîn, 35/1-15).
Ya‘kūb Esav ile birlikte, 180 yaşında vefat eden babası İshak’ı Hebron’daki (Halîl) aile mezarlığına defneder (Tekvîn, 35/28-29). Ardından babasının gurbet diyarına, Ken‘an’a yerleşir (Tekvîn, 37/1). Oğulları arasında en çok Yûsuf’u sever ve onun kötü haberini alınca yas tutar (Tekvîn, 37/31-35). Ken‘an diyarında kıtlık meydana geldiğinde Ya‘kūb on oğlunu erzak almaları için Mısır’a gönderir (Tekvîn, 42/1-2). Oğullarının aldığı erzak tükenince onları ikinci defa Mısır’a yollar (Tekvîn, 43/1-2). Daha sonra Yûsuf babasını ve kardeşlerini Mısır’a getirtir (Tekvîn, 47/6-7), onları Goşen vilâyetine yerleştirir. Ya‘kūb burada on yedi yıl daha yaşar, vefatından önce çocuklarına nasihatte bulunur. 147 yaşında ölen Ya‘kūb vasiyeti gereği Makpela (Machpelah) mağarasına (Hebron), İbrâhim ve karısı Sâre, İshak ve karısı Rebeka ile kendi karısı Lea’nın defnedildiği yere gömülür (Tekvîn, 49/1-50/14). Ya‘kūb, İsrâil ataları içinde ömrü en kısa olan ve Tevrat’ta diğerlerine göre hayatı daha ayrıntılı biçimde anlatılan bir peygamberdir. 130 yaşında iken yaşını soran dönemin firavununa, “Gurbet yıllarımın sayısı 130’dur; ömrümün yıllarının sayısı azdır ve bu yıllar kötü geçti; babalarımın gurbetteki günlerinde yaşadıkları yılların sayısına varmadı” der.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Ya‘kūb’dan hem bu isimle hem de İsrâil diye bahsedilmektedir. Ya‘kūb adı on sûrede on altı defa geçer (el-Bakara 2/132, 133, 136, 140; Âl-i İmrân 3/84; en-Nisâ 4/163; el-En‘âm 6/84; Hûd 11/71; Yûsuf 12/6, 38, 68; Meryem 19/6, 49; el-Enbiyâ 21/72; el-Ankebût 29/27; Sâd 38/45); İsrâil adı da tek başına iki (Âl-i İmrân 3/93; Meryem 19/58), Benî İsrâil şeklinde kırk bir yerde geçer. Bazı rivayetlere göre Ya‘kūb adı kendisine, Allah’ın emirlerini ve yasaklarını kitaptan takip ederek uygulaması veya zürriyetinin onu takip etmesi yahut doğum esnasında kardeşinin topuğunu tutması sebebiyle verilmiştir (Fîrûzâbâdî, VI, 43). Ancak İslâmî kaynaklara göre de Ya‘kūb Arapça asıllı bir kelime değildir (Cevâlîkī, s. 355). Kur’an’da diğer peygamberler gibi Ya‘kūb’a da vahiy geldiği ve onun nebî olduğu bildirilmektedir (en-Nisâ 4/163; Meryem 19/49). Dedesi İbrâhim ve babası İshak gibi Ya‘kūb da güçlü bir iradeye, keskin bir zekâya sahiptir; kendisi ve zürriyeti seçkin ve hayırlı insanlardır (Sâd 38/45-46); onlar dürüst ve erdemli (el-Enbiyâ 21/72), muhsin (el-En‘âm 6/84), sâlih (el-Enbiyâ 21/72), muhlis (Sâd 38/45-46) kullardır.
Yahudi ve hıristiyanların, insanları doğru yolu bulmaları için kendi dinlerine davet etmeleri üzerine Kur’an’da şöyle buyurulur: “Deyin ki: Biz Allah’a inanırız; bize indirilene ve İbrâhim’e, İsmâil’e, İshak’a, Ya‘kūb’a ve onların soyundan gelenlere indirilene, Mûsâ’ya, Îsâ’ya ve rableri tarafından diğer bütün peygamberlere verilmiş olana inanırız; onların arasında hiçbir ayırım yapmayız; biz Allah’a teslim olanlardanız” (el-Bakara 2/136; Âl-i İmrân 3/84). Bu âyetlerde Ya‘kūb’un peygamberliğine inanmanın Müslümanlığın bir şartı olduğu belirtilmektedir. Diğer taraftan İbrâhim, İsmâil, İshak ve Ya‘kūb ile onların soyundan gelenlerin iddia edildiği gibi yahudi veya hıristiyan olmadıkları ifade edilmektedir (el-Bakara 2/140). Ya‘kūb da dedesi İbrâhim gibi çocuklarına Allah’a teslimiyeti vasiyet etmiş (el-Bakara 2/132), ölümü yaklaşınca da oğullarına, “Ben gittikten sonra siz kime kulluk edeceksiniz?” diye sormuş, onlar da, “Senin rabbine, ataların İbrâhim, İsmâil ve İshak’ın rabbine, tek Allah’a kulluk edecek ve O’na teslim olacağız” cevabını vermişlerdir (el-Bakara 2/133). Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ayrıca İbrâhim’e İshak ve Ya‘kūb’un bağışlandığı zikredilmekte (el-En‘âm 6/84), İbrâhim’in eşi Sâre kastedilerek, “Biz ona İshak’ı ve onun ardından Ya‘kūb’u müjdeledik” denilmektedir (Hûd 11/71). Bu âyetlerden hareketle bazı şarkiyatçılar, Kur’an’da Ya‘kūb’un da İshak gibi İbrâhim’in oğlu diye gösterildiğini ileri sürmüşlerse de (EI 2 , XI, 276) Kur’an âyetleri (el-Bakara 2/133, 136, 140; Âl-i İmrân 3/84; Hûd 11/71; Yûsuf 12/6) böyle bir anlayışa imkân vermemektedir. Kur’an’da Tevrat inmeden önce bütün yiyeceklerin İsrâiloğulları’na helâl kılındığı, ancak Ya‘kūb’un bunlardan bazılarını kendisine yasakladığı bildirilmekte (Âl-i İmrân 3/93), hadislerde bu nimetlerin deve eti ve deve sütü olduğu belirtilmektedir (Müsned , I, 273, 274, 278). Diğer bir izaha göre Tevrat’ta söz konusu edilen haram (Tekvîn, 9/4) etin kanıyla birlikte yenmesidir (Hamîdullah, s. 62). Kur’an’da Ya‘kūb’la ilgili bazı bilgiler Yûsuf sûresinde yer almıştır. Bu sûrede Ya‘kūb’un adı üç defa geçmekte, yirmi beş yerde de kendisine atıfta bulunulmaktadır. Ya‘kūb çocuklarına güvenmemekte (Yûsuf 12/11, 18, 83), onlar da babalarına saygılı davranmamaktadır (Yûsuf 12/8, 16-17, 95).
Hadislerde de Ya‘kūb nebî ve kerîm olarak zikredilmektedir (Müsned , II, 96; Buhârî, “Enbiyâʾ”, 14, 19). İfk Hadisesi’nde Hz. Âişe ithamlara mâruz kalınca şöyle demiştir: “Artık bana düşen Yûsuf’un babası gibi sabretmektir” (Müsned , VI, 367, 368; Buhârî, “Tefsîr”, 12/3; 24/11). Diğer bir hadise göre Hz. Peygamber şeytanın kötülüğünden ve kem gözden korunmak için ashabına öğrettiği bir duanın sonunda, “Atamız İbrâhim ve İsmâil, İshak ve Ya‘kūb’a böyle dua ederdi” buyurmuştur (İbn Mâce, “Ṭıb”, 36). İslâmî kaynaklarda Hz. Ya‘kūb kılsız vücutlu, zayıf yapılı, ağır başlı, uzun boylu, güzel yüzlü bir kişi olarak tasvir edilir. Ya‘kūb’un hayatıyla ilgili İslâmî kaynaklarda yer alan bazı bilgiler yahudi kaynaklarından aktarılmıştır. Rivayete göre babası Ya‘kūb’a Ken‘an diyarından evlenmemesini, dayısının kızlarından birini almasını söyler. Bunun üzerine çıktığı yolculuk esnasında rüyasında Allah kendisine, üzerinde bulunduğu toprakları ona ve zürriyetine bağışlayacağını, ayrıca kitap ve peygamberlik vereceğini bildirir; kendisi için bir mâbed yapmasını ister, bu mâbed Beytülmakdis’tir (İbn Kuteybe, s. 39-40; Sa‘lebî, s. 101). Kisâî’nin nakline göre İshak rüyada göğsünden bir ağacın çıktığını, ağacın birçok dala ayrıldığını ve her dalda bir nur parladığını görür. Dallar peygamber olacak çocuklarını temsil eder. Nitekim ikiz çocukları doğar. Büyüdüklerinde İshak sevdiği oğlu Esav’ı çağırarak av eti getirmesini, soyundan peygamberler çıkması için ona dua edeceğini söyler. Bunu duyan hanımı Rebeka ile oğlu Ya‘kūb hileye başvururlar; kestikleri bir oğlağın derisini Ya‘kūb’un kollarına sararlar ve bu oğlağın etini ona av eti diye ikram ederek kendisinden hayır dua talep ederler. İshak bu durumdan kuşkulansa da Esav zannıyla Ya‘kūb’u takdis eder. Avdan dönen Esav gerçeği öğrenince Ya‘kūb’u öldürmeye karar verir. Bunun üzerine Ya‘kūb dayısı Laban’ın memleketine gider (Ḳıṣaṣü’l-enbiyâʾ , s. 153-156, 176-178). Ya‘kūb, Halîl’in (İbrâhim) torunu, Zebîh’in (İshak) oğlu, Sıddîk’in (Yûsuf) babası, Esbât’ın şeyhi, Benî İsrâil peygamberlerinin atası, İsmâil’in kardeşinin oğludur. Kırk veya yetmiş yıl hüzün içinde yaşamış, Yûsuf’un gömleğinin kokusunu 80 fersahtan almıştır (Fîrûzâbâdî, VI, 43). Ya‘kūb, oğlu Yûsuf’un yokluğunda Bünyâmin de yanından ayrılınca üzüntüden iki gözüne ak düşmüş, oğlu Yûsuf’un gönderdiği gömleği yüzüne sürerek gözleri açılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Mustafavî, et-Taḥḳīḳ , XIV, 251-255.
Müsned , I, 273, 274, 278; II, 96; VI, 367, 368.
Dârimî, “Veṣâyâ”, 4.
Tirmizî, “Tefsîr”, 24/4, “Daʿavât”, 114.
İbn Kuteybe, el-Maʿârif (Ukkâşe) , s. 39-40.
Sa‘lebî, ʿArâʾisü’l-mecâlis , Beyrut 1374/1954, s. 101-102.
Muhammed b. Abdullah el-Kisâî, Ḳıṣaṣü’l-enbiyâʾ (nşr. I. Eisenberg), Leiden 1922, s. 153-156, 176-178.
Mevhûb b. Ahmed el-Cevâlîkī, el-Muʿarreb (nşr. Ahmed M. Şâkir), Tahran 1966, s. 355.
Fîrûzâbâdî, Beṣâʾiru ẕevi’t-temyîz (nşr. Abdülalîm et-Tahâvî), Beyrut, ts. (el-Mektebetü’l-ilmiyye), VI, 43-45.
Muhammed Hamîdullah, Le Saint Coran , Paris 1989, s. 62.
M. J. Williams, “Jacob”, The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion (ed. R. J. Z. Werblowsky – G. Wigoder), New York 1997, s. 364.
L. Ginzberg, Les légendes des juifs (trc. G. Sed-Rajna), Paris 1998, II, 95-174.
M. Âsım Köksal, Peygamberler Tarihi , Ankara 2004, s. 263-268, 293-296.
Ahmet Suphi Furat, “Ya’kûb”, İA , XIII, 351.
R. Firestone, “Yaʿḳūb”, EI2 (Fr.) , XI, 276.
I. Hicks, “Jacob (Israel)”, IDB , II, 782-786.
Dictionnaire encyclopedique du Judaïsme (ed. G. Wigoder v.dğr.), Paris 1993, s. 567-568.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 274-276 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Hz. Ya‘kūb müslüman milletlerin kültür ve edebiyatında, halk inanışlarında adı çokça geçen ve hayatına dair bilgi verilen peygamberlerden biridir. Kaynaklarda duasının bereketiyle bir koyunun tek batında dört kuzu doğurması, sesinin üç konak mesafeden duyulacak kadar gür olması, attığı okun çok uzaklara gitmesi, duasıyla dağları yerinden oynatması, oğlu Yûsuf hakkında kurtlarla konuşması, çok uzak mesafeden Yûsuf’un kokusunu alması gibi mûcizeleri nakledilir. Edebiyatta daha çok etkili duasıyla anılan Hz. Ya‘kūb’la ilgili bilgiler Kur’an’da Yûsuf sûresinde yer alır. Kısas-ı enbiyâ kitaplarında, Yûsuf u Züleyhâ mesnevilerinde, hilyelerde, siyer ve mevlidlerle, mi‘râciyyelerde, Envârü’l-âşıkīn ve Mârifetnâme gibi eserlerde Ya‘kūb daha çok Yûsuf’la birlikte zikredilir. Tasavvuf edebiyatında Ya‘kūb’la ilgili konular çeşitli yönlerden ele alınmış ve bu alanda zengin bir birikim oluşmuştur. Yûsuf u Züleyhâ mesnevilerinde Hz. Ya‘kūb’un babasından dua alması, peygamber olması, evlenmesi ve on iki oğlu anlatılır. Bu eserlerde genellikle Yûsuf tanıtıldıktan sonra Ya‘kūb’dan söz edilir.
İbn Abbas’tan gelen bir rivayete göre kardeşleri Yûsuf’u kuyuya attıktan sonra kestikleri bir kuzunun kanını gömleğine sürer, babalarına da kardeşlerini bir kurdun yediğini söyler. Ancak Ya‘kūb, “Kurt onu nasıl yemiş olabilir, gömleği bile yırtılmamış” diyerek oğullarına inanmadığını belirtir. Diğer bir rivayete göre ise oğulları babalarının yanına bir kurt getirerek, “Yûsuf’u bu kurt yedi” derler, Ya‘kūb da “Ey kurt! Benim evlâdımı sen mi yedin?” diye sorunca Allah kurdu konuşturur ve kurt, “Ben çocuğunu ne yedim ne de gördüm” cevabını verir. Bu olay bir Urfa türküsünde, “Cemolup geldiler Ken‘an’ın kurdu / Biz yemedik deyü içtiler andı / Ya‘kūb’un feryâdı arşa dayandı” dizeleriyle yer almıştır.
Hayâlî Bey, emsalsiz güzelliğini güneşe benzettiği Yûsuf’un kuyuya atılmasını güneşin batışıyla etrafa hüzün çökmesi benzetmesiyle anlatmıştır: “Çâh-ı arza düşücek Yûsuf-ı mihr oldu o dem / Mâh-ı Ya‘kūb-ı felek külbe-i ahzan-şekl.” Bazı şiirlerde ise Ya‘kūb gökyüzüne ve güneşe, Yûsuf da aya teşbih edilmiştir. Yine Hayâlî’nin, “Pîr-i nûrâniye nâgeh gelip ihvân-ı nücûm / Subh pîrâhenin irgürdü (ulaştırdı) edip kan-şekl” beytinde yıldızlar Yûsuf’un kardeşlerine, gökyüzü ve güneş Ya‘kūb’a (pîr-i nûrânî), sabah da şafak vaktinin kızıllığıyla Yûsuf’un kanlı gömleğine benzetilmiştir. Hz. Ya‘kūb’un, Yûsuf’un ayrılığına metanetle katlanıp Allah’a sığınması onun edebiyata akseden diğer bir özelliğidir. Ya‘kūb’un sözü olarak Kur’an’da geçen, “Fe sabrun cemîl vallāhü’l-müsteânü alâ mâ tesıfûn” (artık bana düşen güzelce sabretmektir; buna karşı dayanma gücü vermesi için sadece Allah’a sığınırım) âyetiyle (Yûsuf 12/18), kardeşlerinin Bünyâmin’i de Mısır’a götürmek istediklerinde onlara söylediği, “fa’llāhü hayrün hâfizan ve hüve erhamü’r-râhimîn” (Allah en hayırlı koruyucudur ve acıyıp esirgeyenlerin en merhametlisidir) âyeti (Yûsuf 12/64) celî istifler halinde yazılıp levha şeklinde cami, tekke ve evlerin duvarlarını süslemiştir. Hz. Ya‘kūb’un Yûsuf’un doğumu öncesinden başlayarak çektiği sıkıntılar karşısında Allah’a yalvarması Yûsuf u Züleyhâ mesnevilerinde, “Duâ-yı/Tazarrû-yi/Niyâz-ı/İlticâ-yı Ya‘kūb” gibi başlıklar altında gazel veya kaside şeklinde münâcâtlar halinde yer almaktadır.
Hz. Ya‘kūb divan edebiyatında gam ve hüznün sembolü haline gelmiş ve âşıkların kendilerini benzettiği kişilerin başında yer almış, ayrıca şairler Ya‘kūb’un sabrını örnek almıştır. Neccârzâde Rızâ Efendi, “Hayâl-i Yûsuf-ı ümmîd ile Ya‘kūb-ı vakt oldum / Ziyâ ver külbe-i ahzânıma ey mâh-ı Ken‘an” mısralarında ondan medet beklemiştir. Ya‘kūb, oğlunu kaybettikten sonra gözüne hiç uyku girmemesi yönüyle de anılmıştır: “Hayâlin çeşm-i Ya‘kūb-ibtilâ-yı girye-mu‘tâda / Misâl-i Yûsuf-ı gül-pîrehen hâbı unutturdu” (Nâilî-i Kadîm). Ya‘kūb’un Yûsuf’un ardından yıllarca göz yaşı dökmesi gibi âşık da göz yaşı dökmüş, bu sebeple gözlerini kaybetmiştir: “İktizâ-yı hasretinle âkıbet Ya‘kūb-veş / Ağlamaktan dîde-i giryâna ettim elvedâ” (Şehrî). Sultan I. Ahmed’in, “İftirâkınla efendim bende tâkat kalmadı / Yah-pâre oldu bu dil aşkta mahabbet kalmadı / Şol kadar ağlattı ben bîçâreyi hükm-i kazâ / Giryeden hîç Hazret-i Ya‘kūb’a nevbet kalmadı” mısraları neredeyse bir atasözü haline gelmiş, hat sanatında murakka‘ halinde yazılmış ve Cevdet Çağla tarafından nişâburek makamında bestelenmiştir.
Divan şiirinde ağlamaktan feri sönmüş mahmur gözler nergise benzetilir. Hz. Ya‘kūb’un devamlı yaş döken gözleriyle nergis arasında münasebet kurulmuş, onun gözleri de nergis gibi ağlamaktan mahmurlaşmıştır. Fuzûlî, bahar geldiğinde nergis çiçeğinin topraktan çıkması ile Yûsuf’tan haber alan Ya‘kūb’un gözlerinin açılması ve yıllarca beklediği hüzün evinden dışarı çıkması arasında ilişki kurar: “N’ola çeşm-i ter ile çıksa habs-i hâkden nergîs / N’ola ger çıksa Ya‘kūb-ı belâkeş beytü’l-ahzandan.” Yine ağlamaktan Ya‘kūb’un gözlerine ak düşmüştür. İzzet Molla’nın, “Maksûd azîzim kolaylıkla ele girmez / Çeşm etti fedâ Yûsuf’a Ya‘kūb-ı mahabbet” beytinde bu durum anlatılır. Hz. Ya‘kūb’un hüzün içinde kapandığı evi de (beytü’l-ahzân / beytü’l-hazen / külbe-i ahzân) divan şairlerinin çok kullandığı benzetme unsurlarından biridir. Muhibbî, Yûsuf gibi güzel olan sevgililerinden ayrı düştükleri için gönül evleri hüzünler evine dönen âşıklara, “Hasret ile âh senden ayrı Yûsuf-cemâl / Eyledim Ya‘kūb-veş dil hânesin beytü’l-hazen” beytiyle tercüman olmuştur. Hitâbî ise kendi sevgilisinden ayrı düşmeyi Ya‘kūb’un Yûsuf’tan ayrılmasından daha acıklı görür: “Gerçi Ya‘kūb’u zaîf etti firâkı Yûsuf’un / Za‘f içinde ol dahi men nâtüvândan yahşıdır.” Ayrılık derdiyle evi Ya‘kūb’un hüzünler evine dönen Hayretî de kendisini kınayanlara Yûsuf gibi güzel olan sevgiliden ayrılan herkesin kendi durumuna düşebileceğini söyler: “Ya‘kūb-veş giryân isem beytü’l-hazende ta‘n değil / Vâ firkatâ bir Yûsuf-ı Ken‘an’dan ayrıldım meded.” Şair, “N’ola sen mesned-i izzette beyim Yûsuf isen / Biz de Ya‘kūb gibi âkif-i beytü’l-hazeniz” beytiyle de sevdiğini Yûsuf’a, kendini hüzün evinde bekleyen Ya‘kūb’a benzetmiştir. Nâilî ise herkesi göz yaşı döken Ya‘kūb’un beytü’l-ahzânını görmeye davet eder: “Her nefes gark-âb-ı eşk eyler bu mînâ hücreyi / Çeşm-i Ya‘kūb-ibtilânın beyt-i ahzânın görün.”
Edebî eserlerde Hz. Ya‘kūb’la ilgili diğer unsurlar Yûsuf’un hayatının Mısır safhasından sonra tekrar öne çıkar. Ya‘kūb, Yûsuf’tan sonra Bünyâmin’in ayrılığına dayanamayıp “Gidin, iyice araştırıp Yûsuf ve kardeşi hakkında bana haber getirin ve Allah’ın yardımından ümidinizi kesmeyin” diyerek (Yûsuf 12/87) oğullarını tekrar Mısır’a gönderir. Bu âyetle aynı meâldeki “Lâ teḳnatû min rahmetillâh” âyeti (ez-Zümer 39/53) hat sanatına da intikal etmiştir. Mehmed Âkif Ersoy, “Âtîyi karanlık görerek azmi bırakma” mısraıyla başlayan şiirini Yûsuf sûresindeki bu âyetten aldığı ilhamla yazmış ve şiirin başına âyetin metniyle tercümesini de koymuştur. Ya‘kūb’un oğullarının Mısır’a gidip durumlarını Yûsuf’a anlatmalarını, Yûsuf’un onları affedip babalarını getirmeleri için geri göndermesini ve kardeşlerine gömleğini vererek, “Bunu babamın yüzüne sürün, gözleri açılsın” demesini (Yûsuf 12/93), kervanları Mısır’dan ayrılınca Ya‘kūb’un, “Ben Yûsuf’un kokusunu alıyorum; sakın bana deli demeyin” (Yûsuf 12/94) şeklindeki sözlerini nakleden âyetler telmih ve iktibas yoluyla edebî eserlerde çokça kullanılmış ve değişik biçimlerde yorumlanmıştır. Bir yoruma göre Yûsuf’un kokusunu Ya‘kūb’a sabâ rüzgârı ulaştırmıştır. Bu sebeple âşıkla mâşuk arasındaki haberleşmeyi sabâ rüzgârının sağladığı düşünülür. Karamanlı Nizâmî’nin, “Sen azîzin haberin ilteli (ulaştıralı) gülzâra sabâ / Çâk eder hasret ile Yûsuf-ı gül pîreheni” beyti bu düşünce üzerine kurulmuştur. Hz. Ya‘kūb’un Yûsuf’un gömleğini yüzüne sürmesiyle gözlerinin açılmasını Sâbit, “Sürünce pîrehen-i Yûsuf’u gül yüzüne / Açıldı dîde-i Ya‘kūb nergîs oldu ferîd” beytiyle ifade etmiştir. Kastamonulu Sa‘dî bu hadiseyi, “Meşâmm-ı pîr-i Ken‘an’a şemîm-i pîrehen-âsâ / Edip bûy-ı meserret çeşmime nûr-ı basar îrâd” beytiyle anlatmıştır. Sevgiliden gelen en küçük bir haber bile âşık için büyük sevinç kaynağıdır. Bâkî’nin, “Rûşen oldu açılıp dîde-i Ya‘kūb-ı emel / Demidir menzil-i işret ola beytü’l-ahzan” beyti bundan hareketle söylenmiştir. Ya‘kūb’un Mısır’a giderek Yûsuf’a kavuşmasının ardından hayatında yeni bir dönem başlar: “Şâd-mân oldu bugün devr-i kühen-sâl yine / Vuslat-ı Yûsuf ile niteki pîr-i Ken‘an” (Bâkî). Türk edebiyatında Ya‘kūb hakkında çok zengin bir literatür oluşmuştur. Kütüphane katalogları tarandığında bu konuda henüz literatüre girmemiş metinlerle de karşılaşılmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ahmed Bîcan, Envârü’l-âşıkīn , İstanbul 1301, s. 73-85.
Harun Tolasa, Ahmet Paşa’nın Şiir Dünyası , Ankara 1973, s. 29, 442.
Cemâl Kurnaz, Hayâlî Bey Dîvânı (Tahlili) , Ankara 1987, s. 437, 454.
Ahmet Talât Onay, Eski Türk Edebiyatında Mazmunlar ve İzahı (haz. Cemâl Kurnaz), Ankara 1996, s. 244-245, 505.
Nevin Akkaya, Türk Halk Şiirinde Özel Adlar , Balıkesir 1999, s. 25, 124.
İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1999, s. 414, 418.
Gönül Ayan, “Anadolu Sahasında Yazılmış Yusuf u Züleyha Mesnevilerinde Kurt Motifi”, Türk Halklarının Edebi Geçmişi: Türk Destanları: Uluslararası Sempozyum , Bakü 2004, s. 64-69.
İsmail Soyyiğit, Bâkî’nin Kasidelerinde Edebi Tasvirler (yüksek lisans tezi, 2006), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 51-52.
Adnan Uzun, “Beytü’l-hazen Kavramına Dair”, Ay Vakti , sy. 68, İstanbul 2006, s. 36-37.
Şahin Köktürk, “Halil Oğlu Ali’nin Yusuf ile Zeliha Hikâyesi”, Turkish Studies , II/4 (2007), s. 607.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 276-277 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.