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Yalan kelimesinin Arapça karşılığı olan kezib (kizb ) eski sözlüklerde “doğruluğun (sıdk) karşıtı, bir konuda gerçeğe aykırı haber veya bilgi vermek, söz vâkıaya uygun olmamak” diye tanımlanır. Haberin doğruluğu vâkıaya uygunluğu, yalan olması aykırılığı ile bilinir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “kẕb” md.; Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Feyyûmî, s. 201; et-Taʿrîfât , “Kiẕbü’l-ḫaber” md.; Tehânevî, II, 847-850; Kāmus Tercemesi , “kzb” md., I, 461). Ya‘kūb b. İshak el-Kindî kezibi “olmayanı olmuş, olanı olmamış gibi gösteren söz” şeklinde tanımlar (Resâʾil , I, 169). Kezib kelimesi âyet ve hadislerle diğer İslâmî kaynaklarda “gerçeğe aykırı konuşmak” anlamında masdar, “gerçeğe uygun olmayan söz, haber” anlamında isim olarak kullanılır. Bir âyette (Yûsuf 12/18), Yûsuf’u kuyuya atan kardeşlerinin babalarını onu kurdun parçaladığına inandırmak için gömleğine sürdükleri kan için kezib (uydurma, sahte) kelimesine yer verilmiştir. Âlimler, bazı hadislerde kezibin kötü niyet taşımayan yanlış davranışlar için de kullanılmasını kanıt göstererek bu kavramın -kasıt unsuru taşısın taşımasın- gerçeğe aykırı her türlü bilgiyi ve haberi kapsadığını, ikisi arasındaki farkın sorumluluk noktasında söz konusu edildiğini belirtirler. Çünkü yalancı söylediğinin yalan olduğunu bilir, hata eden ise sözünün doğru olduğunu zanneder (İbnü’l-Esîr, IV, 159-160). Öte yandan bir kimsenin sözü aslında gerçeği ifade etse bile o kişi yalan söylediğini düşünüyorsa yalancı sayılır. Nitekim Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de (el-Münâfikūn 63/1) münafıkların Hz. Peygamber’e söyledikleri, “Şahitlik ederiz ki sen gerçekten Allah’ın elçisisin” sözleri, “Allah biliyor ki sen O’nun elçisisin” ifadesiyle doğrulanmış, “Fakat Allah da münafıkların yalancılar olduğuna şahitlik eder” meâlindeki âyette sözlerini inanarak söylemedikleri için münafıkların yalancı olduğu bildirilmiştir (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, s. 270).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de kezib ve türevleri 280 yerde geçmektedir ve bunların çoğu “bir şeyi yalana nisbet etmek” anlamında tekzîb masdarından türeyen fiil ve isimlerdir. Esasen kişiyle ilgili olan tekzîb “kişinin yalancı olduğunu ileri sürme, onu yalancılıkla suçlama”, olay ve haberle ilgili olan ise “onu yalan sayma” mânasına gelir ve bu yönüyle inkârla örtüşür. Kur’an’da, genellikle eski peygamberlerin inkârcı kavimlerinin ve putperest Araplar’ın Allah’ın dini, peygamberi ve kitapları, kıyamet, âhiret, uhrevî yargılama ve adalet, cehennem ve azap, Allah’ın nimetleri, hakikat ve doğruluk gibi genelde imana ilişkin konulardaki yalanlayıcı, reddedici tutumlarıyla bunun kendileri için doğuracağı zararlar anlatılır. Bu âyetlerde tekzîb “ilâhî vahyin inkârı, Allah tarafından gönderilen hakikatin reddedilmesi” anlamını içerir. Kezib kelimesi de âyetlerde otuz üç yerde geçer; bunların çoğunda “uydurma, yakıştırma” anlamındaki iftira kavramıyla birlikte “Allah hakkında yalan uydurma, O’nun birliği, aşkınlığı ve yetkinliğiyle bağdaşmayan iddialar ileri sürme” mânasında kullanılır (meselâ bk. Âl-i İmrân 3/94; en-Nisâ 4/50; el-Mâide 5/103). Kezibin üç defa tekrar edildiği Nahl sûresinin 116. âyetinde insanların sorumsuzca yalan konuşarak yiyecekler hakkında, “Şu helâldir, bu haramdır” demeleri “Allah hakkında yalan uydurmak, Allah adına doğru olmayan hükümler üretmek” şeklinde değerlendirilmiştir (Taberî, VII, 658). Bir âyette, Medine yahudilerinin Araplar’a ait yanlarındaki emanetleri geri vermemenin kendileri için sorumluluk doğurmayacağını ileri sürmeleri (Âl-i İmrân 3/75; krş. Taberî, III, 317; Fahreddin er-Râzî, VIII, 100-103), başka bir âyette yine yahudilerin kutsal kitaplarına ilâve ettikleri sözlerin Allah katından geldiğini söylemeleri de (Âl-i İmrân 3/78; Fahreddin er-Râzî, VIII, 106-109) “Allah hakkında yalan söylemek, O’na asılsız şeyler isnat etmek” diye nitelendirilmiştir. Müslüman olduklarını ileri süren münafıklar Allah’a ve resulüne yalan söylemişlerdir (et-Tevbe 9/90; krş. Şevkânî, II, 445). Bir âyette gerçeği konuşana dürüst (sâdık), gerçek dışı konuşana yalancı (kâzib) denilmiştir (el-Mü’min 40/28). Birçok âyette inkârcılar ve münafıklar hakkında, Allah’ın gönderdiği açık hakikatleri yalan saymaları sebebiyle “yalancılar” ifadesi kullanılmış, ayrıca peygamberlerini yalancı (kâzib/kezzâb) diye suçlayan kavimlerden söz edilmiştir (el-A‘râf 7/66; Hûd 11/27; eş-Şuarâ 26/186).
Hadislerde de kezib ve türevleri sıkça geçmektedir. Bazı hadis mecmualarında bu konuya dair özel bablar ayrılmıştır (meselâ bk. Buhârî, “ʿİlim”, 8, 38; Ebû Dâvûd, “Îmân”, 13; “Edeb”, 80; Tirmizî, “Birr”, 46; Nesâî, “Îmân”, 23). Asılsız bir sözü Hz. Peygamber’e isnat ederek nakletmenin menedildiği rivayetlerde kezib kavramı “hadis uydurma” anlamında kullanılmıştır (Müsned , II, 47, 83, 123; Buhârî, “ʿİlim”, 38, “Enbiyâʾ”, 50; Müslim, “Zühd”, 72). Bir hadiste de şöyle denilmektedir: “Yalandan sakının, çünkü yalanla günah yan yanadır ve ikisi de insanı cehenneme götürür” (Müsned , I, 3, 5, 7, 8; Müslim, “Birr”, 103-105; İbn Mâce, “Muḳaddime”, 4, 5). Diğer bir hadiste, “Kardeşine bir söz söylediğinde o sana inanırken senin ona yalan söylemiş olman ne büyük bir ihanet!” buyurulmuştur (Müsned , IV, 183; Ebû Dâvûd, “Edeb”, 71). Hemen bütün hadis kaynaklarıyla ahlâk ve tasavvuf kitaplarında zikredilen bir hadisin meâli de şöyledir. “Sizi yalan söylemekten menederim; çünkü yalan söylemek günaha, günah da cehenneme götürür. Kişi yalan söyleye söyleye nihayet Allah katında kezzâb diye yazılır” (Müsned , I, 3, 5, 384, 410, 424; Buhârî, “Edeb”, 69; Müslim, “Birr”, 102-105). Yine sıkça tekrar edilen başka bir hadiste yalan münafıklığın üç alâmetinden biri olarak gösterilmiştir (diğerleri sözünden dönmek ve emanete hıyanet etmektir; bazı rivayetlerde bunlara düşmanlıkta ileri gitmek de eklenmiştir [Müsned , II, 189, 200; Buhârî, “Îmân”, 24; “Şehâdât”, 28; “Meẕâlim”, 17; Müslim, “Îmân”, 106-108]). Hadislerde, bir kötülüğü önlemek için -başka çare yoksa- yalan söylemenin câiz olduğu durumlardan da söz edilir (meselâ bk. Müsned , VI, 403, 406; Buhârî, “Ṣulḥ”, 2; Müslim, “Birr”, 101). Hz. Peygamber şu üç maksat dışında yalan söylemenin helâl kabul edilmediğini bildirmiştir: Aralarında geçimsizlik bulunan karı kocayı barıştırmak, savaş sırasında düşmanı şaşırtmak, insanlar arasındaki husumeti önlemek (Müsned , VI, 459, 461; Müslim, “Birr”, 101; Tirmizî, “Birr”, 26).
İslâm âlimleri, yalan konusunu işlerken dilin ve konuşma yeteneğinin insanı diğer canlılardan ayıran en büyük özellik olduğunu belirterek Allah’ın verdiği bu nimeti yerinde kullanmayanların insanlık değerini de kaybedeceğine dikkat çekerler. Ebû Hâtim el-Büstî, Allah’ın, insanın organlarından sadece dile kendi birliğini ikrar etme yeteneği verdiğini, böylece onu bütün organlardan daha değerli kıldığını ifade ederek akıllı kimsenin dilini yalana alıştırmaması gerektiğini söyler. Ayrıca yalanın insan onuruna aykırılığını Muhammed b. Kâ‘b el-Kurazî’nin şu sözüyle özetler: “Bir yalancı ancak alçak ruhlu olduğu için yalan söyler” (İbn Hibbân, s. 51). Râgıb el-İsfahânî de insanın yalancılığı karakter haline getirmesinin insanlıktan çıkması demek olduğunu belirtir. Çünkü insanın temel özelliği konuşmadır. Fakat yalancılıkla tanınan kişinin sözüne güvenilmez, sözüne güvenilmeyenin konuşması faydasızdır; böylece o kimse hayvan durumuna, hatta daha aşağı bir dereceye düşer. Çünkü hayvan konuşamadığı için bu bakımdan kimseye zarar vermez; yalancı ise zararlı bir varlıktır (eẕ-Ẕerîʿa , s. 271). İbn Hazm’a göre yalan her türlü kötülüğün aslıdır ve Allah’ı inkâr etme de onun bir türüdür. Yalan korkaklık ve bilgisizlikten doğar. Korkaklık ruhu alçaltır; korktuğu için yalan söyleyen kişi artık değer verilen ruhsal yücelikten uzak kalmıştır (el-Aḫlâḳ , s. 60). Mâverdî de yol açtığı kötü sonuçlar yüzünden yalanı bütün kötülüklerin toplamı, bütün çirkinliklerin temeli, düşmanlığa kadar varan bir dizi kötülüğün başı diye niteler (Edebü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn , s. 253).
İslâm ahlâk felsefesinin erken dönem kaynakları arasında yer alan eṭ-Ṭıbbü’r-rûḥânî adlı eserinde yalan söylemenin arkasındaki psikolojik sebepleri ve doğuracağı sakıncaları inceleyen Ebû Bekir er-Râzî’ye göre yalanın asıl sebebi kibir duygusu ve yönetme tutkusudur. Bilgi sahibi olan bir kişiye bu bilgi ondan yoksun olana göre bir üstünlük sağladığı için o kişi kendini yalanla bilgili gibi göstermek ister. Bu ise nefsânî arzuların insanı yanıltmasının bir sonucudur. Yalan söylemeye devam eden kişiler sonunda pişmanlık doğuracak yanlışlıklar yaparlar; insanların gözünden düşer, aşağılanır, hakarete uğrarlar. Yalan haber verenin niyetine göre farklı yalan türlerini inceleyen Râzî, karşısındakini bir zarardan koruma veya ona meşrû bir fayda sağlama amacıyla söylenen yalanı kötü saymamış, bunun yanında işin aslı ortaya çıktığında söyleyen için mahcubiyet ve kınama doğuran yalanları çirkin bulmuş, insanın yalancı diye nitelendirilmesini gerektirecek en kötü yalanın hiçbir sebebe dayanmayan, çirkin ve alçaltıcı amaçlarla söylenen yalan olduğunu belirtmiştir (Resâʾil felsefiyye , s. 56-59). Hamîdüddin el-Kirmânî, Râzî’nin eṭ-Ṭıbbü’r-rûḥânî ’sini eleştirmek için yazdığı el-Aḳvâlü’ẕ-ẕehebiyye ’de (s. 77-78) aslında fazilet kabul edilen doğru sözlülük bile her zaman makbul görülmezken, bir kimsenin aleyhinde gerçekleri söylemek bile gıybet sayılırken Râzî’nin temel bir rezîlet olan yalanı bazı durumlarda teşekküre değer görmesini yadırgamaktadır. Ancak İslâm düşünce tarihinde yalan konusu daha çok Râzî’nin görüşü doğrultusunda değerlendirilmiştir. Meselâ Râgıb el-İsfahânî, Râzî’nin eserinden alındığı anlaşılan ifadelerle hem yalanın psikolojik sebeplerinin hem de meşrû olan ve olmayan kısımlarının bulunduğu hususunda aynı görüşleri tekrarlamıştır (eẕ-Ẕerîʿa , s. 275-276). Mâverdî de yalancılığın sebeplerini menfaat elde etme, zararı önleme, söze tatlılık, zarafet katma ve düşmana zarar verme düşüncesi şeklinde sıralar; bu arada yalan söylemeye ruhsat verilen durumlardan da söz eder. Yine Mâverdî’ye göre yalancıların bazı özellikleri vardır. Yalancı doğru sözlerle kendisinin yalanları arasında fark görmez, söylediklerinin şüpheyle karşılandığını görünce hemen sözünden döner. Nihayet insan tabiatı yalandan hoşlanmadığı için yalancının ruh hali dışına yansır (Edebü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn , s. 255-257).
Bir yönden gerçek olmayan mesel, kinaye, tevriye gibi kapalı ve dolaylı anlatımların yalan sayılıp sayılmayacağı konusu üzerinde de durulmuştur. Bilgi verme maksadı taşımayıp ibret ve ders çıkarma amacı güden kurgu niteliğindeki sözlerin yalan sayılmayacağını belirten Râgıb el-İsfahânî buna çeşitli hayvanların konuşmalarını içeren bir masalı örnek gösterir. Aralarındaki bir koyun davasını Dâvûd peygambere getiren iki kardeşin hikâyesini anlatan âyetle (Sâd 38/23) Allah rızası için yapılan harcamaların sevabının çokluğunu ekinlerin bereketli verimine benzeten âyetin de (el-Bakara 2/261) bazı kesimlerce sembolik anlatımlar kabul edildiğini söyler (eẕ-Ẕerîʿa , s. 270-271). Gazzâlî, selefin yalan anlamı da içeren kapalı ifadelerden kaçınmayı tavsiye ettiğini belirttikten sonra açık olsun olmasın her türlü yalan sözden sakınmak gerektiğini, zaruret halinde de açıkça yalan söylemek yerine dolaylı ifadelere başvurmanın daha az sakıncalı kabul edildiğini ifade etmekte, bu tür dolaylı anlatımlar için örnekler sıralamaktadır. Birini mutlu etmek gibi sebeplerle kinayeli ifadeler kullanılabilir. Nitekim Hz. Peygamber yaşlı bir kadına, “Yaşlılar cennete girmeyecek” dediğinde bununla cennette herkesin genç olacağını kastetmiştir (İḥyâʾ , III, 139-140).
Râgıb el-İsfahânî’ye göre İslâm âlimleri yalanın kötü sayılması için şu unsurların bulunması gerektiğini söylemişlerdir: Sözün içerdiği haberin gerçek olayla uyuşmaması, bilgi verenin söz konusu haberi önceden zihninde kurgulaması ve zihninde kurduğu şeyi söylemeyi hedeflemesi (eẕ-Ẕerîʿa , s. 273). Bunun yanında daha çok kelâm ilminde ve kısmen ahlâk kitaplarında yalanın özü gereği mi yoksa başka bir sebepten dolayı mı kötü ve haram olduğu meselesi üzerinde durulmuştur. Kelâm âlimleri hüsün ve kubuh meselesini ele alırken en çok başvurdukları örnekler dürüstlük ve yalandır. Ehl-i sünnet’in hâkim görüşüne göre sözün dinî hükmü ortaya çıkaracağı sonuca bağlıdır. Sözün amaca ulaşmak için bir vesile teşkil ettiğini belirten Gazzâlî, iyi bir amaca hem doğru hem yalan sözle ulaşmak mümkünse de bu durumda yalan söylemenin haram olduğunu, eğer amaca ulaşmak için yalan söylemekten başka bir çare yoksa bu amaca göre sözün hükmünün değişeceğini söyler (İḥyâʾ , III, 137). Kitaplarda sıkça tekrarlanan bir örnekle, kendisini öldürmek için peşine düşenlerden kaçan mâsum bir kişiyi evinde saklayan kimsenin onu soranlara görmediğini söylemesi böyledir. Yine Hz. İbrâhim’in kendisini şölen yerine davet eden inkârcı halkına “hastayım” demesi (es-Sâffât 37/89), putlarını kıranın büyük putları olabileceğini söylemesi (el-Enbiyâ 21/62-63), yanındaki eşini korumak için “kız kardeşim” diye tanıtması da (Buhârî, “Ṭalâḳ”, 10; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭalâḳ”, 16) sözün dinî hükmünün niyet ve maksada göre değişeceğini göstermektedir. En çirkin yalan dünya ve âhiret için hiçbir fayda sağlamayan yalandır. Ahlâk kitaplarında, zorunlu durumlarda yalan söylemenin câiz görüldüğüne dair zikredilen delil aile huzurunun korunması, husumetlerin önlenmesi, savaşta başarı sağlanması gibi sebeplerle yalan söylemeye izin veren hadislerdir. Bununla birlikte yalanla ilgili ruhsatların istismarından kaygı duyan âlimler imkân ölçüsünce yalandan sakınmak gerektiğine dikkat çekmişlerdir. Nitekim Gazzâlî önce, “Yalan li-aynihî haram değildir” derken birkaç satır sonra, yalan kapısının bir defa açılması durumunda artık ihtiyaç ve zaruret sınırının ötesine geçme tehlikesinin bulunduğunu belirterek, “Zaruret durumu dışında yalan söylemek aslen haramdır” der (İḥyâʾ , III, 137-139). Râgıb el-İsfahânî de kelâmcılara atfen bazı ruhsatlardan bahsettikten sonra yalanın her zaman utanç verici ve aşağılayıcı bir tutum olduğunu söyler (eẕ-Ẕerîʿa , s. 272-274). Gazzâlî kulun ibadetlerdeki niyet ve ihlâsını da onun dürüst olup olmama açısından değerlendirir. Buna göre bir kimse, “Yüzümü gökleri ve yeri yaratan Allah’a çevirdim” derken (el-En‘âm 6/79) kalbi Allah’a yönelmez, aklı dünya meşguliyetlerinden sıyrılmazsa yüzünü Allah’a çevirdiğini söylemesi bir yalandır. Bunun gibi namazda Fâtiha sûresini okurken, “Yalnız sana ibadet ederim” diyen kişi hakikatte nefsine ve dünyaya kulluk ediyorsa o da yalan söylemiştir (İḥyâʾ , IV, 288, 391).
Yaygınlığı ve etkisi, ağır sonuçlar doğurması gibi sebeplerle yalan her devirde insanlığın en büyük ahlâk problemlerinden birini teşkil etmiş, bütün dinlerde ve ahlâk öğretilerinde kötü ve günah sayılmış, İslâm kültüründe de bu alanda geniş bir literatür oluşmuştur. Câhiz’in el-Meḥâsin ve’l-eżdâd (Beyrut 1412/1991, s. 50-56), İbn Kuteybe’nin ʿUyûnü’l-aḫbâr (Beyrut 1406/1986, II, 30-36), İbn Abdülber en-Nemerî’nin Behcetü’l-mecâlis ve ünsü’l-mücâlis (Kahire 1382/1962, I, 572-578), İbrâhim b. Muhammed el-Beyhakī’nin el-Meḥâsin ve’l-mesâvî (Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 435-444) adlı eserleri gibi erken dönemlerden itibaren insanlığın ahlâk, edep ve hikmet birikimini yansıtmak amacıyla yazılmış kitaplarda ve İbn Ebü’d-Dünyâ’nın eṣ-Ṣumt ve âdâbü’l-lisân ’ı (trc. Zekeriya Yıldız – Fikret Güneş, Hadislerde Diline Sahip Olmak , İstanbul 2007), Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī’nin el-Âdâb ’ı (Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 119-121), Zekiyyüddin el-Münzirî’nin et-Terġīb ve’t-terhîb ’i (Kahire 1414/1993, II, 30-36) gibi daha çok hadislerden meydana gelen eserlerde yalan başlıca konular arasında yer almıştır (ayrıca bk. SIDK ).
İslâm’ın büyük günah kabul edip yasakladığı yalanın fıkıhta ayrıca hukukî sonuçları da ele alınır. Yalan yere yemin ederek bir kimsenin hakkının zayi olmasına yol açan kişi âhirette Allah’ın gazabıyla karşılaşacağı gibi (Buhârî, “Eymân”, 17; Müslim, “Îmân”, 218-224) dünyada da verdiği bu zararı tazminle sorumludur. Büyük günahlardan sayılan yalancı şahitlik neticesinde (Buhârî, “Diyât”, 2; İbn Mâce, “Aḥkâm”, 32) ilgili kişilerin uğradığı zarar yalancı şahide tazmin ettirilir, ayrıca o kimse mahkemece tâzirle cezalandırılır. Mâlikîler’e göre ebediyen, fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre ise tövbe edip kendini ıslah ettiği kanaati yerleşinceye kadar şahitliği kabul edilmez. Ticarî işlemlerde satılan malın özellikleri, maliyeti, piyasa değeri vb. hakkında satıcının yalan söylemesi bu yolla elde edilen kazancı haksız ve haram kılar. Güven esasına dayanan akidlerde aldanan ve açık zarara uğrayan tarafa belli şartlarla akdi fesih, zararın tazmini gibi imkânlar tanınır (bk. TAĞRÎR ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , IV, 159-160.
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , II, 847-850.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “kẕb” md.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “kẕb” md.
Müsned , I, 3, 5, 7, 8, 384, 410, 424; II, 47, 83, 123, 189, 200; IV, 183; VI, 403, 406, 459, 461.
Kindî, Resâʾil , I, 169.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , Beyrut 1412/1992, III, 317; VII, 658.
Ebû Bekir er-Râzî, eṭ-Ṭıbbü’r-rûḥânî (nşr. P. Kraus, Resâʾil felsefiyye içinde), Kahire 1939, s. 56-59.
İbn Hibbân, Ravżatü’l-ʿuḳalâʾ ve nüzhetü’l-fużalâʾ (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd v.dğr.), Beyrut 1397/1977, s. 51-56.
Hamîdüddin el-Kirmânî, el-Aḳvâlü’ẕ-ẕehebiyye (nşr. Salâh es-Sâvî), Tahran 1397/1977, s. 77-78.
Mâverdî, Edebü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn (nşr. Mustafa es-Sekkā), Beyrut 1978, s. 253-257.
İbn Hazm, el-Aḫlâḳ ve’s-siyer fî müdâvâti’n-nüfûs , Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 60.
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, eẕ-Ẕerîʿa ilâ mekârimi’ş-şerîʿa (nşr. Ebü’l-Yezîd el-Acemî), Kahire 1405/1985, s. 270-276.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , III, 132-141; IV, 288, 391.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , VIII, 100-103, 106-109.
Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Feyyûmî, el-Miṣbâḥu’l-münîr , Beyrut 1987, s. 201.
İbn Hacer el-Heytemî, ez-Zevâcir ʿan iḳtirâfi’l-kebâʾir , Beyrut 1408/1988, I, 97-98.
Şevkânî, Fetḥu’l-ḳadîr , Beyrut 1412/1991, II, 445.
M. Mehdî Allâm, Felsefetü’l-kiẕb , Kahire 1408/1987.
T. Izutsu, Kur’an’da Dinî ve Ahlâkî Kavramlar (trc. Selâhattin Ayaz), İstanbul 1991, s. 140-146.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 297-300 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.