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YANYALI ESAD EFENDİ Skip to content (ö. 1143/1731)
Osmanlı bilgini ve düşünürü.
Kuzeybatı Yunanistan’daki Yanya şehrinde doğdu. Asıl adı Mehmed Esad, babasının adı Ali, dedesinin adı Osman’dır. Döneminde Esad Hoca, Esad Efendi olarak anılmış, eserlerinde “Yanyavî” nisbesini kullanmıştır. İlk eğitimini Yanya’da aldı. Buradaki hocaları arasında Yanya müftüsü Mehmed Efendi ile İbrâhim Efendi’nin adları anılır. Daha sonra İstanbul’a giderek medrese tahsiline başladı (1098/1687); ilme karşı arzusu ve üstün zekâsıyla kısa zamanda dikkatleri üzerine çekti. Mantık ve felsefenin yanı sıra matematik ve astronomi de öğrendi. Öklit geometrisinin temel eseri olan Usûl-i Öklîdis ’i Müneccimbaşı Mehmed Efendi’den, matematik ve astronomiyi Tekirdağ müftüsü Mehmed Efendi’den (veya Mustafa Efendi; bk. İzgi, I, 301; İhsanoğlu v.dğr., Osmanlı Matematik Literatürü Tarihi , I, 151, 175), Farsça’yı Molla Müncil’den, felsefe ve kelâm ilimlerini Akşehirlizâde İbrâhim Efendi’den okudu. Fındıklılı İsmet ders aldığı hocaları arasında Tatar Abdülhalim Efendi ile Damadzâde Ahmed Efendi’nin hocası Seyyid Mustafa Efendi’yi de kaydeder.
Tahsilini tamamladıktan sonra Şeyhülislâm Ebûsaidzâde Feyzullah Efendi’den mülâzemet alan Esad Efendi (1102/1691) önce Süleyman Ağa Dârülhadisi’ne müderris oldu (1111/1699); ardından sırasıyla Defterdar Yahyâ Efendi, Ebtem, Eyüp Ferhad Paşa, Mûsıle-i Sahn-ı Semân, Edirnekapı Mihrimah Sultan, Murad Paşa-yi Atîk medreselerinde müderrislik yaptı. Nihayet en yüksek müderrislik pâyesi olan Mûsıle-i Süleymâniyye ile Eyüp Sultan Medresesi müderrisliğine tayin edildi (1133/1721). Daha sonra Galata kadılığına getirildi (1138/1726). Bu sırada kurulan matbaada basılacak eserlerin tashihi için teşkil edilen heyetin ve tercüme kurulunun üyeleri arasında yer aldı; ayrıca III. Ahmed’in Topkapı Sarayı’nda kurduğu kütüphanede hâfız-ı kütüb olarak vazifelendirildi. Bu arada pek çok öğrenci yetiştirdi. Bunlar arasında özellikle oğlu Bedreddin (Bedrî) Mehmed Efendi, hekim Abbas Vesim Efendi, vak‘anüvis Hâkim Mehmed Efendi, şair ve hattat Said Ahmed Efendi dikkat çeken isimlerdir.
Esad Efendi, Lâle Devri’nin en önemli ilim ve fikir adamlarından biridir. Eserleri, yetiştirdiği öğrenciler, yaptığı görevler ve özellikle felsefe-mantık alanında Aristo’nun bazı eserlerini Grekçe’den Arapça’ya çevirip şerhetmesiyle tanınır. Bilgi ve birikimiyle ulemâ ve devlet adamlarının takdirini kazandı, devrinin âlimleri kendisine “muallim-i sâlis” unvanını verdi (felsefe tarihinde Aristo birinci, Fârâbî ikinci muallim olarak anılır). Arapça, Farsça yanında Grekçe ve Latince de bilen Esad Efendi, XVIII. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Sadrazam Damad İbrâhim Paşa’nın öncülüğünde başlatılan yenileşme hareketleri çerçevesinde Grekçe’den tercüme yapan heyetin başkanlığına getirildi. Sadrazamın ve Şeyhülislâm Yenişehirli Abdullah Efendi’nin isteği üzerine Aristo’nun bazı eserleriyle Porphyrios’un Îsâġūcî adlı eserini Arapça’ya çevirdi. Kaynaklarda Esad Efendi’nin Nakşibendiyye tarikatına mensup âbid ve zâhid bir kişi olduğu belirtilir. Vefatında Nakşibendiyye mensuplarına tahsis edilen Edirnekapı’daki Emîr Buhârî Dergâhı yakınındaki mezarlığa defnedildi.
Yanyalı Esad Efendi’nin çeşitli dilleri bilmesi onu akran ve emsallerinden üstün kılan bir özelliktir. Grekçe’den Arapça’ya çeviriler yapmışsa da bunlar, XVII. yüzyılın ortalarında ölen Selânik metropoliti Ioannis Kuttinius Efendi’nin Aristo ve Porphyrios’a ait eserler üzerine yazdığı şerh ve telhislerden ibarettir. Esasen bu eserler IX. yüzyılda Arapça’ya çevrilmiş ve üzerlerinde pek çok çalışma yapılmıştır. Dolayısıyla Esad Efendi mantık ve fizik alanına yeni bir şey getirmemiştir. Ioannis Efendi, İtalya’nın Padoa şehrinde tahsil gördüğü halde çok önce orada başlamış olan Rönesans’tan, yani ilim ve düşünce hayatındaki gelişmelerden habersiz görünmektedir. Aksi halde astronomi ve fizik alanındaki gelişmeler ortada iken onun Aristo fiziği üzerinde çalışmasını izah etmek güçtür. Gerçi Esad Efendi, et-Ta‘lîmü’s-sâlis adını verdiği Fizika tercümesinde Ioannis’in bu çalışmasından faydalandığını belirtmektedir. Ayrıca bazı ayrıntılarda kendisini eleştirdiği İbn Rüşd’e göndermeler yaparsa da bütün bunlar Osmanlı ilim anlayışına bir katkı sağlayacak düzeyde değildir. Meselâ tercümesinin mukaddimesinde tabiattaki olağan üstü olaylara dikkat çekmesi ve bazı bölgelerdeki ilginç bitki türlerinden ve mitolojik varlıklardan örnekler vermesi, bunların mahiyetini araştırma ve sorgulama yerine bütün bunları Allah’ın azamet ve kudretine delâlet etmesi bakımından önemli sayması onun geleneksel anlayışı devam ettirdiğini göstermektedir.
Eserleri. 1. et-Taʿlîmü’s̱-s̱âlis̱ . Aristo’nun sekiz bölümden oluşan Fizika (es-Semâʿü’ṭ-ṭabîʿî ) adlı eserinin Karaferyeli Ioannis Kuttinius tarafından yapılan kısmen şerhi, kısmen özetinin Grekçe’den Arapça’ya tercüme ve şerhidir. Muhtevasının sekiz bölümden oluşması ve mukaddimede buna işaret edilmesi sebebiyle bazı kütüphane kataloglarında Tercümetü’l-Kütübi’s̱-S̱emâniye li’s-Semâʿi’t-tabîʿî şeklinde kaydedilmekle birlikte Esad Efendi eserine et-Taʿlîmü’s̱-s̱âlis̱ adını verdiğini eserin baş kısmında belirtir. Kitabına yazdığı uzun mukaddimede Fizika şerhlerinden en çok İbn Rüşd’ün çalışmasını beğendiğini, ancak bu şerhten yaptığı alıntıları Arapça aslı elinde bulunmadığından Latince tercümesinden naklettiğini, ayrıca bu çalışmasında Latince metni birebir şerhetmediğini, bazı ayrıntıları attığı gibi bazı ilâvelerde bulunduğunu kaydeder. Mukaddimenin ilk kısmında felsefenin tanımı, ilimler tasnifi ve fizik felsefesi üzerinde durulmuş, ikinci kısımda Aristo ve eserleri tanıtılmış, üçüncü kısımda fiziğin ilim olup olmadığı meselesi tartışılmış, dördüncü kısımda fiziğin konusu ele alınmış, beşinci kısımda “fizika” adı üzerine yapılan çeşitli yorumlara yer verilmiştir. Eserin biri müellif hattı (Râgıb Paşa Ktp., nr. 824) iki tam nüshasının yanında (diğeri Râgıb Paşa Ktp., nr. 825) çok sayıda eksik nüshası mevcuttur (Süleymaniye Ktp., Beşir Ağa, nr. 414, Hâlet Efendi, nr. 540, Ayasofya, nr. 2489, Hasan Hüsnü Paşa, nr. 1238, Esad Efendi, nr. 1936, Hacı Mahmud Efendi, nr. 414; Nuruosmaniye Ktp., nr. 2656; İÜ Ktp., AY, nr. 534, 4024).
2. Tercümetü’ş-Şerḥi’l-enver . Porphyrios’un Îsâġūcî ’si ile Aristo’nun Kategoriler , Peri Hermeneias , I. ve II. Analitikler ’inin bir özeti niteliğinde olup Ioannis Kuttinius şerhi esas alınarak Arapça’ya çevrilmiş, ayrıca şerhedilmiş, Esad Efendi şerhte kendi görüşlerine de yer vermiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 2565, Hamidiye, nr. 803, Esad Efendi, nr. 1939; Râgıb Paşa Ktp., nr. 881; Nuruosmaniye Ktp., nr. 2655; TSMK, nr. 6895).
3. er-Risâletü’l-lâhûtiyye . Eserde kelâm ilminin en önemli problemlerinden olan isbât-ı vâcib konusundaki deliller ele alınmış, mümkin ve zorunlu (vâcip) varlık, Allah’ın varlığı, Allah hakkında zât-vücûd veya mahiyet-vücûd ayırımı yapılamayacağı vurgulanmış, bu konuda filozoflar ve mutasavvıfların görüşlerine de yer verilmiştir. Şeyhülislâm Mirza Mustafa Efendi’nin isteği üzerine kaleme alınan eserin iki eksik nüshası bilinmektedir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Beşir Ağa, nr. 390, Cârullah Efendi, nr. 1135).
4. el-Ḥâşiyetü’l-Fetḥiyye ʿale’ş-Şerḥi’l-Ḥanefiyye li’r-Risâleti’l-ʿAḍudiyye . Adudüddin el-Îcî’nin âdâb-ı bahse dair risâlesi üzerine Molla Hanefî (Muhammed Şemseddin et-Tebrîzî) tarafından yazılan er-Risâletü’l-Ḥanefiyye (el-Ḥanefiyye ) adlı şerhin hâşiyesi olup eksik bir nüshası bulunmaktadır (İÜ Ktp., AY, nr. 414).
5. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ İs̱bâti’l-vâcib . Konusu ve muhtevası er-Risâletü’l-lâhûtiyye ile aynı olup bunun da mevcut nüshaları eksiktir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Beşir Ağa, nr. 390).
6. Kitâbü ʿAmeli’l-murabbaʿi’l-müsâvî li’d-dâʾire . Archimedes’in eserinden faydalanılarak kaleme alınan, bir dairenin alanına eş alana sahip bir kare tesbitine dair olan bu eserin iki nüshası bilinmektedir (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, Mîkāt, nr. 172/2; Mustafa Fâzıl, Riyâza, nr. 41/22).
Esad Efendi ayrıca Şâhidî’nin Tuhfe-i Şâhidî adlı Farsça-Türkçe manzum lugatını Grekçe’ye tercüme ederek Yanya’ya göndermiş, böylece Farsça’nın yayılmasına vesile olmuştur. Bu eserin herhangi bir nüshası bilinmemektedir. Bursalı Mehmed Tâhir, bunların dışında Esad Efendi’nin şu eserlerini de kaydeder: Tercüme-i Şifâ li’bn Sînâ , Şerḥu Ḥikmeti’l-İşrâḳıyye , Tercüme-i Metâlii’l-envâr (Sirâceddin el-Urmevî). Gerek Râmiz’in Tezkire ’sinde gerekse diğer birçok kaynakta Esad Efendi’nin mürettep bir divanı olduğu kaydedilirse de şimdiye kadar buna rastlanmamış, ancak Sâlim ve Bursalı Mehmed Tâhir onun şiirlerinden örneklere yer vermişlerdir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Sâlim, Tezkire , İstanbul 1315, s. 76-80.
Râmiz, Tezkire , Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 3873, vr. 3b -4a .
İsmet, Tekmiletü’ş-Şekāik , V, 27-29.
Osmanlı Müellifleri , I, 234-235; III, 242, 302.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 205-206; II, 320.
Abdülhak Adnan Adıvar, Osmanlı Türklerinde İlim (haz. Aykut Kazancıgil – Sevim Tekeli), İstanbul 1982, s. 46, 73-74.
Mahmut Kaya, İslâm Kaynakları Işığında Aristoteles ve Felsefesi , İstanbul 1983, s. 145-146.
a.mlf., “XVIII. Yüzyılda Grekçe’den yapılan Tercümeler ve Es’ad Efendi’nin Fizika Tercümesi Üzerine Bazı Tesbitler”, Felsefe Arkivi , sy. 28, İstanbul 1991, s. 185-186.
Kazım Sarıkavak, XVIII. Yüzyılda Bir Osmanlı Düşünürü: Yanyalı Es’ad Efendi , Ankara 1997.
Cevat İzgi, Osmanlı Medreselerinde İlim , İstanbul 1997, I, 301-302.
Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu v.dğr., Osmanlı Matematik Literatürü Tarihi , İstanbul 1999, I, 151, 175-176.
a.mlf. v.dğr., Osmanlı Tabii ve Tatbiki Bilimler Literatürü Tarihi , İstanbul 2006, I, 111-113.
Ârif, “Devlet-i Osmâniyyenin Teessüsü ve Tekarrürü Devrinde İlim ve Ulemâ”, DEFM , I/2 (1332), s. 143-144.
Mehmet Ali Ayni, “Türk Mantıkçıları”, DİFM , III/10 (1928), s. 49-64.
İhsan Fazlıoğlu, “Esʿad Efendî”, Mv.AU , I, 604-607.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 322-323 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.