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YAZICIOĞLU MEHMED EFENDİ Skip to content (ö. 855/1451)
Daha çok Muhammediyye adlı eseriyle tanınan Osmanlı mutasavvıf şairi.
1/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA İSMET UZUN Bölüme Git
Doğum yeri kesin olarak bilinmemekte, Âmil Çelebioğlu onun Gelibolu’ya 40 km. uzaklıktaki Kadıköyü’nde yahut Evreşe’de doğduğunu ileri sürmektedir. İl…
2/2 Müellif: İLYAS ÇELEBİ Bölüme Git
Bazı Görüşleri. Yazıcıoğlu Mehmed Efendi dönemin ilim geleneğine uyarak tefsir, hadis ve fıkıh yanında kelâm dersleri de almış, bazı eserlerini Arapça…
Doğum yeri kesin olarak bilinmemekte, Âmil Çelebioğlu onun Gelibolu’ya 40 km. uzaklıktaki Kadıköyü’nde yahut Evreşe’de doğduğunu ileri sürmektedir. İlk eğitimini Şemsiyye adlı manzum eserin müellifi olan babası Yazıcı Sâlih’ten aldı, Arapça ve Farsça öğrendi. Muhammediyye ’den anlaşıldığına göre Mısırlı âlim Molla Zeynüddin Arab’dan da çok faydalandı. Son hocası Haydar-ı Hafî’dir. Yine bu eserinde Arap ve Fars ülkelerini, Mâverâünnehir’i ve Anadolu’yu dolaştığını kaydeder. İlimlere ve edebiyata dair geniş bilgi sahibi olan Yazıcıoğlu’nun Arapça ve Farsça kaynaklardan yararlandığı, bu iki dile eser yazacak kadar vâkıf olduğu görülmektedir. Latîfî, “Ulûm-i zâhirede mütebahhir idi” sözüyle onun ilmî seviyesinin yüksekliğine işaret eder. Hacı Bayrâm-ı Velî, Sultan II. Murad’ı ziyaret için Edirne’ye gidip Ankara’ya dönerken Gelibolu’ya uğradığında Mehmed Efendi, Envârü’l-âşıkīn müellifi kardeşi Ahmed Bîcan’la birlikte ona intisap etmiş (Sarı Abdullah Efendi, bibl.), zamanla kendisi de tasavvuf alanında söz sahibi bir şahsiyet haline gelmiştir. Latîfî onun hakkında, “Eğerçi tarîk-i tasavvufun müntehîlerindendir, ammâ seccâde-i irşâda geçip kimseyi irşâd ettikleri ma‘lûm değildir… İlm-i bâtında ve fenn-i tasavvufta müteferrid idi” diyerek irşad makamında bulunmadığını belirtmektedir.
Dinî ilimleri tahsil edip mânevî eğitimini de tamamladıktan sonra çevresinde dinî-tasavvufî bir otorite olarak kabul edilen Yazıcıoğlu, Gelibolu Namazgâhı yakınında günümüzdeki adıyla Hamzakoyu sahillerine bakan büyük bir kayaya oyulmuş iki hücreden ibaret çilehânesinde yaşamaya başladı. Gelibolu ahalisinin kendisinden Hz. Peygamber’e dair bir eser yazmasını ısrarla istediği, Muhammediyye ’deki bazı kayıtlardan eserini de burada telif ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Hacca gittiği bilinmekteyse de tarihi belli değildir. Adını andığı yakın dostlarından biri sonraki yıllarda Fâtih’in veziri olan Mahmud Paşa’dır. Diğerleri Gelibolu’da birçok hayratı bulunan Subaşı Ahmed-i Hâs, Yıldırım Bayezid’in oğlu Şehzade Mehmed’in hocası olup şehirde bir zâviyesi, kervansarayı ve civarda hayratı bulunan, Sırr-ı Cânan müellifi Derviş Bayezid’dir. Vefatına kadar eser telif etmek, vaaz ve dersleriyle halkı ve talebeleri eğitmek gibi hizmetlerle meşgul olan Yazıcıoğlu Mehmed 855 (1451) yılında Gelibolu’da vefat etti. Âlî Mustafa Efendi, Tuhfetü’l-mücâhidîn ’de vasiyetine uyularak çilehâne yanındaki mezarlığa defnedildiğini belirtmektedir. Kabri günümüzde Yazıcıoğlu Camii adını taşıyan mescidin hazîresindeki türbededir.
Eserleri. 1. Meġāribü’z-zamân li-ġurûbi’l-eşyâʾ fi’l-ʿayn ve’l-ʿıyân . Arapça olan eser, beş vakit namaza işaret etmek üzere kâinatın yaratılışına, peygamberlere, meleklere, kıyamete ve makām-ı a‘lâda Hakk’ın sözlerine dair beş bölümden meydana gelmektedir. Rivayete göre çevresindekiler Yazıcıoğlu’ndan Hz. Peygamber hakkında bir kitap yazmasını talep edince kendisinin tereddütle baktığı bu işe rüyasında Resûlullah’ı görüp onun da böyle bir eser kaleme almasını beklediğini bildirmesi üzerine yazmaya başlamıştır. Kitabın rağbet görmesi üzerine müellif, eserinin Hz. Peygamber’le ilgili bölümlerini genişletip nazma çekerek Türkçe Muhammediyye ’yi ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca kardeşi Ahmed’den (Ahmed Bîcan) Meġāribü’z-zamân ’ı Türkçe’ye çevirmesini istemiş, o da bu eseri genişletip Envârü’l-âşıkīn ’i hazırlamıştır. Eserin Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi (Emanet Hazinesi, nr. 1283), Nuruosmaniye (nr. 2593, 2594, 2596), Süleymaniye (Hekimoğlu, nr. 509), Beyazıt Devlet (nr. 1784), Akseki (nr. 132) ve Burdur (nr. 2063) kütüphanelerinde nüshaları mevcuttur.
2. Kitâbü Muhammediyye fî na‘ti seyyidi’l-âlemîn habîbillâhi’l-a‘zam Ebi’l-Kāsım Muhammedini’l-Mustafâ (Muhammediyye ). Müellifini üne kavuşturan eser üç ana bölümden meydana gelmektedir. Yazıcıoğlu, rüyasında yine Resûlullah’ı görüp ondan aldığını söylediği emirle 850 (1446) yılında yazmaya başladığı kitabını 853 Cemâziyelâhirinde (Ağustos 1449) Gelibolu’da tamamlamıştır. Çok sayıda yazma nüshası bulunan eserin müellif nüshası Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü Arşiv ve Neşriyat Müdürlüğü Kütüphanesi’nde korunmaktadır (nr. 431/A). Kazan’da basılan eserin (1845) İstanbul’da rumî 1262-1326 (1846-1910) yılları arasında dokuzu resimli olmak üzere yirmi iki baskısı yapılmıştır. Eserdeki çeşitli mersiyeler arasında “Vefâtü’l-Hasan ve’l-Hüseyin” başlıklı elli dört beyitlik Kerbelâ Mersiyesi, Sünnî çevrelerdeki muharrem törenlerinde asırlarca okunmuş, mersiyenin Zâkirî Hasan Efendi tarafından nühüft makamında yapılan bestesi Türk dinî mûsikisinde çok rağbet görmüştür. Muhammediyye ’nin önemli özelliklerinden biri, matbu nüshalarından bir kısmının devrin önemli hattatları tarafından yazılmış ve içinde bazı dinî resim ve çizimlere yer verilmiş olmasıdır. Muhammediyye sonraki dönemlerde şerhedilmiş ve esere nazîreler yazılmıştır. İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî’nin Ferahu’r-rûh adıyla kaleme aldığı şerhi meşhurdur. Kitabın nazîreleri arasında en önemlisi, XVI. asır mutasavvıf şairlerinden, kendisinden Yûsuf-i Bîçâre diye bahseden Ankaralı bir müellifin 913’te (1507) tamamladığı Muhammediyye adlı eseridir.
3. el-Müntehâ ʿale’l-Fuṣûṣ . Bu küçük eser, Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî’nin tanınmış eserinin ilk şârihi Müeyyidüddin el-Cendî tarafından yapılan şerhinin ta‘lîkātından ibarettir. Yazıcıoğlu Mehmed bu ta‘lîkātı ömrünün son yıllarında kaleme almış ve esere altmış üç beyitlik Arapça müstezad şeklinde bir Ḳaṣîde-i Rabbâniyye eklemiştir. el-Müntehâ ’nın bazı nüshaları mevcuttur (TSMK, III. Ahmed, nr. 1616; Nuruosmaniye Ktp., nr. 2466; Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 175, Pertev Paşa, nr. 293, Lala İsmail, nr. 162/13). el-Müntehâ , Ahmed Bîcan tarafından genişletilerek Türkçe’ye çevrilmiş (Süleymaniye Ktp., Kılıç Ali Paşa, nr. 630) ve bu eser Fuṣûṣü’l-ḥikem ’in ilk Türkçe tercümesi sayılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Yazıcıoğlu Mehmed, Muhammediye (nşr. Âmil Çelebioğlu), İstanbul 1996, I, tür.yer.; II, 58.
Lâmiî, Nefehât Tercümesi , s. 691.
Latîfî, Tezkire , s. 54-55.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1699.
Sarı Abdullah Efendi, Semerâtü’l-fuâd , İstanbul 1328, s. 233-238.
Hacı Ali Âlî, Tuhfetü’l-mücâhidîn , Nuruosmaniye Ktp., Manzum, nr. 937.
Osmanlı Müellifleri , I, 194; III, 307.
Hüseyin Vassâf, Sefîne-i Evliyâ (haz. Mehmet Akkuş – Ali Yılmaz), İstanbul 2006, II, 458-463.
Sadettin Nüzhet Ergun, Türk Musikisi Antolojisi , İstanbul 1942, I, 13.
Malik Aksel, Anadolu Halk Resimleri , İstanbul 1960, s. 148-151.
Özege, Katalog , II, 898-899.
IV, 1652.
Zehra Öztürk, “Muhammediyye’nin İki Yazma Nüshası ve İki Kadın Müstensih”, Türk Kültürü İncelemeleri Dergisi , sy. 1, İstanbul 2000, s. 333-338.
a.mlf., “Eğitim Tarihimizde Okuma Toplantılarının Yeri ve Okunan Kitaplar”, Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi , sy. 4, İstanbul 2003, s. 137, 138, 139.
Âmil Çelebioğlu – Kemal Eraslan, “Yazıcıoğlu”, İA , XIII, 365-366.
Âmil Çelebioğlu, “Ahmed Bîcan”, DİA , II, 49-51.
Mahmud Erol Kılıç, “Fusûsü’l-hikem”, a.e. , XIII, 232-233.
Nuri Özcan, “Mersiye”, a.e. , XXIX, 220.
Mustafa Uzun, “Muharremiyye”, a.e. , XXXI, 8-9.
Edith G. Ambros, “Yazid̲j̲i-og̲h̲lu”, EI2 (İng.) , XI, 319.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 362-363 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Bazı Görüşleri. Yazıcıoğlu Mehmed Efendi dönemin ilim geleneğine uyarak tefsir, hadis ve fıkıh yanında kelâm dersleri de almış, bazı eserlerini Arapça yazacak kadar bu dile vâkıf olmuştur. Onun, eserlerinde yoğun biçimde üzerinde durduğu konu mebde ve meâd itibariyle varlık meselesidir. Eserinde mebde ve meâda ilişkin konular, şeriatın sınırlarını zorlamadan tasavvuf kaynaklarından ve melâhim literatüründen yararlanılarak halkın anlayacağı bir üslûpla anlatılmıştır. Yazıcıoğlu, dinî konuları işlerken Kur’ân-ı Kerîm ve hadislerin yanı sıra Ebû Nuaym el-İsfahânî, Gazzâlî, Zemahşerî, Kādî İyâz, Fahreddin er-Râzî, Nevevî ve Kurtubî gibi âlimlerden, tasavvuf konularında Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî, Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî ve Molla Câmî gibi şahsiyetlerden faydalanmış, bu arada Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî’nin meşhur eseri Fuṣûṣü’l-ḥikem ’e şerh yazmıştır. Ayrıca babasına ait, Şemsiyye adını taşıyan melhame türü (geleceğe ve kıyamet alâmetlerine dair eserler) kitaptan da etkilenmiştir.
Yazıcıoğlu Mehmed’in Muhammediyye adlı meşhur eseri tevhid konusuyla başlar. Ona göre Allah’a akılla değil iman ve aşk ile ulaşılır, aklın açamadığı kapıları aşk açar. Gönül ilâhî sırların tecelli ettiği ayna, bir tür kıbledir; ancak nefs-i emmârenin buyruğuna girdiğinde paslanır ve ilâhî sırlar tecelli etmez olur. İlâhî aşk varlığını koruduğu sürece gönülde kir barınamaz. Yazıcıoğlu Mehmed Efendi yaratılış safhalarını şöyle anlatır: Önce akıl, sonra kalem ve levh, ardından ruhlar ve Mustafa’nın sûreti, daha sonra arş, kürsî, dört büyük melek, sekiz cennet ve yedi cehennem yaratılmış; ardından latif cevher, bundan su ve ateş, sudan buhar ve duman, bunlardan da yedi kat gök ve yedi kat yer meydana gelmiş; nihayet ay, güneş, cin, melek gibi varlıklar halkedilmiştir. Âlemler on sekiz bin olup insân-ı kâmil bunların özünü temsil eder. En son merhalede yaratılan insan eşref-i mahlûkattır, onda bütün âlemlerin sûreti bir araya gelmiştir. İnsanlar avam, havas ve hâssü’l-havâs olmak üzere üç gruba ayrılır. Avam dünyayı, havas cenneti, hâssü’l-havâs âl-i hazreti (cemâl-i ilâhîyi) ister. Yazıcıoğlu’na göre zehirli ateşten (nâr-ı semüm) yaratılan cinler erkekli dişilidir. Daha sonra Azâzîl (İblîs) halkedilmiş, insan türü ise Âdem ve Havvâ’dan çoğalmıştır. Âdem’in sûreti topraktan yaratılmış, sonra ona ruh üflenmiştir. Cenâb-ı Hak meleklere Âdem’e secde etmelerini emretmiş, bu emre itaat etmeyen şeytan huzurdan kovulmuştur. Ardından Âdem’e arkadaş olarak Havvâ yaratılmış, bu ikisi cennete konulmuş, İblîs çeşitli hilelerle onları kandırıp cennetten çıkarılmalarına sebep olmuştur. Bunun üzerine Âdem ile Havvâ yeryüzünün ayrı ayrı yerlerine bırakılır. Âdem tövbe eder ve tövbesi kabul edilir; Havvâ ile Arafat’ta buluşur.
Allah, zâtına yönelik muhabbeti izhar ve sırrını âlemlere âşikâr etmek için, “Ben gizli bir hazine idim, bilinmek diledim” buyurmuş; zâtına, sıfatlarına ve fiillerine ayna olmak üzere insân-ı kâmili (Hz. Muhammed) yaratmış ve âyetlerine mazhar kılmıştır. “Sen olmasaydın kâinatı yaratmazdım” hitabına göre âlemleri onun sayesinde vücuda getirmiştir. İnsanda bütün âlemlerin sûreti vardır. Baş arş-ı rahmâna, yüz vech-i rahmâna, göğüs kürsîye, kalp cennete, yedi organ yedi göğe, beden yerlere, kemikler dağlara benzer. Varlıklar âlemi vahdet ve kesret etrafında toplanır. Âleme esmâsı yoluyla tecelli eden Cenâb-ı Hak eserleriyle bilinir. Bundan dolayı kesret âlemine dikkatle bakmalıdır. Kesretin vahdete dayanması O’nunla bütünleşmesi anlamına gelmez. Tasavvufu şer‘î zemine oturtmayanlar vahdet-i vücûdda yanılırlar. Yanılgı noktaları Hakk’ın eseri olan insanı O’nun bir parçası saymalarıdır. Her nesne Allah’ın kemaline şahittir ve her zerrede O’nun nuru güneş gibi parlamaktadır. Allah birdir ve O’ndan gayri olan her şey kesrettir; O güneştir, mâsivâ zerrelerdir; O nurdur, mâsivâ gölgelerdir.
Allah Âdem’i nübüvvetle görevlendirmiş, son peygamber Hz. Muhammed’e kadar birçok peygamber gelmiştir. Varlığına delil olması için âlemleri, kendi zâtını görmesi için de kâmil insan olarak Hz. Muhammed’i yaratmıştır. Yazıcıoğlu’nun düşünce dünyasında merkezî kavram Peygamber aşkıdır; o Peygamber aşkıyla yanıp tutuşur. Resûlullah’ı rüyasında üç defa görmüş, onun aşkı ile Muhammediyye ’yi yazmış, her satırına onun sevgisinden bir iz düşürmüştür. Resûl-i Ekrem’in doğumu gecesinde meydana gelen birçok olağan üstü hadise, onun çocukluğu, göğsünün yarılması, seyahatleri, evlenmesi, kırk yaşına gelince inzivaya çekilmesi, ilk vahyin inişi, Mekke’deki mücadeleleri, hicreti, bir işaretiyle ayın ikiye bölünmesi, ölüleri diriltmesi, körleri iyileştirmesi gibi hususları ona olan muhabbetinin çevresinde lirik bir üslûpla dile getirmiştir.
Yazıcıoğlu Mehmed Efendi’nin eserlerinde yoğun biçimde işlediği konulardan biri de kıyamet alâmetleri ve âhiret ahvalidir. Muhammediyye ’de bir kısmı kıyametin kopmasından önce, bir kısmı kopması sırasında ortaya çıkacak olan küçük ve büyük alâmetlerden uzun uzadıya söz edilir. Bunlar ilmin azalıp cehlin baskın hale gelmesi, kötülüğün artması, zinanın ve içkinin çoğalması, fitnenin yaygınlaşması gibi küçük; deccâlin ortaya çıkışı, Hz. Îsâ’nın nüzûlü, mehdînin, Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc’ün zuhuru, dâbbetü’l-arzın çıkması, güneşin batıdan doğması gibi büyük alâmetler yanında, sûra üflenmesi, bütün yaratılmışların helâk olması, yerle göklerin değişmesi, ölülerin diriltilmesi, sûra ikinci üfürülmede bütün ruhların cesetlerine girerek mahşerde toplanması gibi merhaleler anlatılır. Eserde kıyamet duraklarından sonra livâü’l-hamd açılacağına ve müminlerin bunun altında toplanacağına, Hz. Muhammed ve diğer peygamberlerin şefaatte bulunacağına, herkese kitabı verileceğine değinilir. Ayrıca mîzan, sırat, a‘râf, dünyadan kalan hakların adaletle yerini bulması, cennet tasvirleri, cennet ehlinin dereceleri ve rü’yetullah gibi hususlara temas edilir.
Müellife göre Allah’a ulaşmak için şeriat, tarikat, mârifet ve hakikat olmak üzere dört kapı vardır. Yazıcıoğlu şeriata bağlıdır ve şeriatın sınırlarını zorlamaz. Onun din anlayışı, etrafında tarikat, mârifet ve hakikat mertebeleri bulunan şeriat şeklindedir. Yazıcıoğlu Mehmed Efendi eserlerinde Resûlullah’a muhabbetini yoğun biçimde dile getirmiş bir gönül adamıdır. Çeşitli konuları anlatırken her türlü rivayetten faydalanmış, bunları değerlendirmeden kullanmıştır. Bununla birlikte Muhammediyye ’de hoşgörüyle karşılanamayacak ölçüde aşırı düşünce ve görüşlere rastlanmaz. Kitabın halk tarafından asırlarca okunmasını âlimlerin müsamaha ile karşılaması da bunu ortaya koyar.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Yazıcıoğlu Mehmed, Muhammediyye , İstanbul 1298; a.e. (s.nşr. Âgâh Güçlü), İstanbul 1969; a.e. (nşr. Âmil Çelebioğlu), İstanbul, ts. (Tercüman 1001 Temel Eser), neşredenin girişi, I, 13-32; a.e. (nşr. Âmil Çelebioğlu), İstanbul 1996.
Ahmed Bîcan, Envârü’l-âşıkîn (s.nşr. Halil Bedi Fırat), İzmir 1970; a.e. (s.nşr. M. Rahmi), İstanbul 1974.
İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî, Ferahu’r-rûh , Kahire 1255, I, 68-112; a.e. (haz. Mustafa Utku), İstanbul 2007, I, 17-30, 67-369; II, 170-260.
Hatice Kelpetin Arpaguş, Osmanlı Halkının Geleneksel İslâm Anlayışı ve Kaynakları , İstanbul 2001, s. 24-28.
Mustafa Uzun, “Muhammediyye”, DİA , XXX, 586-587.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 363-364 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.