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YE’CÛC ve ME’CÛC Skip to content Zülkarneyn döneminde ortaya çıkan ve kıyametin kopmasına yakın dönemde zuhur ederek yeryüzünde bozgunculuk yapacak olan topluluk.
Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc kelimelerinin kökeni hakkında dilciler farklı görüşler ileri sürmüştür. Râgıb el-İsfahânî ile İbn Manzûr’a göre bu iki kelime Arapça’dır (el-Müfredât , “ecc” md.; Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ecc” md.; Kāmus Tercümesi , I, 697-698). Zemahşerî, Fahreddin er-Râzî, Beyzâvî ve Ebü’l-Bekā el-Kefevî gibi âlimlere göre ise Arapça’ya başka dillerden geçmiştir (el-Keşşâf , II, 498; Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XXI, 170; el-Külliyyât , s. 3). Birinci görüşü savunanlar söz konusu kelimelerin “ateş alevlenip durulmak; su tuzlu ve acı olmak; düşmana saldırmak, hızlı koşmak” anlamlarındaki “ecc”, “ak kor haline gelmiş ateş, parlak nesne” mânasına gelen “evc” yahut “yayılmak, etrafa dağılmak” anlamındaki “ycc” ve “mcc” köklerinden türediğini, ayrıca “hızlı hareket eden, etrafa yayılan; ateş gibi yakıp yok eden kimse veya topluluk” mânalarında mecazen kullanıldığını belirtirler. Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc’ün Arapça’ya başka dillerden girdiğini kabul edenler söz konusu dillerin İbrânîce, Âsurîce, Ârâmîce, Yunanca veya Türkçe olabileceğini ileri sürerler. İbrânîce’den geçtiğini iddia edenler Ahd-i Atîk’teki Gog ve Magog’a atıfta bulunurlar. Ahd-i Atîk’e göre Magog, Nûh’un oğlu Yâfes’in yedi çocuğundan biri (Tekvîn, 10/2) veya bu nesilden gelenlerin yaşadığı ülkenin adı (Hezekiel, 38/2), Gog ise Meşek ve Tubal’ın kralı ya da Magog ülkesinin halkıdır (Hezekiel, 38/1-3; 39/1-2). Ahd-i Atîk’te Gog yahudilere musallat olan, onların mallarını yağmalayan, çocuklarını öldüren bir topluluk şeklinde nitelendirilir (Tesniye, 28/49-57; Yeremya, 5/15-18). Ahd-i Cedîd’e göre Gog ve Magog, kutsal şehri işgal etmek üzere İblîs’in kendileriyle iş birliği yapacağı bir topluluktur (Vahiy, 20/1-9). Mûsâ Cârullah, Gog ile “gök” kelimesi arasındaki benzerlikten hareketle Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc kelimelerinin Türkçe kökenli olabileceğini söyler ki (Kur’ân-ı Kerîm Âyet-i Kerîmelerinin Mûciz İfadelerine Göre Ye’cûc , s. 11-12) bu görüş hiçbir şekilde açıklanamayacak bir iddiadan ibarettir. Ebü’l-Kelâm Âzâd’ın verdiği bilgiler ise şöyledir: Milâttan önce 600 yıllarında bugünkü Moğolistan topraklarında yaşayan ve kendilerine Mongol denilen bu topluluğun adı “mongog” veya “monçuk”tan gelir, bu da Me’cûc kelimesine çok yakındır. Bilimsel ve antropolojik verilerle Kur’an’ı tefsir etmeye çalışan Cemâleddin el-Kāsımî, Araplar’ın Kafkas dağlarının arkasında yaşayan Âkûk ve Mâkûk adlı iki kavimden söz ettiklerini ve bunları Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc diye adlandırdıklarını kaydeder (Meḥâsinü’t-teʾvîl , VII, 100).
Gog Magog kıssasının Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’te yalnızca gelecekle irtibatlandırılmasına karşılık Kur’an’da bahsedilen Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc biri geçmişte vuku bulmuş, diğeri gelecekte vuku bulacak olaylarla ilişkili olarak iki defa zikredilmiştir. Kehf sûresinde Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc’den zaman ve mekân belirtilmeden geçmişte yaşamış bir topluluk şeklinde söz edilmekte, onların etrafa zarar verdikleri ve Zülkarneyn’in yaptırdığı büyük sed sayesinde engellendikleri bildirilmektedir (18/93-97). Enbiyâ sûresinde ise Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc’den gelecekte ortaya çıkacak bir topluluk olarak söz edilir, burada da yer ve zamana değinilmeden gerçek vaad yaklaştığında Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc’ün önünün açılacağı kaydedilir (21/96-97). “Gerçek vaad”den maksat müfessirlerin büyük çoğunluğuna göre kıyametin kopmasıdır, dolayısıyla Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc kıyametin yaklaştığına işaret eden bir alâmettir veya kıyametin ilk aşamasında ortaya çıkacaktır. Âyetlerin anlamından hareketle şunları söylemek mümkündür: Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc çevreye yayılıp zarar veren, yakıp yıkan toplulukların bir tasviridir; Kur’an, geçmişte olduğu gibi gelecekte de bu niteliği taşıyan toplulukların ortaya çıkacağını haber vermektedir. Bunlar çok kalabalık bir topluluktur ve yeryüzünde fesat çıkaracaktır.
Hadislerde “Eşrâṭü’s-sâʿa”, “Fiten ve Melâḥim”, “Ḳıyâmet”, “Enbiyâʾ” gibi bölümler altında nakledilen rivayetlerde konuyla ilgili daha geniş bilgiler mevcuttur. Bu rivayetlere göre Hz. Peygamber bir gün uykudan uyandıktan sonra, “Vukuu yaklaşan felâketten dolayı vay Araplar’ın haline!” demiş ve Ye’cûc-Me’cûc’ün seddinde küçük bir deliğin açılacağını haber vermiştir (Buhârî, “Enbiyâʾ”, 7; “Menâḳıb”, 25; “Fiten”, 4; Müslim, “Fiten”, 1). Yine kıyamet vakti gelince Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc’ün seddi yıktıktan sonra tepelerden akın edip yeryüzüne dağılacakları, gittikleri her yeri yakıp yıkacakları, insanların korkularından kalelerine ve barınaklarına sığınacakları, yeryüzündeki bütün suları içip Taberiye gölünü kurutacakları, herkesi yok ettiklerini zannettikleri bir sırada Allah Teâlâ’nın, boyunlarına isabet edecek bir deve kurtçuğu göndererek onları helâk edeceği, sonunda insanların şehirlerden ve kalelerden çıkıp hayvanlarını serbest bırakacakları rivayet edilmiştir (Müsned , III, 77; İbn Mâce, “Fiten”, 33). Zayıf kabul edilen bazı rivayetlerde ise mi‘rac esnasında Hz. Muhammed’in Hz. Îsâ’dan bu konuda bazı haberler duyduğu, Îsâ’nın Allah’a dua etmesi neticesinde Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc’ün helâk edileceği, cesetlerinin yağmur sularıyla denizlere sürükleneceği bilgisine de yer verilir (Müsned , I, 375; IV, 181; Müslim, “Fiten”, 110; Tirmizî, “Fiten”, 33, 59).
Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc konusuna tarih, tefsir, kelâm ve hadis şerhi kitaplarında da yer verilir. Bu tür eserlerde Hz. Peygamber’e erken devir kaynaklarında bulunmayan bazı rivayetler nisbet edilir (sıhhati için bk. Müsned , VI, 20-21). Vehb b. Münebbih ile Kâ‘b el-Ahbâr gibi râvilere atfedilen ve hadis âlimlerince “garîb” diye nitelendirilen bu rivayetlerde Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc için yapılan seddin nasıl yıkılacağı anlatılır (Taberî, XVII, 89; İbn Kesîr, II, 112). Konu tarih kitaplarında da ele alınır ve Zülkarneyn ile bağlantılı olarak Ye’cûc-Me’cûc’den bahsedilir (Makdisî, IV, 61; Sa‘lebî, s. 362; Bîrûnî, s. 41; Kâtib Çelebi, s. 377-379). Zülkarneyn’in Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc’ün saldırılarını engellemek için yaptırdığı sed tarihte Sedd-i İskender diye anılır (bk. SEDD-i İSKENDER ). Tefsir ve hadis kitaplarında metinlerin açıklanması çerçevesinde Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc’den söz edilirken kelâm kitaplarında bu konuya “Eşrâtü’s-sâʿa” bahsinde temas edilir. Özellikle Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc’ün kimlikleri, sayıları, yerleri, ortaya çıkış zamanları gibi hususlarda geniş açıklamalar yapılır (Şemsüleimme es-Serahsî, s. 45-46; Berzencî, s. 152-156; Sıddîk Hasan Han, s. 165-166). Buna göre Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc Hz. Nûh’un oğlu Yâfes’in soyundan gelen bir topluluktur; Tâvil, Tâyis ve Mensik diye üç kola ayrılmıştır. Birinciler uzun, ikinciler orta, üçüncüler ise kulaklarından birini döşek, diğerini yorgan yapacak kadar kısa boyludur; hiçbiri kendi soyundan bin çocuk dünyaya getirmeden ölmez. Hz. Îsâ’nın nüzûlünden önce seddin arkasından çıkıp yeryüzünde bozgunculuk yapacaklardır. Mûsâ Cârullah, Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc’ün tek bir topluluk değil farklı topluluklar olduğunu, insanların güçsüz zamanlarında ortaya çıktığını ileri sürer. Bazı rivayetlerde bunlar geniş yüzlü, kırmızı tenli, küçük gözlü, basık burunlu diye nitelendirilir. Kıldan ayakkabı giydikleri ve deri kalkanlar kullandıkları, bu giyim-kuşam tarzının da doğu toplumlarına ait olduğu, dolayısıyla onların Türk soyuna mensup bulundukları söylenmiştir. Ancak güvenilir rivayetlerin hiçbirinde Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc ile Türkler arasında bir bağlantı kurulmamıştır. Bu yakıştırmaların, Gog ve Magog’un doğudan çıkacağı iddiasının yer aldığı Ehl-i kitap’tan veya Türkler’e düşman olan topluluklardan kaynaklandığını söylemek mümkündür (Çelebi, s. 128-132). Sonuç olarak Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc, Kur’an’da ve sahih hadislerde zikredilir; ancak bu isimlerin birer özel isim mi yoksa cins ismi mi olduğu tartışmaya açıktır. Geçmişte yaşadıkları ve gelecekte ortaya çıkacaklarına dair Kur’an’da yer alan bilgiden hareketle Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc’ün yaşadıkları yerden çıkarak dünyaya yayılıp çevrelerine zarar veren, her yeri yakıp yıkan topluluklar olduğunu, tarihte geçtiği gibi gelecekte de bu niteliği taşıyan toplulukların ortaya çıkacağını söylemek isabetli görünmektedir.
Fiten ve melâhim kitaplarında yer verilen Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc bahsine dair müstakil kitaplar da kaleme alınmış olup bazıları şunlardır: Seyyid Hâşim Feyyâz el-Hüseynî, Yeʾcûc ve Meʾcûc beyne’l-ḥaḳīḳati ve’l-ḫayâl (Kum 1325); Mehmed Tevfik, Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc (İstanbul 1327); Mûsâ Cârullah (bk. bibl.); Ukkāşe Abdülmennân et-Tîbî, Yeʾcûc ve Meʾcûc: Ṣıfâtühüm ve ʿadedühüm ve mekânühüm ve ḳıṣṣatü Ẕi’l-ḳarneyn maʿahüm (Kahire 1989); Abdülhamîd Muhyiddin, Yeʾcûc ve Meʾcûc (Kahire 1414/1994); Şefî‘ Mâhî Ahmed, Yeʾcûc ve Meʾcûc: Fitnetü’l-mâżî ve’l-ḥâżır ve’l-müstaḳbel (Riyad 1416/1996); Abdülhamîd Hişâm Kemâl, Yeʾcûc ve Meʾcûc (Kahire 1998); Ömer Faruk Kutay, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm Âyetlerine Göre Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc (İstanbul 1950); Muhammed Ali Lâhûrî, el-Mesîḥu’d-Deccâl ve Yeʾcûc ve Meʾcûc (Lahor 1931, 1932).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Kāmus Tercümesi , I, 697-698.
Müsned (Arnaût) , I, 375; III, 77; IV, 181; VI, 20-21.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân (Bulak) , XVII, 89.
Makdisî, el-Bedʾ ve’t-târîḫ , IV, 61.
Sa‘lebî, ʿArâʾisü’l-mecâlis , Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 362.
Bîrûnî, el-Âs̱ârü’l-bâḳıye ʿani’l-ḳurûni’l-ḫâliye (nşr. C. E. Sachau), Leipzig 1923, s. 41.
Şemsüleimme es-Serahsî, Ṣıfatü eşrâṭi’s-sâʿa (nşr. Zeki Sarıtoprak), Kahire 1414/1993, s. 45-46.
Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf (Beyrut) , II, 498.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XXI, 170.
İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye , II, 112.
Kâtib Çelebi, Cihannümâ , s. 377-379.
Ebü’l-Bekā, el-Külliyyât , Bulak 1287, s. 3.
Berzencî, el-İşâʿa li-eşrâṭi’s-sâʿa , Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye), s. 152-156.
Sıddîk Hasan Han, el-İẕâʿa limâ kâne ve mâ yekûnü beyne yedeyi’s-sâʿa , Kahire 1379, s. 165-166.
Mûsâ Cârullah, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm Âyet-i Kerîmelerinin Mûciz İfadelerine Göre Ye’cûc , Berlin 1933, s. 11-12.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , V, 3283-3293.
Cemâleddin el-Kāsımî, Meḥâsinü’t-teʾvîl (nşr. M. Fuâd Abdülbâkī), Beyrut 1398/1978, VII, 100.
İlyas Çelebi, İtikadî Açıdan Uzak ve Yakın Gelecekle İlgili Haberler , İstanbul 1996, s. 128-132.
Ebü’l-Kelâm Âzâd, “Şaḫṣiyyetü Ẕi’l-ḳarneyn el-meẕkûr fi’l-Ḳurʾân”, S̱eḳāfetü’l-Hind , I/3, New Delhi 1950, s. 26-27.
A. J. Wensinck, “Yecûc ve Mecûc”, İA , XIII, 369-370.
E. van Donzel – Claudia Ott, “Yad̲j̲ūd̲j̲ wa Mad̲j̲ūd̲j̲”, EI2 (İng.) , XI, 231-234.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 373-375 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.