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YEHOVA Skip to content Ahd-i Atîk’te Tanrı’nın özel adı olarak geçen İbrânîce kelime.
Dört harften (Y-H-V-H) oluşan kelimenin kökeni ve telaffuzuna dair çeşitli görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Kelimeyi yabancı bir kökene (Hitit, Fars, Mısır, Grek) veya farklı İbrânîce/Arapça mânalara (hvh/hvy kökünden “var eden, yaratıcı; fırtına tanrısı, hava tanrısı, yağmur indiren; yok eden, öfkelenen; konuşan”) dayandıran görüşlere karşılık bunun Sâmî kökenli bir kelime olduğu, “var olmak/olmak” anlamındaki İbrânîce “hvh/hyh” kökünden geldiği üzerinde durulmuş (yhvh = olan), şekil olarak (fiil formunda isim) putperest Araplar’ın tanrılarından Yeûk ve Yegūs ile benzerliğine dikkat çekilmiştir (Dictionary of Deities , s. 913, 915, 916). YHVH’nin uzun bir cümlenin kısaltılmış biçimi olduğu da söylenmiştir. Bu ismin doğru telaffuzu kesin biçimde bilinmemekle beraber benimsenen şekiller Yahve (Yahweh) ve Yehova’dır (Yehovah/Jehovah). Söz konusu isim, “dört harfli (kelime)” mânasında Grekçe “tetragrammaton” olarak da ifade edilmektedir. Yehova, Ahd-i Atîk’te Tanrı için kullanılan isimler arasında en sık geçenidir. Bazan YHVH Elohim (Rab Tanrı) (Tekvîn, 2/4; I. Krallar, 17/4; Mezmûrlar, 20/7), Adonay YHVH (Efendim Rab) (Tesniye, 3/24; Hâkimler, 6/22; İşaya, 3/15) veya YHVH Tsebaot (semavî orduların Rabb’i) (I. Samuel, 1/11; Mezmûrlar, 24/10; İşaya, 1/9) şeklinde kullanılmaktadır. Mezmûrlar kitabı başta olmak üzere Ahd-i Atîk’te 6800 defa geçen bu kelime geç döneme ait Daniel kitabında sadece 9. babda yer alır; Vâiz, Neşîdeler Neşîdesi ve Ester kitaplarında ise hiç görülmez.
Tevrat’ın Çıkış kitabında Tanrı’nın Mûsâ’ya ismini ilk defa Horeb dağında (Tanrı dağı / Sînâ dağı) bildirdiği ifade edilmektedir. Kayınpederi Yitro’nun koyunlarını güttüğü bir sırada yanan çalılığın içinde Mûsâ’ya bir melek görünmüş, Mûsâ’nın çalılığa yaklaşması üzerine Tanrı, Horeb dağından seslenerek kendini Mûsâ’ya “atalarının Tanrı’sı” diye tanıtmış ve onu İsrâiloğulları’nı Mısır’dan kurtarmakla görevlendirmiştir. İsrâiloğulları’nın yanına gittiğinde onların kendisinden Tanrı’nın ismini soracaklarını söylemesi üzerine Tanrı Mûsâ’ya adını, “Ben ben olanım / mevcut olanım” diye açıklamış ve şöyle söylemiştir: “İsrâiloğulları’na de ki: Beni size ‘Ben olan / mevcut olan’ gönderdi … Beni size atalarınızın Tanrı’sı, İbrâhim’in Tanrı’sı, İshak’ın Tanrı’sı ve Ya‘kūb’un Tanrı’sı YHVH gönderdi. Adım sonsuza kadar bu olacak; kuşaklar boyunca bu isimle anılacağım” (3/14-15). Ayrıca Mûsâ’ya, “Ben YHVH’yim; İbrâhim’e, İshak’a ve Ya‘kūb’a her şeye gücü yeten Tanrı (Şadday) olarak göründüm, ama onlara kendimi YHVH adıyla tanıtmadım” (6/2-3; ayrıca bk. 33/12-19) demiştir. Tekvîn kitabında yer alan bir başka açıklamada ise insanların Tanrı’ya bu isimle dua etmeye çok daha önceleri, Âdem’in torunu Enoş (insan) zamanında başladıkları belirtilmiş (4/26), böylece YHVH ismi sadece Mûsâ ve İsrâiloğulları’yla değil bütün insanlıkla ilişkilendirilmiştir. Modern araştırmacılar tarafından, Ahd-i Atîk’te İsrâil Tanrısı için sıkça kullanılan ve civar kavimlerde de görülen El/Eloah/Elohim’den farklı olarak YHVH isimli bir Tanrı’ya tapınılmasına İsrâil kavmi dışında rastlanmadığına dikkat çekilmiştir. YHVH’nin, ilişkilendirildiği bölge itibariyle (Sînâ, Seir, Paran, Teman, [Tesniye, 33/2; Hâkimler, 5/4; Habakkuk, 3/3]) Edom-Medyen kökenli bir ilâh olup Kenitler vasıtasıyla kuzeye taşındığı, böylece İsrâil kavminin resmî Tanrı’sı haline geldiği görüşü ileri sürülmüştür (a.g.e. , s. 911-912; The Revelation of the Name Yahweh to Moses , s. 9).
Ahd-i Atîk’te YHVH genellikle “İsrâil’in kralı” (Hâkimler, 8/23; I. Samuel, 8/7; İşaya, 41/21), “ortak kabul etmeyen kıskanç Tanrı” (Çıkış, 20/5; 35/14; Tesniye, 4/24; 5/9; Yeşû, 24/19), “bütün dünyanın kralı” (Mezmûrlar, 47/2), “bütün ilâhların üstündeki yüce kral” (Mezmûrlar, 95/3) ve “kutsal” (Levililer, 11/44-45; 19/2; 20/7; Yeşû, 24/19; I. Samuel, 2/2; Mezmûrlar, 99/2-3, 5; İşaya, 5/16) şeklinde nitelendirilmiş, görünmez olmasına rağmen şanının belli mekânlarda (Toplanma çadırı, mâbed, Sion dağı vb.) tecelli ettiği (Çıkış, 16/7; 40/34-35; I. Krallar, 8/11; Hezekiel, 43/2), bazan da bütün dünyayı kuşattığı (Sayılar, 14/21; Mezmûrlar, 72/19; İşaya, 6/3) belirtilmiştir. Şahsî bir Tanrı niteliğinde sunulan YHVH bazı pasajlarda aşkın bir varlık olarak tasvir edilmiş (Tesniye, 12/4-5; İşaya, 40/27-28), bazı pasajlarda ise antropomorfik özelliklerle nitelendirilmiştir (Tekvîn, 3/8; 8/21; Çıkış, 33/23). Tanrı’nın evrensel yönünü vurgulayan Elohim’e karşılık YHVH ismi daha ziyade İsrâil kavmiyle ahitleşen Tanrı şeklinde takdim edilmiştir. Yahudi geleneğinde bu ismin Tanrı’nın -İsrâil’e vahyedilmiş- özel ve en kutsal ismi olduğu, O’nun tanımlanamaz ve gerçek mânada daima mevcut olan tek varlık oluşuna, dolayısıyla Tanrı’nın özüne işaret ettiği kabul edilmiştir (Halevi, s. 201-202; İbn Meymûn, I, 63-64; Tesniye, 4/35, 39; II. Krallar, 19/15; İşaya, 37/16; bu kelimedeki “mevcudiyet” ve “yakınlık” mânası için ayrıca bk. Vermes, s. 79-100). YHVH özellikle yahudi dua geleneğinde Tanrı’nın koruyucu gücüyle, kurtarıcılık ve merhamet nitelikleriyle ilişkilendirilmiştir. Yahudi mistik geleneğinde ise kutsallık ve gizlilikle özdeşleştirilmiş, sihirli bir güce sahip olduğuna inanılmış, bütün Tevrat’ın ve bütün kâinatın (Sefirot doktrini) ilâhî isimlerden teşekkül ettiği ve bütün ilâhî isimlerin de YHVH’den kaynaklandığı ileri sürülmüştür (Scholem, s. 133, 210, 213).
Tanrı’nın Yehova adıyla ilgili olarak en azından Bâbil sürgününe kadarki dönemde (m.ö. VI. yüzyıl) bir kısıtlama yer almazken ikinci mâbed döneminin (m.ö. V – m.s. I. yüzyıllar) sonlarında bu ismin telaffuzu yasaklanmıştır (The Works of Philo , “On the Change of Names”, 11-14; Josephus, s. 83). Mişna’da, inananları inançsızlardan (heretiklerden) ayırt etmek için muhtemelen eski bir âdet olarak Tanrı’nın isminin selâmlama maksadıyla kullanımının teşvik edildiğine dair bilgi bulunmakla birlikte (Berakoth, 9:5; Tanrı ismiyle selâmlama âdeti için bk. Ruth, 2/4; Mezmûrlar, 128/5) Tanrı’nın bu özel isminin telaffuz edilmesi âhireti kaybetme sebebi olarak gösterilmekte (Sanhedrin, 10/1; 7/5), bu ismin yalnız mâbedde ibadet sırasında telaffuz edildiği, diğer yerlerde Tanrı için başka isimlerin kullanıldığı belirtilmektedir (Sotah, 7/6; Yoma, 6/2; Tamid, 7/2). Bâbil Talmudu’nda da telaffuzu yasak olan söz konusu ismin, sadece Yom Kipur’da mâbedde kutsama duası okunurken başkohen tarafından ve kohen duası sırasında söylendiğine işaret edilmektedir (Yoma, 39b , 66a ; Sotah, 38a ). Yine Talmud’da yer alan bilgiye göre önceleri başkohen bu ismi yüksek sesle telaffuz ederken daha sonraları cemaatte ahlâksız sayısının çoğaldığı gerekçesiyle -Tanrı’nın ismini onu duymaya lâyık olmayan bu kişilerden gizlemek amacıyla- alçak sesle söylemeye başlamıştır (Kiddushin, 71a ; ayrıca bk. The Works of Philo , “On the Life of Moses II”, 114). Talmud’daki diğer bir yorumda ise Tanrı’nın isminin bu dünyada Adonay şeklinde telaffuz edildiği, öbür dünyada yazıldığı gibi telaffuz edileceği belirtilmektedir (Pesahim, 50a ).
Söz konusu yasağın sebebi tam olarak bilinmemekle beraber Tevrat’ta bulunan, Tanrı’nın ismini lânetlememe ve ona sövmemeye (Levililer, 24/15-16), Tanrı adına yalan yere yemin etmemeye (Çıkış, 20/7; Tesniye, 5/11) yönelik emirlerin Tanrı’nın ismini gereksiz yere söylememe şeklinde yorumlanmasına (a.g.e. , “On the Life of Moses II”, 203-204) veya -muhtemelen Helenistik kültürün etkisiyle ortaya çıkan- ilâhî ismin kutsallığından ve saygıdan dolayı telaffuz edilmemesi ve gizlenmesi şeklindeki anlayışa dayandırılmıştır (Kiddushin, 71a ; Çıkış, 3/15’teki, “Adım sonsuza kadar [le‘olam] bu olacak” ifadesi, “Adım gizli [le‘allem] olacak” şeklinde okunmuştur). Bu yasağın Tanrı’nın isminin bazıları tarafından büyü amacıyla kullanılması yüzünden ortaya çıktığı da ileri sürülmüştür (Jacobs, s. 545). Zamanla kelimenin doğru telaffuzu dar bir bilim çevresi ve mistik alan dışında unutulmuştur. Talmud’da ayrıca YHVH ile birlikte toplam yedi ilâhî ismin (Eloah, Elohim, Adonay, Ehyeh, Şadday, Tsebaot) kutsal metinler hariç yazımına yönelik bir yasak yer almaktadır (Shebuoth, 35a ). Bu yasak da Tanrı’nın ismini silmeyi/bozmayı meneden Tevrat hükmüne dayandırılmıştır (Tesniye, 12/3-4), zira Tevrat dışındaki metinler yırtılıp imha edilebilir metinlerdir.
Bu hükümlerden hareketle Rabbânî Yahudilik’te YHVH kelimesi telaffuz edilmediği gibi Tevrat dışında herhangi bir yere de yazılmamıştır. Talmud’da YHVH yerine, Tevrat’ta çoğu zaman YHVH ile birlikte geçen (Tekvîn, 15/2, 8; Tesniye, 3/24; 9/26) ve “efendi(leri)m” mânasına gelen Adonay veya “(özel) isim” anlamındaki Ha-Şem (Ha-Meforaş / Ha-Meyuhad) kelimeleri kullanılmış, bazan da bu isim YH kısaltmasıyla gösterilmiştir. Ahd-i Atîk’in milâttan önce III. yüzyılda Grekçe’ye yapılan tercümesinde de (Septuagint) YHVH kelimesi -muhtemelen YHVH yerine kullanılan Adonay’ın tercümesi olarak- “efendi” mânasındaki Kurios’la karşılanmış (kelimenin Ahd-i Cedîd’deki kullanımı için bk. Matta, 3/3; Luka, 4/18-19), Septuagint’in bazı nüshalarında ise YHVH İbrânîce imlâsıyla yer almıştır. Ahd-i Atîk’in milâttan sonra IV. yüzyılda Latince’ye yapılan tercümesinde de (Vulgate) bu kelime “efendi” anlamına gelen Dominus şeklinde çevrilmiştir. Tevrat’ın Ârâmîce tercümesi olan Targum Onkelos’ta (m.s. III-IV. yüzyıllar) “Yah” kısaltması tercih edilmiştir (kısaltmanın Tevrat’taki kullanımı için bk. Çıkış, 15/2; 17/16; Mezmûrlar, 68/18; 77/11; İşaya, 26/4). Mevcut İbrânîce Tevrat’ın dayandığı yazma metinde (masoretik metin, m.s. X. yüzyıl) kelimenin Adonay’la birlikte geçtiği yerlerde Elohim, diğer yerlerde Adonay şeklinde okunmasını belirtmek üzere müstensihler tarafından işaret konulmuştur. Hıristiyan teologlarca benimsenen Yehova şeklindeki telaffuz da Adonay kelimesindeki seslendirme işaretlerinin (a-o-a) YeHoVaH kelimesine uyarlanmasından kaynaklanmıştır (Adonay’daki ilk a e’ye dönüşmektedir). Buna karşılık yahudi ilmî çevrelerinde Yehova telaffuzunun yanlış olduğu ve Grekçe kaynaklardaki kullanımından hareketle (Iao/Iaoue/Iabe) kelimenin doğru telaffuzunun Yahve (Yahweh) olması gerektiği ileri sürülmüştür. YHVH isminin telaffuzuyla ilgili yasak günümüzde bilhassa Rabbânî Yahudiliğin devamı olan Ortodoks yahudiler tarafından devam ettirilmekte, dua sırasında Adonay, günlük konuşmada ise Ha-Şem kısaltması kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca bazı dindar yahudiler saygı gereği Tanrı kelimesini diğer dillerde de eksik harflerle yazmaktadır. Benzer şekilde Sâmirîler, Ha-Şem’in Ârâmîce karşılığı olan Şema ismini kullanmaktadır. Karâîler’de bazı gruplar (bilhassa İsrail’de yaşayan Karâîler) YHVH ismi yerine Adonay’ı kullanırken bazı gruplar da bu ismi telaffuz etmekte sakınca görmemektedir. Yehova kelimesi Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’in Türkçe tercümesinde Rab, İngilizce Bible’de Lord olarak çevrilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Meymûn, Delâletü’l-ḥâʾirîn: The Guide of the Perplexed (trc. S. Pines), Chicago 1963, I, 150-157 (I: 62-64).
J. Halevi, The Kuzari (trc. H. Hirschfeld), New York 1964, s. 201-202.
F. Josephus, The Complete Works (trc. W. Whiston), Nashville 1998, s. 83 (“The Antiquities of the Jews”, II: 12/4).
The Works of Philo: Complete and Unabridged (trc. C. D. Yonge), Peabody/Massachusetts 1993, s. 342, 500, 509 (“On the Change of Names”, 11-14; “On the Life of Moses II”, 114, 203-204).
M. Jastrow, A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature , London-New York 1903, I, 565.
F. Prat, “Jehovah”, DB , II/2, s. 1220-1243.
A. Cohen, Everyman’s Talmud , New York 1949, s. 24-26.
P. Vermes, Buber on God and the Perfect Man , London 1994.
L. Koehler – W. Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (trc. M. E. J. Richardson), Leiden 1995, II, 394-395.
G. Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism , New York 1995, s. 133, 210, 213.
“Yahweh”, Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (ed. K. van der Toorn v.dğr.), Leiden 1999, s. 910-919.
L. Jacobs, The Jewish Religion: A Companion , Oxford 2003, s. 544-547.
The Revelation of the Name Yahweh to Moses: Perspectives from Judaism, the Pagan Graeco-Roman World and Early Christianty (ed. G. H. van Kooten), Leiden-Boston 2006.
G. H. Skipwith, “The Tetragrammation: Its Meaning and Origin”, The Jewish Quarterly Review , X/4, Philadelphia 1898, s. 662-677.
E. G. Hirsch, “Jehovah”, JE , VII, 87-88.
J. F. McLaughlin, “Names of God (YHWH)”, a.e. , VIII, 160-161.
C. H. Toy – L. Blau, “Tetragrammaton”, a.e. , XII, 118-120.
B. W. Anderson, “God, Names of”, IDB , II, 407-417.
L. F. Hartman – S. D. Sperling, “God, Names of”, Encyclopaedia Judaica , Detroit 2007, VII, 675.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 390-391 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.