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YENBU‘ Skip to content Suudi Arabistan’ın Kızıldeniz kıyısında liman şehri.
Su kaynak ve kuyularının çokluğundan dolayı Yenbu‘ adıyla anılır. Hicaz’da Suriye-Yemen ticaret güzergâhında yer alan şehir doğusundaki Medine’ye yaklaşık 200 km. uzaklıktadır. Ortaçağ’da Yenbu‘un Benî Cüheyne kabilesinin toprağı olarak bilinen iç kesimine çevresinde bol hurma yetiştiği için Yenbuunnahl, Kızıldeniz kıyısındaki kesimine de Yenbuulbahr denilirdi (Bekrî, I, 231; II, 656). 1975’ten itibaren yapılan çalışmalarla Yenbu‘ Limanı’nın yenilenip modern bir sanayi şehri halinde tasarlanmasıyla oluşturulan üçüncü bölümüne de Yenbuussınâiye adı verilmektedir. Hicaz bölgesindeki Arap kabileleri ana yolların çevresinde veya yakınlarında yaşamayı tercih ediyor, tarıma elverişli topraklarda köy ve şehirler kurarak yerleşik hayata geçiyorlardı. Ana yol üzerinde bulunan ve tarıma elverişli topraklara sahip olan Yenbu‘un iç kısımlarında Adnânîler’den Benî Müdlic, Kahtânîler’den Kudâa’ya mensup Benî Cüheyne, Kaysîler’den Absoğulları’na mensup küçük bir grup yaşıyordu. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de zikredilen Süvâ‘ adlı put bir rivayete göre Yenbu‘ bölgesinde, bir rivayete göre ise Batn-ı Nahle’deki Ruhât adlı yerde bulunuyordu (İbnü’l-Kelbî, s. 28, 50). Yenbu‘un İslâm öncesinden beri bir liman şehri olduğu ve eski Yunan kaynaklarında Nera/Negra şeklinde yer aldığı ileri sürülür (Cevâd Ali, II, 48). Yenbu‘, Câr Limanı’nın yerini aldıktan sonra önemli bir kıyı şehri haline geldi.
Hicretten sonra Mekke-Suriye ticaret yolunu kontrol altına alarak Kureyş’i ekonomik açıdan zayıflatmak isteyen Hz. Peygamber’in bu isteğinin gerçekleşebilmesi için Yenbu‘ ve çevresinin kontrol altına alınması gerekiyordu. Bu çerçevede yapılan Buvât ve Uşeyre gazveleri (2/623) ve Sîfülbahr Seriyyesi ile (8/629) Yenbu‘ ve çevresindeki Arap kabileleriyle ilişki kurularak onların güvenliklerinin sağlanmasına katkıda bulunulmuş ve İslâmiyet’in bölgede yayılmasının yolu açılmıştır. Bu çabalar, Yenbu‘da yaşayan Cüheyneoğulları’nın oldukça erken bir tarihte İslâmiyet’i kabul etmeleri (Buhârî, “Menâḳıb”, 6; Müslim, “Feżâʾilü’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe”, 188-195) ve Müdlicoğulları’nın Kureyş’e karşı müslümanların safında yer almalarıyla sonuçlanmıştı. Resûl-i Ekrem, işlenmeyen arazilerin ihya edilmesi için Yenbu‘un bazı yerlerini Hz. Ali ile Benî Cüheyne’den Küşed b. Mâlik’e iktâ etti. Hz. Ömer’in Ali’ye iktâ ettiği yerler arasında Yenbu‘daki bazı topraklar da bulunuyordu (Belâzürî, s. 18). Zamanla Hz. Ali’ye ve çocuklarına ait topraklar genişledi ve iki büyük çiftlik meydana geldi. Hz. Ali halifeliğinin ikinci yılında buradaki mülklerini Medine fakirlerine ve yolda kalmışlara vakfetti. Ayrıca Abbas b. Abdülmuttalib’in oğullarından Kesîr ile Hz. Ali’nin Ümmü Habîb bint Rebîa’dan dünyaya gelen oğlu Ömer’in yerleştikleri Yenbu‘da vefat etmeleri, şehirde Hâşimîler’in, özellikle de Ali evlâdının nüfusunun ve mülklerinin artmasını beraberinde getirdi. Bundan dolayı Yenbu‘ yakınlarındaki Radvâ dağı Muhammed b. Hanefiyye’den itibaren Emevîler’e ve daha sonra Abbâsîler’e karşı muhalefet hareketlerine girişen Hz. Ali taraftarlarının sığınağı haline geldi (İbnü’l-Esîr, V, 521).
Mekke Emirliği’ne bağlı olan Yenbu‘ önce Abbâsîler ile Fâtımîler’in rekabet alanına girdi, daha sonra da Eyyûbîler’in ilgisini çekti. Eyyûbîler döneminden itibaren Medine’nin limanı olarak Yenbu‘ ile şehrin kalesi önem kazanmaya başladı. Kuzey Afrika ülkelerinden ve Suriye’den deniz yoluyla Medine’ye gelenler Câr (günümüzde Büreyke) yerine Yenbu‘ Limanı’na iniyorlardı. 1182 sonbaharında II. Haçlı Seferi’nin önde gelen kumandanlarından Renaud de Chatillon, Hicaz limanlarından Havrâ ve Yenbu‘ ile Râbiğ’a kadar ilerleyerek buraları ateşe verdi ve bazı ticaret gemileriyle hacı taşıyan gemileri batırdı. Bunun üzerine Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî tarafından gönderilen donanma Hicaz’ı büyük bir tehlikeden kurtarıp deniz yolunun güvenliğini sağladı (a.g.e. , XI, 389-390).
Hz. Hasan’ın soyundan ilk Mekke şerifi Katâde b. İdrîs, hâkimiyetini Yenbu‘dan Mekke’ye doğru genişletti (596/1200). Hicaz’da nüfuz mücadelesine giren Abbâsîler’le Eyyûbîler’i tanımakla beraber Arabistan yarımadasında bağımsız bir devlet kurmaya, Yenbu‘da bir kale yaptırarak siyasî ve askerî gücünü arttırmaya çalıştı. Böylece siyasî bakımdan da önemi artan Yenbu‘da hutbeler, fiilî otoritesi söz konusu olmayan Abbâsî Halifesi Nâsır-Lidînillâh ile Katâde adına okunmaya başlandı. Yenbu‘, Katâde’den sonra (ö. 618/1221 [?]) onun soyundan gelenler tarafından Mekke Emirliği’ne bağlı şekilde yönetildi. Hicaz bölgesinde 654 (1256) yılında meydana gelen ve birkaç hafta süren Medine merkezli volkanik patlama Yenbu‘u da etkiledi, şehirde meydana gelen deprem ve uzaktan görülen ateş halkı korku ve endişeye sevketti (İbn Kesîr, XIII, 190). Nüfusunun önemli bir kısmını Ali evlâdının teşkil ettiği Yenbu‘dan VII. (XIII.) yüzyılın ortalarında Sicilmâse’ye göç edenler olmuştur.
VI. (XII.) yüzyılın sonundan itibaren Câr tamamen terkedilerek Yenbu‘ Limanı kullanılmaya başlandı. Önemli yatırımların yapıldığı ve başta hacılar olmak üzere Yenbu‘ Limanı’nın trafiğinin artmasına yol açan faaliyetlere karşı tedbirlerin alındığı Memlükler döneminde genellikle Mekke Emirliği’ne bağlı şekilde yönetilen Yenbu‘ bazan Medine emîrlerinin yönetimine veriliyordu (Ârif Abdülganî, s. 297). X. yüzyılın başından (XV. yüzyılın sonları) itibaren Yenbu‘ zaman zaman doğrudan Kahire’ye bağlı müstakil emîrler tarafından da yönetildi. Mescid-i Nebevî’nin talan edilmesi üzerine Medine halkının talebiyle Yenbu‘ Emîri Derrâc b. Murtazâ el-Hüseynî, 14 Rebîülevvel 901’de (2 Aralık 1495) Medine’ye gelerek şehirdeki siyasî düzeni yeniden tesis etti, Yenbu‘ ile Medine arasındaki ilişkiler daha da gelişti (Hamed el-Câsir, s. 52-59). Sekiz yaşında iken Mısır’a gönderilen Şerîf II. Berekât’ın oğlu Ebû Nümey, Memlük Sultanı Kansu Gavri tarafından Hicaz ve Yenbu‘ hâkimi olarak tanındı ve babası ile müşterek emirlik yapmak üzere kendisine berat verildi. Şerîf ailesi içinde ihtilâf ve huzursuzluklar ortaya çıktığı zamanlarda Yenbu‘ yine bir sığınak vazifesi gördü.
Hint Okyanusu’ndan gelen gemiler Aden’den sonra Hudeyde, Masavva‘ ve Cidde gibi limanlara uğrayıp Yenbu‘a ulaşırdı. Süveyş Kanalı’nın açılması üzerine Kızıldeniz, Hindistan sömürgelerine ulaşmanın en kısa yolu olduğundan aralarında Yenbu‘un da bulunduğu Kızıldeniz’deki limanların önemi arttı. Yenbu‘ Limanı, Osmanlılar döneminde de Medine’ye gidenlerin ulaşım noktasıydı. Hac kafilelerinin yanında askerî ve sivil bürokratlar İstanbul ve Mısır’dan Medine’ye tayin edildiklerinde bu yolu kullanırlardı. Evliya Çelebi, Yenbu‘ Limanı’na yılda küçük büyük 500 civarında geminin uğradığını kaydeder (Seyahatnâme , IX, 401). Yenbu‘ Limanı’nın Kızıldeniz kıyısındaki diğer Osmanlı limanları içinde en küçük hacimlisi olduğu anlaşılmaktadır (Orhonlu, s. 10).
Osmanlı döneminde Yenbu‘ şehrine limanla birlikte çeşitli yatırımlar yapıldı; kurulan su şebekesi, inşa edilen han, hamam ve imaretlerle zenginleştirildi. Yavuz Sultan Selim zamanından itibaren Osmanlı sultanları tarafından oluşturulan vakıfların gelirlerinden Yenbu‘ Limanı’na yıllık 500 irdeb hububat tahsisatı yapılmıştı. Ayrıca Mekke ve Medine halkına gönderilen hububat Süveyş’ten Yenbu‘ ve Cidde limanlarına sevkedilirdi. Hac kafilelerinin ve Mısır’dan gönderilen erzakın Yenbu‘dan Medine’ye emniyetli bir şekilde ulaştırılması işini Benî Harb başta olmak üzere bazı Arap kabileleri üstlenirdi (BA , YA. HUS, nr. 378/69-T. 1315). Yenbu‘-Medine güzergâhı Hicaz Demiryolu planında yer almakla birlikte siyasî sebepler yüzünden gerçekleştirilemedi. Osmanlı Devleti, hacıların Hicaz’a gidiş dönüşlerinde özellikle salgın hastalıkların yayılmasını önlemek için Kızıldeniz’in Osmanlı sahillerinde karantina merkezleri kurmuştu. Hacı adayları salgın hastalık tehlikesinin bulunduğu dönemlerde Yenbu‘daki karantinada bekletilir ve tehlike ortadan kalktığında gidecekleri yere gitmelerine izin verilirdi (BA , A.MKT.MHM, nr. 571/1, T. 1311/1893).
Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman, Yenbu‘a gönderilen hububat için erzak deposu ve cami yaptırmış, limanda birtakım düzenleme ve genişletme faaliyetleri gerçekleştirmişti. 984’te (1576) Yenbu‘ Limanı’nı yenileten ve daha çok gemi yanaşabilmesi için tedbirler aldıran III. Murad zamanında bu cami tamamen yenilendi (Hamed el-Câsir, s. 70). Hacıların su ihtiyacı önceleri havuzlar ve sarnıçlarla giderilmeye çalışılırken sonradan artan hacı sayısı dolayısıyla deniz suyunun arıtılması yoluna gidildi (BA , I.HUS, nr. 1324. Ca. 084. 1906 yılı), 1910’da buz makineleri Yenbu‘ ve Cidde limanlarında hacıların kullanımına sunuldu (BA , A.MKT.MHM, nr. 580/1; BA , İ.DH, nr. 1461/1325 Za. 05). Şehrin surları korunarak kalesi güçlendirildi (BA , C.AS, nr. 1120/49638; BA , C.DH, nr. 58/2883, T. 1187/1773). Osmanlı Valisi Osman Nûri Paşa tarafından yenilenen surların bir kısmı ile son dönem Osmanlı mimarisi özellikleri taşıyan hükümet binası ve medrese zamanımıza ulaşmıştır (Hamed el-Câsir, s. 126-127).
Büyük vapurların hacıların hizmetine konulması ile Yenbu‘ özellikle hac sonrası dönüşlerde tam bir toplanma noktası olarak önem kazandığından misafirhane, aşevleri gibi hizmet yerleri çoğaldı (BA , A.MKT.MHM, nr. 574/21). Bu arada Kudüs’e giden yahudi ziyaretçilerinin aynı yolu kullanması dolayısıyla Berlinli bir Alman yahudi bankeri olan Hern Friedmann 1891 yılında Yenbu‘da bir misafirhane kurma talebinde bulundu (BA , İ.MTZ. [05], nr. 28/1451). Yenbu‘ halkı, şehrin Kızıldeniz kıyısında bulunması dolayısıyla kıyılardaki şap ve denizdeki inci ve sedeften ekonomik yönde yararlanmayı bilmiştir (BA , Y. Prk. Azj, nr. 33/7). Türkçe’de kullanılan “şapa oturmak” deyiminin, Şap denizi olan Kızıldeniz’de kıyılara yakın geçen küçük teknelerin zaman zaman şap denilen mercan kayalıklarına takılarak battıkları için buradan geldiği kaydedilir.
İdarî ve malî alanda Memlükler’in uygulamalarının pek çoğunu sürdüren Osmanlılar’ın Mısır’da kurdukları idarenin amaçlarından biri de Haremeyn’in ihtiyaçlarını karşılamaktı. Bunun için Mısır ve Suriye ele geçirildikten hemen sonra Batı Arabistan’da nüfuz ve hâkimiyet tesisi yoluna gidildi, Yenbu‘ ve çevresi Mısır valiliğine bağlanarak yönetildi. 1766’da Mısır’da isyan ederek müstakil bir devlet kurmak isteyen Bulutkapan Ali Bey 1768’de Yenbu‘u ele geçirip dört yıl kadar şehrin limanını elinde tuttu. 1786’da olduğu gibi zaman zaman Yenbu‘ Limanı bedevîlerin kontrolü altına giriyor ve bundan hac kafileleri önemli zarar görüyordu. Napolyon Bonaparte Mısır’ı işgal ettiğinde (1798) III. Selim, Cidde ve Yenbu‘un özellikle çok iyi korunması amacıyla tedbirler alınması için bölge yöneticilerine emirler göndermişti (BA, HH , nr. 160/6664 E ve C ekleri). Medine şeyhülharemine tâbi bir muhafızın idaresine verilen Yenbu‘ 1864 tarihli vilâyet kanununa göre Medine sancağına bağlı nahiye merkezi oldu. Necid’de dinî bir hareket olarak ortaya çıkan Vehhâbîlik taraftarları Hicaz’da gerçekleştirdikleri bir dizi faaliyetten ve Mekke’yi ele geçirdikten sonra Medine’nin erzak ambarı Yenbu‘ ile bağlantısını kesip burayı hedef aldılar. Mısır Valisi Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın oğulları Tosun ve İbrâhim paşaların öncülüğünde Yenbu‘ tekrar Osmanlı egemenliğine sokuldu (1811). I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında 1917’de Yenbu‘un İngilizler tarafından işgali dolayısıyla (BA , DH.EUM.LVZ, nr. 38/72) savaş sonrası Arap yarımadasındaki diğer yerler gibi Yenbu‘ da Osmanlı topraklarından ayrıldı. Bir süre Şerîf Hüseyin ve oğulları tarafından yönetilen Yenbu‘, Arap yarımadasının Necid ve Hicaz bölgelerine hâkim olan Suudi Arabistan Krallığı’na bağlandı (1924).
1975 yılında Suudi Arabistan Kralı Hâlid b. Abdülazîz, Yenbu‘un bir sanayi şehri olarak inşa faaliyetlerini başlattı. Yerleşim ve ticaret alanları, kamu tesisleri ve sanayi bölgesi olmak üzere belli bir plan dahilinde tasarlanan yeni şehre Yenbuussınâiye adı verildi. Geleneksel ve çağdaş mimarinin bağdaştırıldığı planlamada yerleşim, ticaret ve kültür yönünden toprak kullanımında denge gözetilerek dinamik bir çevre oluşturulmaya çalışıldı. Petrol, petrokimya ve doğalgaz tesisleri en yakın yerleşim yerlerinden 5 km. uzağa yerleştirilirken deniz suyu arıtımı ve atık su tesisleri de uzak alanlara kuruldu. Bir yandan kültürel miras korunurken bir yandan da yeni ve ileri teknoloji kullanıldı. Günümüzde en önemli petrol rafinerilerinden birinin bulunduğu, Medine Emirliği’ne bağlı bir muhafızlık merkezi olan Yenbu‘, Kızıldeniz kıyısında gelişmiş bir sanayi şehri konumundadır. Havaalanı, limanı ve buralarda çalışanlarla nüfusu % 80’i Suudi Arabistan vatandaşı olmak üzere 300.000’e ulaştı.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnü’l-Kelbî, Putlar Kitabı: Kitâb al-Asnâm (trc. Beyza Düşüngen), Ankara 1968, s. 28, 50.
Belâzürî, Fütûh (Fayda) , s. 18.
Taberî, Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl) , II, 405-406, 408; III, 152, 158; V, 154; VII, 535, 601.
Bekrî, Muʿcem , I, 231; II, 656.
İbn Cübeyr, er-Riḥle (nşr. W. Wright), Leiden 1852, s. 145.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân , V, 449-450.
İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , III, 397; IV, 113; V, 521; XI, 389-390.
Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye ve’n-nihâye (nşr. Ali Abdüssâtir v.dğr.), Kahire 1408/1988, XIII, 190.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme (Dağlı) , IX, 301, 304, 319, 360-361, 400-403.
Mir’âtü’l-Haremeyn : Mir’ât-ı Medîne , II, 723, 728, 732.
Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , II, 48.
Abdülkerîm Mahmûd el-Hatîb, Şuʿarâʾü Yenbuʿ ve Benû Ḍamre , Riyad 1402/1982.
Hamed el-Câsir, Bilâdü Yenbuʿ , Riyad 1408.
Cengiz Orhonlu, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Güney Siyaseti: Habeş Eyaleti , Ankara 1996, s. 10, 133.
Ârif Abdülganî, Târîḫu ümerâʾi’l-Medîneti’l-münevvere , Dımaşk 1996, s. 259, 268, 297, 319, 329.
İbrâhim Halîl Kütübhâne, el-Muḥâfaża ʿale’t-teḳālîdi’l-İslâmiyye fî taḫṭîṭi medîneti Yenbuʿ eṣ-Ṣınâʿiyye: The Preservation of Islamic Traditions of Town Planning at Madinat Yanbu Al-Sinaiyah , [baskı yeri ve tarihi yok] (Kingdom of Saudia Arabia Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu).
Adolf Grohmann, “Yenbu‘”, İA , XIII, 384-385.
E. van Donzel, “Yanbuʿ”, EI2 (İng.) , XI, 281.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 421-423 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.