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YENİ İLM-i KELÂM Skip to content İsmail Hakkı İzmirli’nin (ö. 1946) yeni kelâm hareketiyle özdeşleşen eseri.
XIX. yüzyılın sonlarında İslâm dünyasının Avrupa medeniyetine hangi ölçülerde yaklaşması gerektiği, müslümanların siyasî varlığı ve İslâm toplumunun geleceğiyle ilgili tartışmalar gündeme geldikçe meselenin ilmî temeline inme ihtiyacı doğmuş, İslâm ilimlerinin mevcut durumu ve bu ilimlerle topluma yeniden yön verilmesi için nelerin yapılabileceği hususu düşünülmeye başlanmıştır. İslâm ilimlerinin o günkü içerik ve yöntemleri açısından ihtiyaca cevap vermediği şeklindeki yaygın kanaat bunları yenileme fikrini ortaya çıkarmış, bu yöndeki çalışmalar ilim çevrelerinde giderek hız kazanmıştır. Bu hareket önce tefsir ilminde görülmüş, yeni bir usul ve sistemle bazı tefsirler yazılmaya çalışılmıştır. Fıkıhta ictihad kapısının kapalı olduğu düşüncesi eleştirilerek mezhep taassubunun zararları, farklı mezheplerin görüşlerine başvurulması ve asrın ihtiyaçlarına göre fıkhî hükümlerin birleştirilmesi yönündeki yeni fikirler tartışmaya açılmış, ardından ictihad ve tercihe yer veren fıkıh eserleri yazılmış, yeni usul çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Çeşitli zorluklara rağmen Osmanlı’da başlatılan kanunlaştırma hareketi Mecelle ve Hukūk-ı Âile Kararnâmesi gibi İslâmî literatüre dayalı ürünlerin meydana gelmesini sağlamıştır.
Yenilik ihtiyacıyla ilgili çabalar daha çok kelâm ilmi alanında kendini göstermiştir. Kelâma yapılan vurgunun başlıca gerekçesi İslâm dini bakımından önemli sayılan bu ilmin, gerek ortaya çıkan yeni fikir akımları gerekse o döneme kadar dayandığı ilmî-felsefî verilerden dolayı zamanın gerisinde kaldığı düşüncesidir. Felsefenin, yeni içeriğiyle vahye dayalı inanç ve değerleri tehdit etmeye başlaması ve dini dışlayan akımların gün geçtikçe aydınları etkilemesi dönemin kelâm âlimlerini çeşitli arayışlara yöneltmiş, toplumun mevcut durumu karşısında zamanın şartlarına göre İslâm inancını koruma görevi bulunan kelâm ilmine âcil sorumlulukların yüklendiği ve öncelikle yeni bir anlayışla yazılan eserlere ihtiyaç duyulduğu dile getirilmiştir. Bütün bu arayışlar, Osmanlı ve İslâm dünyasında “yeni ilm-i kelâm hareketi” diye adlandırılan bir yöneliş meydana getirmiştir. Bu akımın ileri gelen temsilcileri, başlattıkları yenilik hareketine model oluşturmak ve bu yönde gerekli çalışmaların yapılmasını teşvik etmek amacıyla yeni kelâm eserleri telif etmişlerdir. Bunlar arasında İzmirli İsmail Hakkı’nın Yeni İlm-i Kelâm ’ı yanında Muhammed Abduh’un Risâletü’t-tevḥîd , Şiblî Nu‘mânî’nin el-Kelâm , Abdüllatif Harpûtî’nin Tenḳīḥu’l-kelâm , Filibeli Ahmed Hilmi’nin Üss-i İslâm: Hakāik-i İslâmiyye’ye Müstenid Yeni İlm-i Akāid ve Hüseyin el-Cisr’in el-Ḥuṣûnü’l-Ḥamîdiyye adlı çalışmaları öne çıkmıştır.
Şer‘iyye ve Evkaf Vekâleti Te’lîfât ve Tedkīkāt-ı İslâmiyye Heyeti’nin isteği üzerine İsmail Hakkı İzmirli tarafından kaleme alınan Yeni İlm-i Kelâm ’ın önsözünde (dîbâce) kaydedildiğine göre (I, 19) bir mukaddime ile iki ana bölüm şeklinde planlanmasına rağmen eserin sadece giriş kısmı ile ulûhiyyet konularının ele alındığı birinci bölümü yayımlanmış, nübüvvetin işleneceği ikinci bölümle sonuç kısmı tamamlanamamıştır. Önsözde (I, 2-19) eserin metot ve sistemi hakkında bilgi verilmesinin ardından Allah’ın varlığı konusunda yeni istidlâl metotlarının kullanılacağı, nübüvvet bölümüne de Hz. Peygamber’in hayatı ve ahlâkî davranışlarının nübüvvetine delil teşkil etmesi açısından yer verileceği bildirilmektedir. Yedi alt bölümden meydana gelen uzun mukaddimede ise (I, 22-300) müellif okuyucuyu temel kelâm meselelerine hazırlamak için dinî hükümleri, İslâmî ilimlerin tedvinini, felsefe ile tasavvufun ortaya çıkışını, bilgi ve varlık meselelerini, madde ve ruh konularını özet halinde ele almıştır. Mukaddimede ayrıca, müteahhirîn dönemi kelâm eserlerinden farklı olarak temel kavramlara ve metodoloji açısından İslâmî ilimlerin doğuşu ve gelişmesinin tarihî seyrine yer verilmiş, söz konusu ilimlerdeki metot farklılıkları üzerinde durulmuştur. Öte yandan itikadî ve fıkhî mezheplerin temel görüşlerine temas edilirken Bâtıniyye dışında hiçbir mezheple ilgili olumsuz kanaat belirtilmemiştir.
Bu açıklamalar ışığında müellif kelâm ilminde gerçekleşmesini istediği değişim planını şu zemine oturtmaktadır: Kelâm ilminin ana konuları ve gayeleri (vahye dayalı temelleri) her zaman aynı olup değişmemekle birlikte kullanılan yöntem ve ön bilgiler, diğer bir ifadeyle izah ve ispat şekilleri zamana ve ihtiyaca göre değişir. Kelâm ayrıca karşı düşünce ve akımların zamanla değişmesiyle de metot değiştirir (SR , XXI/528-529 [1341], s. 59). Meselâ klasik kelâmda Allah’ın varlığı için âlemin hudûsü, dolayısıyla arazların değişmesi delil olarak kullanılmıştır; günümüzde ise bunların yerine tabiat kanunları, tecrübe metodu ve diğer farklı deliller öne alınmalıdır. Aksi takdirde İslâm dininin ilmî çevrelerin mensupları arasında yayılması zorlaşır. Nitekim son asırlarda söz konusu yöntemin ihmal edilmesi fıtrî ve mâkul bir din olan İslâmiyet’in nüfuzunun zayıflamasına yol açmıştır (Yeni İlm-i Kelâm , I, 7-8, 11-12). Müellife göre İslâm dünyasına geç intikal eden modern felsefe taklit ve tercüme devrini aşamamıştır. Bu durum karşısında yeni felsefenin geleneğe ters düşen bir yapıya yönelmemesi için çaba gösterilmeli, modern aklî yorumların vahye dayalı inanç ilkeleriyle çatışması önlenmeli, gerekirse modern düşüncenin bazı unsurları veya akımları reddedilmelidir (a.g.e. , I, 147). Mantık ve felsefeyi kelâm için metodolojik âlet ilimlerinden sayan, bu sebeple Batılı filozofların İslâm prensiplerine ters düşmeyen görüşlerini almakta sakınca görmeyen İzmirli’ye göre inşa edilecek kelâmda yeni mantık ölçü alınmalı, delillerde kullanılmak üzere felsefî bahislerin sadece sonuçlarına yer verilmeli ve sonuç elde edilemeyen tartışmalara girilmemelidir (SR , XIV/344 [1333], s. 44). Bu şekilde Yunan felsefesi yerine modern Batı felsefesiyle gerektiği kadar münasebet kurulmalı, skolastik zihniyet bırakılarak yeni metodoloji kuralları uygulamaya konulmalıdır (Yeni İlm-i Kelâm , I, 18-19). Burada müellifin, kelâmı bir yandan modern düşünceyle ilişkilendirmeye çalışırken diğer yandan bu ilmin felsefî tartışmalar içinde kaybolmasını da istemediği ortaya çıkmaktadır (Özervarlı, Kelâmda Yenilik Arayışları , s. 60-61).
Eserin mukaddimeden sonra gelen ulûhiyyet bahsinde Allah’ın zâtı, varlığının delilleri, esmâ-i hüsnâ, tenzihî ve sübûtî sıfatlarla ilâhî fiiller gibi konulara bakış yapan dört alt bölüm yer almaktadır. Birinci bölümde İslâm âlimlerinin klasik ispat delilleri filozofların farklı görüşleriyle birlikte sıralanmakta, ardından modern felsefenin delilleri incelenmekte, Allah’ın varlığı konusunda öne sürülen karşı deliller dayandıkları felsefî akımlarla birlikte zikredilip cevaplandırılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda “maddiyyûn mezhebi” ve “isbâtiyye mezhebi” diye anılan materyalizm ile pozitivizme daha çok vurgu yapılarak bunların tarihî arka planları ve temel fikirleri tanıtılmaktadır. İkinci ve üçüncü alt bölümlerde ilâhî sıfatlar hakkında mezheplerin farklı görüşleri, dördüncü bölümde ilâhî fiillerin yanı sıra irade, aslah, hidayet, kader ve şer meseleleri ele alınmaktadır. Eserin sonunda “tekmile” başlığı altında Allah’ın varlığının zorunluluğu üzerinde durulmakta, tevhid delilinin ayrıntıları verilmekte, birçok Batılı filozofun metafizik çerçevede aklî delillerle ulûhiyyet fikrini kabul ettiği belirtilmektedir (Yeni İlm-i Kelâm , II, 227-237).
Yeni ilm-i kelâm hareketinin Türkiye’deki en önemli temsilcisi sayılan İzmirli İsmail Hakkı’nın bu eseri ve aynı konuda çıkan makaleleri daha çok Osmanlılar’ın son dönemiyle Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarına rastlar. İzmirli bu çalışmalarını Bâkıllânî kelâmı yerine Fahreddin er-Râzî kelâmının ortaya çıkışına benzetir ve Râzî döneminde Bâkıllânî kelâmının yeterli görülmemesi gibi Râzî kelâmının da artık ihtiyaca cevap veremez duruma geldiğini, dolayısıyla dinî ilimlerin temelini oluşturan bu ilmin şekil ve usul açısından yenilenmesinin gerektiğini söyler. Zira Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin kelâma dahil ettiği felsefe üç asırdan beri geçerliliğini yitirmiş, yerini yeni bir felsefe almış, bu da söz konusu değişimi kaçınılmaz hale getirmiştir (SR , XXI/528-529 [1341], s. 59). Bu dönemde genç nesillerin zihni yeni felsefenin teorileriyle şekillendiği için İslâm akîdesini kalplere yerleştirirken gençlerin dilini kullanmak ve etkilendikleri düşünce kalıplarına uygun deliller getirmek gerekir (a.g.e. , XXII/551-552 [1342], s. 40).
Yeni İlm-i Kelâm tamamlanmamış bir eser olduğundan hakkında kısmen değerlendirme yapılabilmektedir. Mevcut eserin en belirgin özelliği dolaylı kaynaklardan da olsa benzerleri arasında modern bilim ve felsefenin görüşlerine en fazla yer verilen bir kitap niteliği taşımasıdır. Bilgi bahsi ve tabiat konuları hakkında İslâm düşünürlerinin yanı sıra bazan filozofların isimleri de verilerek modern düşünceye, o günkü fizik ve kimyaya atıflarda bulunulmuştur. Bu açıdan kitap yeni bilim ve felsefeyle irtibatlı bir görünüm arzetmektedir. Eserde Descartes, Kant, Malebranche, Spinoza, Leibniz, Montesquieu gibi Batılı filozofların görüşlerine yer verilmişse de bunlar çoğunlukla ikinci el kaynaklardan alınmıştır. Descartes’ın Discours de la méthode ’u, Comte’un Cours de la philosophie positive ’i ile Gustave le Bon’un XIX. yüzyıl müslüman aydınları üzerinde fazlasıyla etki yapan L’évolution de la matière ’i dışında eserin Fransızca kaynakları genelde ders kitabı, ansiklopedi ve sözlük türü çalışmalardır. Bununla birlikte birçok filozofun düşüncesini nakleden İsmail Hakkı İzmirli eserinde aynı zamanda iyi bir klasik İslâm düşüncesi tarihçiliği yapmıştır. O, kelâmcıların gerek filozoflarla gerekse kendi aralarındaki ihtilâflarını zikretmekten kaçınmamış, zaman zaman bunları modern Batı düşünürlerinin görüşleriyle karşılaştırmış, ilmî bir üslûpla bütün tarafların delillerini zikretmiştir. Kendi görüş ve tercihlerini bazan belirgin şekilde ifade etmiş, bazan da meseleler hakkında tanıtıcı açıklamalar yapmakla yetinmiştir. Yeni İlm-i Kelâm bu yönleriyle bilhassa Türkiye’de etkili olmuş, XX. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren dinî ilimlerin öğretimine yer verilmeye başlanmasından sonra kelâm alanında kaleme alınan eserler için örnek bir çalışma olarak kabul edilmiştir. Kitap üzerinde Sabri Hizmetli tarafından Sorbonne Üniversitesi’nde bir doktora tezi hazırlanmış (Les idées théologiques d’Ismail Hakkı Izmirli [1868-1946] dans le “Yeni İlm-i Kelām” , 1979) ve eserin yeni harflerle neşri yapılmış (Ankara 1981), ayrıca hakkında bazı çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir (bk. bibl.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İsmail Hakkı İzmirli, Yeni İlm-i Kelâm , İstanbul 1339-40 r./1341-43, I-II.
a.mlf., Muhassalü’l-kelâm ve’l-hikme , İstanbul 1336, s. 17.
a.mlf., “İslâm’da Felsefe: Yeni İlm-i Kelâm”, SR , XIV/344 (1333), s. 43-45.
a.mlf., “Yeni İlm-i Kelâm”, a.e. , XXI/528-529 (1341), s. 58-59.
a.mlf., “Yeni İlm-i Kelâm Hakkında”, a.e. , XXII/549-550 (1341), s. 30-32.
a.mlf., “Yeni İlm-i Kelâm Hakkında-II”, a.e. , XXII/551-552 (1342), s. 38-40.
Celâleddin İzmirli, İzmirli İsmail Hakkı: Hayatı, Eserleri, Dinî ve Felsefî İlimlerdeki Mevkii, Jübilesi ve Vefatı , İstanbul 1946, s. 12, 18-19.
Hilmi Ziya Ülken, Türkiye’de Çağdaş Düşünce Tarihi , İstanbul 1966, s. 455.
Bekir Topaloğlu, Kelâm İlmi: Giriş , İstanbul 1993, s. 63-64.
Sabri Hizmetli, İsmail Hakkı İzmirli: 1868-1946 , Ankara 1996, s. 28-30.
Adnan Bülent Baloğlu, “İzmirli İsmail Hakkı’nın Yeni İlm-i Kelâm Anlayışı”, İzmirli İsmail Hakkı: Sempozyum 24-25 Kasım 1995 (haz. Mehmet Şeker – Adnan Bülent Baloğlu), Ankara 1996, s. 93-108.
M. Sait Özervarlı, “İzmirli İsmail Hakkı’nın Kelâm Problemleriyle İlgili Görüşleri”, a.e ., s. 109-125.
a.mlf., Kelâmda Yenilik Arayışları , İstanbul 2008, s. 60-63, 76-77.
a.mlf., “Alternative Approaches to Modernization in the Late Ottoman Period: Izmirli Ismail Hakkı’s Religious Thought against Materialist Scientism”, IJMES , XXXIX/1 (2007), s. 77-102.
Bayram Ali Çetinkaya, İzmirli İsmail Hakkı: Hayatı, Eserleri, Görüşleri , İstanbul 2000, s. 87-89.
Ömer Aydın, “İzmirli İsmail Hakkı’nın Yeni İlm-i Kelâm’ının Klasik Yönü”, İslam ve Klasik (haz. Sami Erdem – M. Cüneyt Kaya), İstanbul 2008, s. 287-296.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 427-428 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.