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YENİ OSMANLILAR CEMİYETİ Skip to content 1865-1876 yılları arasında Osmanlı aydınlarının idareye karşı oluşturduğu muhalif topluluk.
Devletin bütünüyle yeniden yapılanması ve kurumlarının çağdaş ihtiyaçlara cevap verebilecek hale getirilmesi zarureti Tanzimat devri denilen dönemin (1839-1876) en önemli meselesini teşkil etmiştir. Bu yapılanmada, siyasal anlamda temel kanunların hazırlanması ve nihayet Avrupa örneğinde bir anayasa ilânıyla devletin meşrutî parlamenter bir idareye kavuşturulması bazı kesimler tarafından ana hedef olarak belirlenmekle birlikte, bunun geniş topraklar üzerindeki yayılımının etnik ve dinî farklılıkları bir arada tutma siyasetine uygun düşüp düşmeyeceği üzerinde ciddi bir şekilde durulmuş olduğunu söylemek mümkün değildir. Aynı husus, dönemin aydınlarının dillerinden düşürmedikleri hürriyet söyleminde de kendini göstermiş, bu arada, Avrupa’da toplum katmanlarının ancak uzun zamanların zorlu mücadelelerinden sonra kendi toplumsal ve siyasal yapılarından çağdaş bir netice çıkarabildikleri hususu göz ardı edilmiştir. Bir diğer hayranlık konusu olan medeniyet tanımlaması hürriyet ve anayasa ile yönetilmenin bir sonucu gibi algılanmış, Osmanlı aydınları üzerinde derin ruhsal eziklikler doğuran Avrupa’ya mahsus bir üstünlük simgesi olarak ele alınmıştır. Gözlemlenen uygarlığın devletin mevcut yapısına uygunluğu sorgulanmamış, bu doğrultudaki uygulamaların devleti “âbâd” veya “berbâd” edeceği üzerinde fazla durulmamış ve yaşanan hayranlık hâlesi içinde onun “tek dişi kalmış bir canavar” olduğu, ancak imparatorluğun nihaî tasfiyesiyle örtüşen bir zaman dilimi içinde idrak edilebilmiştir. Yeni Osmanlılar’ı bu değerleri devletin kurtuluşu için zaruri gören bir fikrî akımın temsilcileri, imparatorluğun -hiç olmazsa müslüman kesimi için- belirli görüşlere sahip ilk “ideologları” diye tanımlamak mümkündür. Ancak bir arada anılan isimler arasında birbiriyle örtüşen bir düşünce beraberliği yoktur ve âhenkli bir grup ve resmî bir kuruluş olma kabiliyeti de tartışmalıdır (Berkes, s. 269 vd.; Mardin, The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought , s. 397; TCTA , VI, 1698-1701).
Beşerî coğrafyası içinde kendine özgü bir yapısı bulunan imparatorluğun, bilhassa hürriyetçi ve milliyetçi akımların etkisiyle ayrılma eğilimi ve mücadelesi içine giren geniş bir hıristiyan nüfusa sahip olması durumu, Tanzimat döneminin önde gelen devlet adamlarından Mehmed Emin Âlî ve Keçecizâde Fuad paşaların göz önünde tutmak zorunda kaldıkları en önemli husus olmuştur. Özellikle 1856 Islahat Fermanı’ndan sonraki dönem içinde ortaya çıkan iç kargaşa ve dış müdahaleler reformların sıkı bir idare altında uygulanmasını kaçınılmaz kılmaktaydı. İleride Yeni Osmanlılar diye anılacak olan aydınların muhalefeti bu noktada kendini göstermiş ve hükümdardan ziyade hükümete, özellikle de Fuad Paşa’nın vefatından sonra (1869) dizginleri sıkıca tek başına elinde tutan Âlî Paşa’ya yönelmiştir. Bu ikilinin hürriyetçi ve anayasal hareketleri ülke çıkarlarıyla uyumsuz ve tehlikeli gören, ancak şartların teşekkül etmesi halinde uygulanmak üzere bunları zamana bırakan siyaset anlayışlarına karşı çıkılmıştır. Tanzimat önderlerinin önce vatandaşların imparatorluğun muhafazası fikrinde birleştirilmesi, bir Osmanlı milleti oluşturulması, vatandaşların mahallî yönetimler vasıtasıyla devlet idaresine katılmaya alıştırılması, nihayet bunların seçecekleri temsilcilerle merkezde bir meclisin açılması aşamasına geçilmesiyle ilgili düşüncelerinin genel şartlar çerçevesinde çok daha gerçekçi bir reform siyaseti teşkil ettiğinde şüphe yoktur. Öte yandan benzer yapısal şartlar içinde bulunan komşu Avusturya ve Rusya’daki aydınların liberal istekleri ve muhafazakâr idarenin reformlar karşısındaki tutumunun Tanzimat ricâlinden pek de farklı olmadığı hususunun, Avrupa’daki durum hakkında oralarda yaşamış olarak fikir edinmeleri umulan muhalifler tarafından açıkça görülmesi beklenirdi. Ancak bunlar, Avrupa deyince yalnızca yaşamlarının bir kısmını geçirdikleri Fransa’yı anladıklarından bu konuda bilgisiz kalmışlardır.
Anayasa ilânı ve bir parlamento açılması fikri etrafında toplandığı iddia edilen, genelde yaş itibariyle de genç olan Tanzimat dönemi aydınları, kendilerine atfedilen her türlü eylem ve çağdaş fikir örgüsü içinde tarihte seçkin bir yer işgal ettiklerinde şüphe bulunmamakla beraber bunların Yeni Osmanlılar adıyla anılan bir cemiyet şeklinde ne zaman, nerede ve kimler tarafından kurulduğu, konuyla ilgili yetersiz kaynakların çeşitli ve birbirine ters düşen kayıtlarından ötürü tartışmalıdır ve mensuplarının önde gelenleri dışında diğerlerinin faaliyetleri de yeteri kadar açığa kavuşturulamamıştır. Dolayısıyla mevcut kaynaklardaki bilgilerin umumiyetle yapılageldiği gibi sorgulanmadan kullanılması sakıncalıdır. Cemiyet mensuplarının çoğunlukla dönemin önde gelen edebiyatçılarından meydana gelmesi konuyu tarihçilik sahasından belirli ölçüde uzaklaştırmış, bu isimler yazdıkları eserlerle edebiyatçıların uğraşısına malzeme teşkil etmişlerdir. İlgili belge ve kaynak kıtlığı, Yeni Osmanlılar’ın kuruluş efsanesi halinde anlatılanların büyük kısmının, konunun ana kaynağı ve tanığı sayılan Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik’in Yeni Osmanlılar Tarihi ’ne dayandırılmasına yol açmıştır; ancak buradaki bilgilerin çelişkili durumu eserin kaynak olarak güvenilirliğine gölge düşürmektedir. Ebüzziyâ Tevfik cemiyetin kuruluşunu, İstanbul’da Belgrad ormanında Nâmık Kemal’in de katıldığı bir kır gezisinde veya cemiyetin önemli isimlerinden Sağır Ahmed Beyzâde Mehmed Bey’in (Sadrazam Mahmud Nedim Paşa’nın yeğeni) evindeki toplantıda olmak üzere iki farklı anlatımla açıklar (1865). Ebüzziyâ’daki bilgi kargaşası Kaya Bilgegil tarafından çözümlenmiş, Yeni Osmanlılar Cemiyeti’nin aslında Avrupa’da kurulduğu (1867) ve Belgrad ormanındaki toplantıda teşkil edilen cemiyetin Fransızca “misyon” anlamında “meslek” adını taşıdığı tesbit edilmiştir (Yeni Osmanlılar , s. 355-356; Koray, XLVII/186 [1984], s. 565-567; Onaran, s. 291 vd.). Cemiyetin kurucuları olarak Sağır Ahmed Beyzâde Mehmed Bey ve arkadaşları Menâpîrzâde Nûri ve Kayazâde Reşad beyler gösterilmektedir. Ancak bunların, herhangi bir siyasî programa sahip olmaktan ziyade genelde bilhassa gazeteler üzerindeki sıkı denetimi ve bunların kapatılması sebebiyle Âlî Paşa’ya karşı duydukları hoşnutsuzluğun etkisiyle bir araya geldikleri var sayılmaktadır. 1867 Haziranında Veli Efendi çayırındaki toplantıda alınan karar doğrultusunda hükümet toplantı halindeyken Bâbıâli’yi basma, Sadrazam Âlî Paşa’yı öldürüp yerine o sıralarda Trablusgarp valiliği yapan Mahmud Nedim Paşa’yı getirme hazırlığı içinde bulundukları hususu, bu durum karşısında telâşa kapılan cemiyet mensuplarından Subhipaşazâde Âyetullah Bey’in kararı ifşa etmesi üzerine ortaya çıkmıştır. Ciddi bir hazırlık içinde olmadıklarının yanı sıra niyetlendikleri işin uygulanma kabiliyetinin de bulunmadığı açık olan bu suikast planını, başlatılan kovuşturma sayesinde arşiv belgeleri ışığında takip etmek mümkündür. Hadisenin öğrenilmesi üzerine Mehmed, Nûri, Reşad beyler yurt dışına kaçmak zorunda kalmış ve daha sonra gıyaben idama mahkûm edilmiştir (Bilgegil, 50. Yıl Armağanı , II, 370-401). Aynı şekilde fakat bu hadiseden bağımsız olarak Tasvîr-i Efkâr ’da yazan Nâmık Kemal ve Muhbir gazetesinde çıkan yazıları sebebiyle Ali Suâvi ile Ziyâ Bey (Paşa), hükümetin sert önlemlerine hedef teşkil ettiklerinden Mustafa Fâzıl Paşa’nın davetini kabul ederek yurt dışına çıkmışlar ve 30 Mayıs 1867’de Paris’e varmışlardır (Çelik, Ali Suavi , s. 92). Yapılan bir değişiklikle Mısır’daki veraset hakkı elinden alınan (1866), buna karşılık Hidiv İsmâil Paşa’nın kendisine büyük bir tazminat ödediği kardeşi Mustafa Fâzıl Paşa, Fransa’ya gelen muhalifleri himaye etmiş ve kendilerini paraca desteklemiştir. Paşanın genç muhaliflerle daha önceden irtibat kurduğuna dair kuvvetli karineler mevcuttur (Berkes, s. 274). Nitekim Paris’te Sultan Abdülaziz’e hitaben yayımladığı açık mektubun Türkçe tercümesinin (Mart 1867), henüz İstanbul’da bulunan Nâmık Kemal’in üslûbunun kendisini ele vereceği endişesiyle Sâdullah Bey (Paşa) tarafından yapılması (Akyıldız, s. 7, 250-263) böyle bir bağlantıya işaret etmektedir.
31 Ağustos 1867’de Londra’da Mustafa Fâzıl Paşa’nın parasal desteğiyle Ali Suâvi tarafından çıkarılan Muhbir gazetesi kendilerine Yeni Osmanlılar tanımlaması yakıştırılan muhaliflerin sesi olmuştur. Aslında XIX. yüzyıl boyunca Avrupa’da monarşik idarelere karşı çıkanlar için kullanılmış bir tabir olan yeni/jön (jeuns) nitelemesi, daha sonraki dönemlerde genelde monarşi karşıtlığı kastedilmemekle beraber Osmanlı aydın muhalefetinin tanımlanmasının ayrılmaz bir sıfatı haline gelmiştir. Bu genç muhalifler kendilerini, bazan da Türkistan’ın erbâb-ı şebâbı veya o zamanlar “vatan” karşılığında kullanılan hamiyet kelimesiyle ifade edilen İttifâk-ı Hamiyyet gibi adlarla da tanıtmışlardır ki bu kelime “patriotic alliance” şeklinde tercüme edilmiştir (Mardin, The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought , s. 10). Yeni Osmanlılar’ın bir cemiyet halinde kurulmadığına ve nizamnâmesine dair herhangi bir belgenin mevcut olmadığına dair yapılan açıklamaların yeni araştırmalar karşısında artık dayanağı kalmamıştır. Avrupa seyahati esnasında (1867) Sultan Abdülaziz’e yanaşan ve kendini affettirerek geri dönme izni alan Mustafa Fâzıl Paşa’nın bu gençleri kendi siyasî hesaplaşması için kullanmaya ve el altında tutmaya çalıştığı bilinmektedir. Paşa, Sultan Abdülaziz’in arkasından İstanbul’a dönmeden önce Baden Baden’de Ziyâ Bey, Nâmık Kemal ve Çapanzâde Âgâh Efendi’den başka içlerinde bazı yabancıların da bulunduğu muhaliflerden teşekkül eden küçük bir heyetle 30 Ağustos 1867 tarihinde yaptığı toplantıda on üç maddelik nizamnâmesiyle beraber Genç Türkiye (Jeune Turquie) cemiyetini kurmuştur (Çelik, TT , XVIII/108 [1992], s. 327). Terim kargaşasını önlemek ve II. Abdülhamid devri muhalefet hareketini simgeleyen Jön Türkler (Juenes Turcs) tanımlamasından ayırmak üzere ismi Yeni veya Genç Osmanlılar diye tercüme edilmesi gereken (Davison, s. 173; ayrıca bk. Sungu, s. 777) bu cemiyetin nizamnâmesinde, Mustafa Fâzıl Paşa’nın Sultan Abdülaziz’e hitaben neşrettiği açık mektupta öngördüğü reformların yapılması ve baskıcı bir idare sürdürmekte olan siyasî sistemin ortadan kaldırılması esas amaç olarak gösterilmekteydi. Rusya’nın etkisinden kurtarılmaları için hıristiyan halka geniş hürriyetler verilmesi maddesi herhalde Avrupa’nın muhabbetini çekmeyi hedeflemekteydi. Diğer maddelerde iş bölümü ve görevlendirilen kişilerin belirlenmesi yer almaktaydı; nizamnâmenin 9. maddesi gizli tutulmuştu. Bu maddenin amaca ulaşmak için silâhlı örgütlenmeye işaret ettiği tahmin edilmekle beraber (Çelik, TT , XVIII/108 [1992], s. 327) bunun Şehzade Murad Efendi ile irtibat kurma ve ortak çalışma gibi bir hususa değinmesi daha mümkündür. Nitekim II. Abdülhamid, Sultan Abdülaziz devrinde cereyan eden bu olaylar hakkında yakınlarından Besim Bey’e yazdırdığı, Yıldız evrakı arasında bulunarak yayımlanan notlarında (İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal, XVI/14 [1926], s. 90-91), Yeni Osmanlılar Cemiyeti’nin Murad Efendi’nin bilgisi dahilinde ve saltanatı ele geçirmek maksadıyla ve onun teşvikiyle faaliyet gösterdiğini, hatta Sağır Ahmed Paşazâde Mehmed Bey’in Murad Efendi tarafından gönderildiğini ve bizzat kendisine de gelerek niyetlerini ifşa ettiğini ileri sürmüştür (Mufassal Osmanlı Tarihi , VI, 3136, 3138). Nizamnâmenin 11. maddesi, Mustafa Fâzıl Paşa’nın İstanbul’da bulunmasının cemiyet faaliyetleri açısından gerekli görülmesi halinde kendisine dönme izni verilmesi için çalışılacağının belirtilmesi, paşanın böyle bir izni Avrupa seyahati esnasında Sultan Abdülaziz’den almış olmasından ötürü açık bir çelişkidir. Paşa cemiyetin faaliyetleri için senelik 300.000 frank tutarında büyük bir tahsisat ayırmıştı.
Cemiyet içinde yer aldığı ileri sürülen kişiler arasında bir düşünce ve amaç birliğinden söz etmek mümkün değildir. Bunların önde gelen isimleri, Mustafa Fâzıl Paşa’nın Sultan Abdülaziz ile arasını düzeltmesinden sonra maddî sıkıntı içine düşmüş ve muhalefetten vazgeçerek yurda dönmek zorunda kalmıştır. Buna rağmen paşa ihtiyaten elindeki imkânı muhafaza etmeyi sürdürmüş ve Londra’da haftalık olmak üzere ilk sayısı 29 Haziran 1868’de çıkarılan Hürriyet gazetesinin masrafları için gereken parayı tahsis etmiştir (Koray, XLVII/186 [1984], s. 578). Hürriyet 63. sayısına kadar (Eylül 1869) Nâmık Kemal ve Ziyâ Bey’in, Nâmık Kemal’in bu tarihten itibaren ayrılması üzerine yalnızca Ziyâ Bey’in idaresinde sert bir muhalefet yürütmüş ve 23 Haziran 1870’te Cenevre’de çıkan 100. ve son sayısına kadar muhalefetine devam etmiştir (Czygan, s. 76). Hürriyet gazetesi etrafında toplanan muhalif gruptan ilk ayrılan İstanbul’daki meslek kuruluşunun önderi Sağır Ahmed Paşazâde Mehmed Bey’dir. Daha ziyade bir eylem ve macera adamı olan Mehmed Bey bu hareketi yetersiz ve eylemsiz bulmaktaydı. Sultan Abdülaziz’e bir suikast tasarladığını, İsviçre’de Hüseyin Vasfi Paşa ile çıkardığı İnkılâp adlı gazetede yayımlanan bir makalesinde dile getirmiştir (Bilgegil, Yakın Çağ Türk Kültür ve Edebiyatı Üzerine Araştırmalar , s. 437-438). Mehmed Bey 1870-1871 savaşında Fransız ordusunda Almanlar’a karşı gönüllü olarak savaşmıştır. Londra’da Muhbir ’i çıkaran Ali Suâvi ise gruptan en erken ayrılan diğer radikal tiplerden biridir. Paris elçiliği memurlarından Kânipaşazâde Ahmed Rifat Bey gibi kişisel beklenti ve özel hesaplarla muhalif gruba katılanlar da bu sebepler ortadan kalktıkça ayrılırlar. Nâmık Kemal, babasına yazdığı Aralık 1869 tarihli bir mektupta ülkü ve ilkesi olmayan bu kişiler yüzünden güvenilecek adam yokluğundan serzenişte bulunur (Kuntay, I, 563; Koray, XLVII/186 [1984], s. 579). Nihayet kendisi de Âlî Paşa’dan izin alıp 24 Kasım 1870’te İstanbul’a döner. Âlî Paşa ile barışan, ancak eline bakan muhalifleri ve finanse ettiği gazeteyi kardeşi Hidiv İsmâil Paşa aleyhine neşriyatta bulunmak amacıyla tutmak isteyen Mustafa Fâzıl Paşa’nın siyasî aleti olmayı kabul eden Ziyâ Bey 84. sayıya kadar Londra’da Hürriyet ’i çıkarmaya devam eder. Âlî Paşa aleyhindeki neşriyatı için Londra’daki Osmanlı elçiliğinden yapılan şikâyet üzerine 88. sayıdan itibaren gazeteyi kapatarak İsviçre’ye kaçmak zorunda kalır. Burada (Cenevre) Hürriyet ’in son on iki sayısını taş basması halinde yayımlamaya çalışır. Neticede Âlî Paşa’nın vefatı üzerine sadrazam olan Mahmud Nedim Paşa’nın ilân ettiği genel aftan istifadeyle yurda döner (1871). Ali Suâvi’nin de gelmesiyle (Kasım 1876) Yeni Osmanlılar muhalefetinin yurt dışındaki etkinliği sona erer. Hareketin önde gelen isimleri, ilk sadâretinden (Temmuz 1872) itibaren önder kabul ettikleri Midhat Paşa’nın etrafında toplanmaya başlarlar. Yurt içinde Abdülaziz’in tahttan indirilmesi ve V. Murad’ın tahta çıkarılmasıyla (30 Mayıs 1876) gelişecek olan siyasî hadiselerde ve bir anayasa ilân edilmesi aşamasında (23 Aralık 1876) tarihsel rollerini oynamaya devam ederler.
Avrupa’da geçirdikleri zaman içinde Yeni Osmanlılar ne bir siyasî ve sosyal parti olabilmiş ne de aralarında görüş birliğine varabilmişlerdir (Koray, XLVII/186 [1984], s. 581). Tesadüfen bir araya gelmiş ve teker teker dağılıp gitmişlerdir. Kendilerine biçilen simgeselliğin, hürriyet ve anayasa (nizâmât-ı esâsiyye) isteklerinde ve bir şûrâ-yı ümmet (parlamento) açılması taleplerinde, bunları imparatorluğun kurtuluşu için zorunlu görmelerinde ve bu görüşlerin fikir ve eylem bakımından kendilerinden daha etkin olan daha sonraki halefleri (Jön Türkler) tarafından aynen tekrar edilmesinde yattığını söylemek mümkündür. Dolayısıyla Yeni Osmanlılar’ı tarihte yaşatan ve önemli kılan aynı esasların peşinde koşan ardıllarının kazandığı başarıdır. 1876 anayasasının ilânının ve bunun 1908’de tekrar yürürlüğe girmesinin, Abdülaziz’in tahttan indirilmesi gibi II. Abdülhamid’in sıkı idaresine de son verilmesinin ve saltanattan uzaklaştırılmasının Jön Türkler’in bir başarısı gibi görülmesi bu ilk muhalifleri unutulmaz kılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
A. D. Mordtmann, İstanbul ve Yeni Osmanlılar: Bir Osmanlı’dan Siyasi, Sosyal ve Biyografik Manzaralar (trc. G. Habermann-Songu), İstanbul 1999, s. 153-168.
Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik, Yeni Osmanlılar Tarihi (s.nşr. Şemsettin Kutlu), İstanbul 1973.
Hilmi Ziya Ülken, “Tanzimattan Sonra Fikir Hareketleri”, Tanzimat I , İstanbul 1940, s. 757-775.
İhsan Sungu, “Tanzimat ve Yeni Osmanlılar”, a.e. , s. 777-857.
Midhat Cemal Kuntay, Namık Kemal (Devrinin İnsanları ve Olayları Arasında) , İstanbul 1944, I, tür.yer.
Mufassal Osmanlı Tarihi , İstanbul 1963, VI, 3133-3318.
R. H. Davison, Reform in the Ottoman Empire: 1856-1876 , Princeton 1963, s. 172-233.
Niyazi Berkes, Türkiye’de Çağdaşlaşma , İstanbul, ts. (Doğu-Batı Yayınları), s. 269-297.
M. Kaya Bilgegil, “Türkiye’de Bazı Yeni Osmanlılarla Yeni Osmanlı Taraftarlarının Bir Millet Meclisi Kurma Teşebbüsü”, 50. Yıl Armağanı: Genel Konular , Erzurum 1973, II, 341-401.
a.mlf., Yakın Çağ Türk Kültür ve Edebiyatı Üzerinde Araştırmalar I: Yeni Osmanlılar , Ankara 1976, tür.yer.
İsmail Doğan, Tanzimatın İki Ucu: Münif Paşa ve Ali Suavi , İstanbul 1991, s. 196-208.
Hüseyin Çelik, Ali Suavî ve Dönemi , İstanbul 1994, tür.yer.
a.mlf., “Mustafa Fazıl Paşa ve Yeni Osmanlılar Cemiyeti’nin Tüzüğü”, TT , XVIII/108 (1992), s. 326-328.
Şerif Mardin, The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought , Syracuse 2000, tür.yer.
a.mlf., “Yeni Osmanlılar ve Siyasî Fikirleri”, TCTA , VI, 1698-1701.
Fazlı Arabacı, Yeni Osmanlıların Dini ve Siyasi Görüşleri , Ankara 2004.
Burak Onaran, A Bas le sultan. La conjuration de Kuleli (1859) et l’organisation Meslek (1867). Les Premières tentatives de détrônement après l’abolition des janissaires (doktora tezi, 2009), Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, s. 291-411.
Ali Akyıldız, Sürgün Sefir Sadullah Paşa , İstanbul 2011, s. 7, 250-263.
Christiane Czygan, Zur Ordnung des Staates: Jungosmanische Intellektuelle und ihre Konzepte in der Zeitung Ḥürrīyet (1868-1870) , Berlin 2012, tür.yer.
İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal, “Abdülhamîd-i Sânî’nin Notları”, TTEM , XVI/14 (1926), s. 90-91.
Enver Koray, “Yeni Osmanlılar”, TTK Belleten , XLVII/186 (1984), s. 563-582.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 430-433 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.