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YENİ VÂLİDE KÜLLİYESİ Skip to content Üsküdar’da XVIII. yüzyılın başlarında inşa edilen külliye.
Üsküdar İskele Meydanı’nın sol tarafında yer almaktadır. Klasik Osmanlı mimarisinin son ve Lâle Devri’nin en önemli örneği olan külliye III. Ahmed’in annesi Gülnûş Emetullah Sultan tarafından yaptırılmıştır; diğer vâlide sultan külliyelerinden ayırt edilebilmesi için bu isimle anılmıştır. Cami, sıbyan mektebi, imaret, türbe, hazîre, sebil, çeşmeler, abdest muslukları, helâlar, su haznesi, gusülhane, meşruta, dükkânlar ve hünkâr kasrından meydana gelen külliyenin inşasına 23 Şâban 1120 (7 Kasım 1708) tarihinde başlanmış, 15 Muharrem 1123’te (5 Mart 1711) ibadete açılan camiden sonra (Silâhdar, II/2, s. 246, 269; Râşid, III, 252, 347) diğer yapıların inşasına devam edilmiştir. Caminin inşa kitâbesi 1122 (1710) tarihini taşır. Külliyeye XIX. yüzyılda yangın havuzu ve muvakkithâne ilâve edilmiştir. Yapılarda kullanılan mermerler Marmara adasından temin edilmiştir. Külliyenin dönemin Hassa başı mimarı Kayserili Mehmed Ağa tarafından inşa edilip edilmediği kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. Külliyede klasik normların etkisi hâlâ güçlüdür, bununla birlikte başta süsleme olmak üzere ayrıntılarda bazı yenilikler göze çarpar. Yapılar merkezdeki caminin ve bunu kuşatan dış avlunun etrafına yerleştirilmiştir. Sadece imaret bu gruptan ayrılarak deniz kıyısında inşa edilmiştir. Gusülhanenin arkasındaki meşruta ise günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Osmanlı döneminde gerçekleştirilen tamiratlar hakkında bilgi bulunmayan külliye son olarak 1940’ta kapsamlı bir onarım görmüştür.
Külliyenin en önemli yapısı olan cami merkezî kubbeli harim ve revaklı avludan meydana gelmektedir. Harim ve avlu zeminden yükseltilmiş olup yapıya yelpaze gibi açılan taş merdivenlerle ulaşılmaktadır. Kareye yakın plana sahip harim kısmı, sekizgen kurgulu taşıyıcı sisteme oturtulmuş merkezî kubbeli bölüm ve iki yanındaki sahnlarla Rüstem Paşa Camii’nin bir tekrarı gibidir. İri fil ayakların taşıdığı kemerlere oturtulan kubbenin köşelerine tromplar yerleştirilmiştir. Üç bölümlü olan sahnlarda tâlî girişlerin bulunduğu orta kısımlar çapraz tonozlarla, yan kısımlar kubbelerle örtülmüş, harimin üç tarafı sütunların taşıdığı mahfillerle çevrilmiştir. Klasik üslûpta bir minbere sahip olan yapının mermer mihrabı âbidevî bir örnek olmakla birlikte önceki örneklerin âhenginden uzaktır. Etrafındaki çinilerin teknik özellikleri Kütahya’da üretildiklerine işaret etmektedir. Bazı araştırmacılar bunların Tekfur Sarayı’nda üretildiğini söylemekteyse de atölyenin bu tarihlerde henüz faaliyete başlamadığı bilinmektedir. Kubbe eteğinde dolanan mukarnaslı friz dikkati çeken bir başka süsleme unsurudur. Ancak harimde en dikkat çekici süslemeler mihrabın sol tarafında yer alan ve bir kapı ile hünkâr kasrına irtibatlandırılan, konsollar üzerine oturan bir balkon şeklinde tasarlanmış hünkâr mahfilinde görülür. Buradaki mihrabın mermer süslemeleriyle mahfilin camiye açılan bronz şebekelerinde itinalı bir işçilik görülmektedir. Mihrabın solunda duvarda asılı Kâbe örtüsünden büyük bir parça yakın tarihte çalınmıştır. Beş bölümlü son cemaat mahallinin ortasındaki cümle kapısı sadece mukarnas frizleriyle çerçevelenmiştir. Kapı üzerinde yer alan, başlangıç ve bitiş tarihlerini veren ta‘lik hatlı manzum inşa kitâbesi Osmanzâde Ahmed Tâib Efendi tarafından yazılmış olup Fındıkzâde İbrâhim Efendi’nin hattıdır. Yalın bir tasarıma sahip son cemaat mahallindeki en ilgi çekici unsur iri taş konsollar üzerine oturtulmuş mükebbiredir. Son cemaat mahallinin uçlarında bulunan klasik tarzdaki minareler ikişer şerefeli olarak tasarlanmıştır.
Caminin dış kurgusu, piramidal görünümlü klasik dönem örneklerinden farklı şekilde kademeler halinde yükselen dikey bir gelişim gösterir. Öte yandan kasnak kısmına açılan pencereler kubbeyi oldukça basık göstermektedir. Dış kütlede dikkati çeken en önemli ayrıntılar ise türünün ilk örneklerinden sayılan kuşevleridir. Osmanlılar’daki hayvan sevgisinin kayda değer örnekleri olan bu unsurlar plastik özellikleri sayesinde dinî ve sivil mimariyi bütün güzellikleriyle yansıtmaktadır. Kare planlı avlu klasik örneklerin aksine harim kısmından daha büyük tasarlanmıştır. Küçük kubbelerle örtülü revaklarla kuşatılan avlunun merkezinde yer alan şadırvan sekizgen planlıdır. Şadırvanın köşeleri sütunlarla, yüzleri ise itinalı bir işçilik gösteren taş süslemelerle değerlendirilmiştir. Pencereleri örten ajurlu bronz şebekelerin süslemeleri de ayrıca zikre değer ayrıntılardır. Üst kısımda dolanan, manzum metni Osmanzâde Ahmed Tâib Efendi’ye ait kitâbeden şadırvanın 1123’te (1711) tamamlandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Avlu kapılarının üzerinde bulunan panolarda ise Bursalı Hezarfen Mehmed Efendi’nin celî sülüsle yazdığı âyetler görülmektedir. Mihrap duvarının solunda yer alan hünkâr kasrının iç mekândaki kalem işi süslemelerine dayanılarak XIX. yüzyılda yenilendiği söylenebilir. Ahşaptan yapılan kasır sofalı tasarımı ile tipik bir sivil mimarlık örneğidir. Oldukça harap durumda iken 1976’da kapsamlı bir onarımdan geçirilmiştir.
Hünkâr kasrının önünde bulunan sebil ve muvakkithâne ile küçük bir grup oluşturan Gülnûş Emetullah Sultan’ın türbesi Silâhdar Mehmed Ağa’nın kaydettiğine göre 1127 (1715) yılında vefatından önce inşa edilmiş ve vasiyeti üzerine orada defnedilmiştir (Nusretnâme , II/2, s. 336). Bu grubun arkasındaki üçgen planlı hazîrede değişik dönemlere ait mezarlar tesbit edilmiştir. Sivri kemerlerle bağlanan sütunlardan oluşan türbenin üst kısmı kafes şeklinde bir kubbe ile örtülüdür. Kemerli açıklıklar, dilimli kemerli ikinci bir çerçeve içine alınmış olup son derece zarif bronz şebekelerle kapatılmıştır. Kubbe eteğini dolanan Âyetü’l-kürsî kuşağı yine Hezarfen Mehmed Efendi tarafından kaleme alınmıştır. Emetullah Sultan’ın mezarını belirleyen baş ve ayak taşlarının süslemesi de Lâle Devri’nin müstesna örnekleri arasındadır. 1121’de (1709) tamamlandığı anlaşılan sebilde taş ve maden işçiliği şadırvandakine benzer nitelikler taşımaktadır. Çokgen planlı ve beş yüzlü olan sebilin her yüzünde sütunların taşıdığı sivri kemerlerle teşkil edilmiş pencereler vardır. Pencereler dilimli kemerli çerçeveler içine alınmış bronz şebekelerle kapatılmıştır. Bunun inşa kitâbesinin metni Naîmâ Mustafa Efendi’ye aittir. Cephelerin üzerinde dolanan geniş saçak ve kasnak arkadaki basık kubbeyi gizlemektedir. Bu grubun arkasındaki üçgen planlı hazîrede XVIII ve XIX. yüzyıllara ait mezarlar bulunmaktadır.
Pencereli bir ihata duvarıyla belirlenen dış avlunun batı tarafındaki abdest muslukları ile helâların arasında yer alan geçidin üzerinde sıbyan mektebi yer almaktadır. Taş ve tuğla malzemeden almaşık olarak teşkil edilen dikdörtgen planlı iki tonozlu birimden meydana gelen mektebin tamamıyla taş malzemeden olan alt katındaki oda mahya malzemelerinin muhafazasına ayrılmıştı. Bu grubun yol tarafındaki yedi adet tonozlu mekân ise külliyeye gelir sağlayan dükkânlardı; ancak bugün özel mülkiyetin tasarrufundadır. Ayrı bir paftada kurulan imaretin kitâbesi bulunmamakla birlikte külliye programı içinde olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Ancak yapının başlangıçta fodla fırını olarak kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Dükkânların karşısındaki girişten ulaşılan “L” şeklindeki avludan geçildikten sonra tonozlu bir galerinin iki yanına yerleştirilmiş geniş salonlara varılır. Bunlardan soldaki tonozlarla, ocaklar bulunan sağdaki ise fenerli kubbelerle örtülmüştür. 1970’te kapsamlı bir onarım geçirdikten sonra uzun süre market şeklinde kullanılan yapı, yakın zamanda bazı müdahaleler görerek ve kısmen tamir edilerek ticarî işlevini sürdürmektedir.
Sebilin yanında yer alan çeşme caminin tamamlanmasından evvel 1121’de (1709) yaptırılmıştır. Lâle Devri’nde gelişen süsleme özelliklerinin tamamının bir arada görüldüğü yapı bütün yüzeyini ince bir işçilikle dolduran taş süslemeleriyle dikkat çekmektedir. Bilhassa kâse içine yerleştirilmiş meyve kompozisyonlarının benzerleri III. Ahmed’in Topkapı Sarayı’ndaki hususi odasında karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Çeşmeyi taçlandıran alınlık yapıya ayrı bir özellik kazandırmaktadır. Kitâbede Osmanzâde Ahmed Tâib Efendi’nin şiiri Durmuşzâde Ahmed Efendi’nin hattıyla yazılmıştır. Yine Osmanzâde Ahmed Tâib Efendi’ye ait inşa kitâbesinden 1122’de (1710) yapıldığı anlaşılan arka taraftaki ikinci çeşme, arkasında bulunan dikdörtgen planlı gusülhaneden dolayı “imam çeşmesi” diye adlandırılmaktadır. Diğerinin aksine son derece yalın bir tasarıma sahip bu menzil çeşmesinin arka tarafındaki büyük hazne, aynı zamanda külliye ile birlikte yaptırılan su yollarıyla getirtilen suyun külliyedeki su tesislerine dağıtımını sağlayan bir maksemdir. Helâların teşkil ettiği dirseğe yapılan harik havuzunun III. Selim döneminde inşa edildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Taş ve tuğladan almaşık örgülü duvarların dar olanında bir, geniş olanında iki yuvarlak kemerli ayna bulunmaktadır. Türbenin arkasında yer alan muvakkithânenin yapısal özellikleri bunun da XIX. yüzyılda eklendiğine işaret etmektedir. Kare planlı yapının cadde üzerindeki duvarı üç yüzlü olarak dışa taşırılmıştır; halen bir dernek tarafından kullanılmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Silâhdar, Nusretnâme , II/2, s. 246, 269, 336.
Râşid, Târih , III, 252, 347.
Ayvansarâyî, Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ , II, 187.
Muzaffer Sudalı, Hünkâr Mahfilleri , İstanbul 1958, s. 7.
Konyalı, Üsküdar Tarihi , I, 309-316, 388-391.
Ayda Arel, Onsekizinci Yüzyıl İstanbul Mimarisinde Batılılaşma Süreci , İstanbul 1975, s. 47.
Ahmed Refik Altınay, Hicrî On İkinci Asırda İstanbul Hayatı (1100-1200) , İstanbul 1988, s. 42.
Kâzım Çeçen, İstanbul’un Vakıf Sularından Üsküdar Suları , İstanbul 1991, s. 68-74.
Aras Neftçi, “18. Yüzyıl Kuşevleri”, Semra Ögel’e Armağan: Mimarlık ve Sanat Tarihi Yazıları , İstanbul 2000, s. 96-97.
Mehmet Nermi Haskan, Yüzyıllar Boyunca Üsküdar , İstanbul 2001, I, 379-391; II, 556-557, 940, 991; III, 1070-1071, 1189, 1218-1219.
Müşfika Akbulut, Üsküdar Yeni Camii ve Külliyesi (yüksek lisans tezi, 2003), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Gülçin Erol Canca, “Gülnuş Emetullah Valide Sultan / Yeni Valide Külliyesinin Lale Devri Mimarisi İçindeki Yeri”, Üsküdar Sempozyumu I: 23-25 Mayıs 2003: Bildiriler (ed. Zekeriya Kurşun v.dğr.), İstanbul 2004, II, 90-104.
Mustafa Güler, Gülnûş Vâlide Sultan’ın Hayatı ve Hayrâtı , İstanbul 2006, I, 34-39.
Nadide Seçkin, “Yeni Valide Külliyesi”, DBİst.A , VII, 468-470.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 433-435 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.