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YEZÎD I Skip to content Ebû Hâlid Yezîd b. Muâviye b. Ebî Süfyân el-Kureşî el-Ümevî (ö. 64/683)
Emevî halifesi (680-683).
26 (647) veya 27 (648) yılında Dımaşk’ta doğdu. Annesi Yemen asıllı Kelb kabilesinden Meysûn bint Bahdel’dir. Babası Muâviye, oğlunun çöl ortamında yetişmesini sağlamak amacıyla onu annesiyle birlikte Kelb kabilesinin yaşadığı Tedmür civarındaki bâdiyeye gönderdi. Yezîd burada bedevî hayatının şartlarına göre büyüdü. Ata binme ve silâh kullanmada maharet kazandı, fasih Arapça’yı öğrendi. Bu arada içki ve eğlence dünyasını tanıdı. Yarış atları ve av köpekleri edindi, şiirle meşgul oldu. Muâviye oğlunu Dımaşk’a getirttikten sonra eğitimiyle yakından ilgilendi, onun için nesep âlimi Dağfel b. Hanzale gibi özel hocalar tuttu. Ancak Yezîd’in çölde edindiği kötü alışkanlıklarını sürdürmesi, bilhassa oyun ve eğlenceye düşkünlüğü halk tarafından yadırgandı ve eleştirilmesine yol açtı.
Halifeliği kabile asabiyetine dayanan bir mücadele sonunda elde eden Muâviye 50 (670) yılında, müslümanların hilâfet meselesi yüzünden yeni bir iç savaşa sürüklenmesini engellemeyi gerekçe göstererek vefatının ardından yerine geçmesi için oğlu Yezîd’i veliaht tayin etmeye karar verdi ve bu niyetini valilerine bildirdi. Basra Valisi Ziyâd b. Ebîh’in bazı uyarıları dolayısıyla veliahtlık işini Ziyâd’ın ölümüne kadar (53/673) erteledi. Bu arada Yezîd’i halk arasında oluşan tepkiyi bertaraf etmek ve onu veliahtlığa hazırlamak amacıyla önemli görevlere getirdi. 49 veya 50 (669 veya 670) yılında gerçekleştirilen, ashabın ileri gelenlerinden bazılarının katıldığı ilk İstanbul kuşatmasında oğlunu komutan, 51 (671) yılında da hac emîri tayin etti. Yezîd, ikinci görevi esnasında Hicaz halkına bol miktarda bağışlarda bulunup onların gönüllerini kazanmaya çalıştı. Ziyâd b. Ebîh’in vefatından sonra veliahtlık meselesini tekrar gündeme getiren Muâviye kabile liderleri üzerindeki hâkimiyeti sayesinde hedefine ulaşmakta fazla zorlanmadı. Ancak Medine’de Hz. Hüseyin, Abdullah b. Zübeyr ve Abdullah b. Ömer gibi sahâbîlerden bir grup, bu uygulamanın hilâfeti saltanata çevirmek olduğunu söyleyip kendisine şiddetle karşı çıktı. Bunun üzerine Muâviye bizzat Hicaz’a gitmesine rağmen onları ikna edemeyince bazı tarihçilerin ihtiyatla karşıladığı bir rivayete göre kendilerinden tehditle biat aldıktan sonra Dımaşk’a döndü. Ardından Mekke ve Medine halkı da Yezîd’in veliahtlığını kabul etti.
Muâviye vefat edince Yezîd Dımaşk’ta halife olarak biat aldı (Receb 60 / Nisan 680). Medine dışındaki şehirlerde de ona biat edildi. Veliaht tayin edilmesine karşı çıkan Medineli grubun halifeliğine de karşı çıkmasından endişe eden Yezîd, Medine valisine haber göndererek babasının ölümü duyulmadan muhalif grubun biatını almasını emretti. Ancak valinin kendilerini çağırmasından Muâviye’nin öldüğünü anlayan Abdullah b. Zübeyr ile Hz. Hüseyin o gece yola çıkıp Mekke’ye gittiler ve Yezîd aleyhindeki faaliyetlerini Mekke’de sürdürdüler. Hz. Hüseyin’in Kûfe’deki taraftarları kendisine mektup yazarak Kûfe’ye gelip başlarına geçmesini istediler. Bu hareketi organize etmesi için Hüseyin’in Kûfe’ye gönderdiği Müslim b. Akīl şehirde onun adına biat almaya başladı. Ancak durumu öğrenen Yezîd, Kûfe valiliğine Ubeydullah b. Ziyâd’ı tayin etti ve Müslim yakalanıp öldürüldü. Hz. Hüseyin, Müslim’in kendisini Kûfe’ye davet eden mektubunu alınca hemen yola çıkmıştı. Müslim ve taraftarlarının başına gelenleri ancak Kādisiye’ye yaklaştığı sırada öğrendi. Daha sonra Kerbelâ’da Emevî ordusu tarafından kuşatıldı ve Yezîd’e biat etmesi istendi. Hz. Hüseyin bunu kabul etmeyince 10 Muharrem 61 (10 Ekim 680) tarihinde beraberindekilerden yetmiş iki kişiyle birlikte feci şekilde öldürüldü. Yezîd’in, Hz. Hüseyin’in kendisine getirilen kesik başını görünce buna üzüldüğü rivayet edilirse de bu üzüntüsündeki samimiyeti şüphelidir. Bununla birlikte Hz. Hüseyin’in hayatta kalan yakınlarına iyi muamelede bulundu ve onları Medine’ye gönderdi. Kerbelâ Vak‘ası, Yezîd’in ismine silinmez bir leke sürmüştür. Bu olayın ardından Abdullah b. Zübeyr, Yezîd’e karşı oluşan muhalefetin tek lideri haline geldi ve Mekke’de gizlice biat almaya başladı, Yezîd’in gönderdiği orduyu da Mekke yakınlarında yenilgiye uğrattı (61/681).
Yezîd, aleyhindeki olumsuz havayı bertaraf etmek için Medine ileri gelenlerinden bir heyeti Dımaşk’a davet etti. Heyet mensuplarına ikramda bulunarak bol miktarda bahşiş ve hediye verdi. Ancak heyettekiler, sefahate düşen ve halifeliğe yakışmayan işler yapan Yezîd’in durumunu yakından görünce büyük rahatsızlık duydular. Bunlar Medine’ye dönünce Yezîd’in oyun ve eğlenceye daldığını, haramlara bulaştığını anlatarak isyanı gündeme getirdiler. Bu durum Medine’de büyük bir infiale yol açtı. Medine’de başlayan muhalefetin dinî yönü yanında Muâviye dönemine kadar uzanan ekonomik boyutu da vardı. Medine’deki gelişmeleri haber alan Yezîd vali aracılığıyla halkı tehdit eden bir mektup gönderdi. Ancak mektubun halkın öfkesini daha da arttırdığını öğrenince onlarla uzlaşmak için ensardan Nu‘mân b. Beşîr’i bazı tekliflerle Medine’ye yolladı. Bu teklifleri reddeden Medineliler ensardan Abdullah b. Hanzale’ye biat ettiler. Ardından 1000 kişilik Benî Ümeyye mensubuyla müttefiklerini Mervân b. Hakem’in mâlikânesinde kuşatma altına aldılar. Mervân’ın yardım çağrısı üzerine Yezîd, Hicaz’a bir ordu göndermeye karar verdi; ordunun asıl hedefi Abdullah b. Zübeyr idi, fakat önce Medine’deki isyan bastırılacaktı. Müslim b. Ukbe kumandasında 12.000 kişilik bu kuvvet Medine’ye hareket etti. Bunu haber alan Medineliler, Mervân’ın evinde gözetim altında tuttukları kimseleri kendileri hakkında bilgi sızdırmayacaklarına dair yemin ettirdikten sonra şehirden çıkardılar. Dımaşk’a doğru giden grup Vâdilkurâ’da Dımaşk’tan gelen orduyla karşılaştı, bir kısmı yoluna devam ederken aralarında Mervân ve oğlu Abdülmelik’in de bulunduğu bazı kişiler orduya katıldı. Müslim, Abdülmelik’in tavsiyesiyle şehre doğudan girdi ve Harretüvâkım’da karargâh kurdu. Medineliler, Hendek Gazvesi’nde açılmış olan hendekleri derinleştirip yeni hendekler kazdılar, çevrelerine okçular yerleştirerek şehrin etrafını emniyete aldılar.
Müslim b. Ukbe, Medineliler’e teslim olmaları için üç gün süre tanıdı; ayrıca ekonomik sıkıntılarını giderecek bazı tekliflerde bulundu. Olumlu cevap alamayınca saldırıya geçti. Başlangıçta kuvvetli bir direnişle karşılaştıysa da Benî Hârise liderleriyle anlaşıp onların savunduğu bölgeden şehre girmeyi başardı ve kısa sürede şehre hâkim oldu (27 Zilhicce 63 / 27 Ağustos 683). Eski kaynakların bir kısmında şehrin üç gün boyunca yağmalanmasına izin verildiği, halkın canına ve malına kastedildiği, tecavüzlerde bulunulduğu kaydedilir (bk. HARRE SAVAŞI ). İsyanı bastırdıktan sonra Medineliler’in Yezîd’e olan biatını yenileyen Müslim b. Ukbe, Abdullah b. Zübeyr’in üzerine gitmek için Mekke’ye yöneldi. Ancak yolda Müşellel mevkiinde hastalandı; kumandanlığı Yezîd’in daha önce verdiği emir gereğince Husayn b. Nümeyr’e devrettikten sonra öldü. Husayn, Mekke önlerine varıp şehri kuşattı. Yezîd’in ölüm haberi Mekke’ye ulaşıncaya kadar altmış dört gün boyunca kuşatmayı sürdürdü. Kerbelâ ve Harre vak‘alarının ardından Mekke’nin kuşatılması Yezîd’e duyulan düşmanlık ve nefreti daha da şiddetlendirdi.
Yezîd zamanında Kuzey Afrika dışındaki bölgelerde fetihler durdu. Bizans üzerine düzenlenen yaz ve kış seferlerine ara verildiği gibi Kıbrıs ve Rodos adalarındaki müslümanlar da tahliye edilmişti (Belâzürî, Fütûh , s. 219, 338). Kuzey Afrika’da 62 (681-82) yılında Yezîd tarafından yeniden İfrîkıye valiliğine tayin edilen Ukbe b. Nâfi‘in Sûsülednâ ve Sûsülaksâ bölgelerini fethiyle elde edilen başarılar kısa bir süre sonra bir felâkete dönüştü. Ukbe, Küseyle ve müttefiki olan Rumlar tarafından pusuya düşürülerek 300 askeriyle birlikte öldürüldü. Bunun üzerine İfrîkıye’nin merkezi Kayrevan’daki İslâm ordusu Berka’ya çekilmek zorunda kalırken Küseyle kumandasındaki Berberîler Kayrevan’a girdi (64/683).
Üç yıl altı ay halifelik yapan Yezîd, Dımaşk yakınlarındaki Huvvârîn’de öldü ve Dımaşk’ta Bâbüssagīr Mezarlığı’na defnedildi (14 Rebîülevvel 64 / 10 Kasım 683). İri yapılı, av meraklısı, cesur ve oldukça cömert olan Yezîd idarî alanda babası Muâviye’nin politikalarını devam ettirmiştir. Babasının valilerini ve diğer devlet adamlarını yerlerinde bırakmış, onlara geniş yetkiler vermiştir. Kendisi zamanının çoğunu şair ve mûsikişinaslarla bir arada oyun ve eğlence meclislerinde geçirmiştir. İçki içen ilk halife olması dolayısıyla “el-humûr” (sarhoş) lakabıyla anılan Yezîd kendi döneminde gerçekleşen ve etkileri günümüze kadar gelen Kerbelâ Vak‘ası, Harre Savaşı ve Mekke kuşatması gibi icraatları yüzünden müslümanların hâfızasında İslâm tarihinin en kötü isimlerinden biri olarak yer etmiş, bu sebeple tekfir edilip lânetlenebileceğini söyleyenler olmuştur.
Ziraatla ilgilenip bilhassa Dımaşk civarında kanallar açtırdığı ve tarımın gelişmesine katkı sağladığı için I. Yezîd’e “el-mühendis” lakabı da verilmiş, Dımaşk’taki Beradâ nehrinden su getirttiği kanal onun adıyla (Nehrü Yezîd) anılmıştır. Fesahat ve belâgat sahibi olup aynı zamanda güçlü bir şairdir: İslâm tarihinde ilk hükümdar şair olarak tanınır. Merzübânî tarafından derlenip bir divanda toplanan şiirlerine daha sonra başkalarına ait şiirler de ilâve edilmiştir. Selâhaddin el-Müneccid kaynaklarda yer alan şiirlerini bir kitap halinde yayımlamıştır (Şiʿru Yezîd b. Muʿâviye , Beyrut 1982). I. Yezîd’in himaye ettiği Ahtal, Miskîn ed-Dârimî, Râî en-Nümeyrî, Mütevekkil el-Leysî ve Abdullah b. Zübeyr el-Esedî onun hakkında şiirler yazmıştır. İbn Tolun, önceki âlimlerin Yezîd b. Muâviye hakkındaki görüşlerini Ḳaydü’ş-şerîd min aḫbâri Yezîd adlı eserinde toplamış, Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye de Suʾâl fî Yezîd b. Muʿâviye adıyla bir risâle yazmıştır. Kaynaklarda Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Abbas el-Yezîdî ve Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Ezherî’nin Aḫbâru Yezîd b. Muʿâviye , Abdülmugīs b. Züheyr el-Harbî el-Bağdâdî’nin Feżâʾilü Yezîd b. Muʿâviye adlı kitapları zikredilmektedir. Ünal Kılıç I. Yezîd ve dönemiyle ilgili bir doktora hazırlamıştır (bk. bibl.).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 513-514 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.