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YEZÎDİYYE Skip to content Daha çok Türkiye, Irak ve İran’da görülen senkretik bir inanç sistemi ve bu inanca mensup topluluklara verilen ad.
Yezîdî ismi konusunda farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Fırka mensuplarının İran’ın Yezd şehri sakinlerinden olması sebebiyle bu isimle anıldığı, Yeni Farsça’da “melek, tanrı” mânasında ized , Avesta dilinde “saygı ve ibadete lâyık” anlamında yezata , Pehlevîce’de ve modern Farsça’da “tanrı” mânasındaki yezdân kelimeleri yanında “tanrıya kulluk eden kimseler” anlamında ezidî , izidî , izdî kelimelerinden geldiği de söylenmiştir. Diğer bir anlayışa göre fırka mensuplarına, Emevî Halifesi I. Yezîd’e bağlılıkları ve onu beşer üstü bir varlık kabul etmelerinden dolayı bu ad verilmiştir. Son zamanlarda yapılan araştırmalar Yezîdiyye isminin I. Yezîd’le yakın ilgisinin bulunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca söz konusu topluluk, Melek Tâvus’a (Kral Tâvus, Azâzîl) inandığından küçültücü bir isim olarak “abedetü’l-İblîs” (şeytana tapanlar) şeklinde de nitelendirilmektedir. Bu arada Yezîdiyye’nin, Hâricî (İbâzî) fırkalarından Yezîdiyye ile (Yezîd b. Ebû Üneyse’ye [Enîse] mensup fırka) ilişkilendirilmesinin doğru olmadığını belirtmek gerekir. Kendilerini etnik bakımdan Kürt kabul eden fırka mensupları daha çok Ezidî ve Yezîdî isimlerini kullanmaktadır (Menant, s. 52; İA , XIII, 415).
Yezîdiyye’ye dair ilk araştırmalarda bu grup, Mazdeizm ve Maniheizm gibi Doğu’nun eski kültürlerinin bir devamı gibi görülmüş, inandıkları melekler pagan kültürünün tanrıları olarak kabul edilmiştir. Daha sonraki araştırmalarda Yezîdîliğin İslâm’dan sapan bir cereyan olduğu, hareketin temelinde Abbâsîler’in ilk dönemindeki aşırı Emevî taraftarlığının yer aldığı ortaya konmuştur. V-VI. (XI-XII.) yüzyıllarda iyice ortaya çıkan bu aşırılık birçok taraftar bulmuş, son Emevî halifesi II. Mervân’ın Kürt asıllı bir câriyeden doğması bu taraftarlığı önemli ölçüde etkilemiştir. Emevîler’in yıkılması üzerine Hakkâri dağlarına çekilen ve Abbâsî iktidarının ilk dönemlerinde birkaç defa ayaklanan, fakat zamanla hareketliliğini kaybeden söz konusu topluluklardan bir kısmı tasavvufa yönelmiş, bu gruba mensup olan, Adî b. Müsâfir’in müjdecisi sayılabilecek Hakkârili Ebü’l-Hasan Ali (ö. 484/1091) inzivaya çekildiği Sincar’da pek çok taraftar edinmiştir. VI. (XII.) yüzyılda bu cemaat Adî b. Müsâfir’i kutsal bir şahsiyet kabul ederek inançlarının merkezine yerleştirmiştir.
Adî b. Müsâfir, Emevî asıllı olup Ba‘lebek’te doğdu; Abdülkādir-i Geylânî, Ebü’n-Necîb es-Sühreverdî, Ahmed er-Rifâî, Ebü’l-Vefâ el-Hulvânî gibi âlimlerden ders aldı; dört yıl Medine’de kaldı ve Adeviyye tarikatını kurdu. Ardından Hakkâri’de inzivaya çekildi; Sünnî inanış çerçevesinde faaliyet gösterdi. Şîa’ya karşı çıkarak Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân’ı savunan Adî b. Müsâfir doksan yaşlarında vefat etti (557/1162). Mezarı Musul’un 65 km. kuzeyinde Lâliş (Lâleş) denilen yerde yaptırdığı zâviyededir. Yerine geçen oğlu Şeyh Hasan zamanında Şîa’nın I. Yezîd’e lânet etmesi üzerine Adî b. Müsâfir’e bağlanan topluluk Yezîd’i savunmaya başladı; Şeyh Adî ve Yezîd hakkında aşırılığa kaçarak sapık bir hüviyete büründü. Şeyh Adî’yi kutsallaştırdı ve I. Yezîd’i insan üstü bir varlık kabul ederek onun ilâh olduğunu iddia etti. Müridlerine göre Şeyh Adî onların namazlarını kılıp oruçlarını tuttuğu için bu tür mükellefiyetlerden muaftırlar. Şeyhin türbesi civarında yapılan çalgılı, içkili âyinler muhafazakâr halkın tepkisini çektiğinden türbe tahrip edildi, şeyhin kemikleri mezarından çıkarılarak yakıldı ve müridlerinin çoğu öldürüldü. Ancak daha sonra tekrar yaptırılan türbe Yezîdîler’in kıblesi, tavaf ve ziyaret mekânı haline geldi. 1259’da Hakkâri’ye ve Sincar’a saldıran Hülâgû’nun bu bölgeleri tahrip etmesi ve Adeviyye’nin şeyhi olan Fahreddin’in öldürülmesinin ardından cemaat mensupları Yezîdîler adıyla Irak, Suriye ve Güneydoğu Anadolu’da yayılmaya başladı. Yezîdîlik’le ilgili önemli bilgiler daha çok Kürtler’in tarihi, kabileleri ve bulundukları yerler hakkında bilgi veren Şeref Han Bitlisî’nin Şerefnâme adlı eserinde yer alır.
Akkoyunlular, Safevîler ve Osmanlılar’la doğrudan yahut dolaylı biçimde temas kuran Yezîdîler için Safevî ve Osmanlı dönemleri bir çöküş devresi oldu; Kürt kabileleri arasında Yezîdîliği kabul edenler önemli miktarda azaldı. Bunda Yezîdîliği tanımaya başlayan âlimlerin onların küfre düştüğü yolunda verdikleri fetvalar etkili oldu; bu sebeple fırka mensupları kendi içine çekildi, zaman zaman da isyan etti. XIX. yüzyılda Osmanlılar, Yezîdîler’i müslüman ve Ehl-i kitap kabul etmediğinden cemaat iyice kendi içine kapandı ve devlet otoritesinden uzak dağlık bölgelerde yaşamayı tercih etti. 1872’de askerlik için bedel ödeyen Yezîdîler’in durumu nisbeten düzeldi, devlet de kendilerini Ehl-i kitap kabul etti. II. Abdülhamid devrinde cemaat dışı azınlıkların askerlikten muaf tutulmaması ve bulundukları yerlerde ibadethâne yapmalarının istenmesi Yezîdîler’in silâha sarılmaları ve daha uzak bölgelere intikal etmeleri sonucunu doğurdu. Ancak Yezîdîler’e baskı yapıldığı haberlerinin Batılı devletlerin İstanbul temsilciliklerine ulaştırılması ve bunun Tanzimat Fermanı’na aykırı olduğunun dile getirilmesi üzerine Yezîdîler daha rahat bir ortama kavuştu. Cumhuriyet döneminde Yezîdîler’le devlet arasında herhangi bir problem çıkmadı; Irak’ta da zorunlu askerlik ve çocuklarını okullara gönderme mecburiyeti karşısında Yezîdîler bu kanunlara itaat etti.
Zerdüştîlik, Maniheizm, Mitraizm, Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlık’tan, ayrıca İslâm ve tasavvuftan büyük ölçüde etkilenen Yezîdîler’in kendi içlerine dönük yaşantılarından dolayı inanç ve ibadet esaslarının tam olarak belirlenmesi mümkün değilse de bazı bilgilere ulaşılabilmektedir. Yezîdî inancının merkezinde Tanrı ile birlikte O’nun yarattığı yedi melek ve bu melekleri idare eden Melek Tâvus bulunmaktadır. Tanrı inancı açık biçimde ortaya konulmamakla beraber Yezîdîler bin bir ismi arasında en sevileni Hudâ olan, yedi kat göğü ve yeri yaratan, mutlak kādir bir tanrının varlığına inanmaktadır. Onlara göre tanrı sonsuz iyidir; dünyayı uzaktan yönetmekte ve gücünü kendisine yardım eden melekler yahut tanrı-melekler vasıtasıyla göstermektedir. Bu melekler Azâzîl, Derdâîl, İsrâfil, Mîkâil, Cebrâil, Samuel ve Nurael’dir. Bunlar sırasıyla mezhep büyükleri yahut emîrleri olan Şeyh Adî, Şeyh Hasan, Şeyh Şemseddin, Şeyh Ebû Bekir, Şeyh Sâceddin, Şeyh Sadreddin ve Şeyh Fahreddin’de bedenleşmiştir. Bu inanç genelde Yezîdî toplumu tarafından kabul edilmekte, meleklerin zaman zaman yere indiklerine, dünyanın düzenini sağlayacak kutsal metinler ve kurallar getirdiklerine, kendilerine vekâlet edecek şeyhler bıraktıktan sonra cennete çekildiklerine inanılmaktadır. Meleklerin içinde özellikle, tavus kuşu şeklinde tasavvur edilen Tâvus önemlidir. Yezîdî kozmolojisine göre Melek Tâvus, Âdem’in yaratılışından sonra Âdem’e secde etmeyi reddeder, ancak bu reddediş onun Tanrı’ya olan bağlılığındandır. Bununla birlikte isyan etmesi Melek Tâvus’u derin bir vicdan azabına sürükler; azabın tesiriyle akan göz yaşları cehennem ateşini söndürür. Tanrı bu samimiyeti karşısında onu affeder ve dünyaya dair her türlü yönetimi kendisine devreder. Bu yaratılış öyküsü, Yezîdîliğin gnostik gelenekten kaynaklanan ikinci tanrı (demiorgus) doktrinine kadar uzanır. Gnostik modele göre Tanrı yaratılışla ilgili görevleri ikinci bir tanrıya devredip kendisi mutlak egemenlik alanına çekilir.
Yezîdîliğin kutsal metinleri hacim itibariyle son derece kısa olan, “vahiy kitabı” anlamındaki Kitâbü’l-Celve (Cilve) ile “siyah kitap” anlamındaki Muṣḥaf-ı Reş adlı iki kitaptır. Yazarları belli olmayan metinlerden ilki Şeyh Fahreddin’e, ikincisi Hasan-ı Basrî’ye nisbet edilir. XIX. yüzyılın sonlarına kadar bilinmeyen bu kitaplar, önce Edward Granville Browne ve daha sonra P. Anastase tarafından ilim âlemine tanıtılmıştır. Bir girişle beş bölümden meydana gelen Kitâbü’l-Celve ’de Melek Tâvus’un bütün varlıkların ilki olduğu, bu kitapla insanları irşad ettiği, ilk insana hitap ederek evrensel gücünü kanıtladığı, kendisine tâbi olanları mükâfatlandıracağı, karşı gelenleri cezalandıracağı belirtilmekte, ayrıca tenâsühe işaret edilmekte, Melek Tâvus’u temsil eden resme saygı gösterilmesi ve onunla ilgili hizmetleri yerine getirenlere itaat edilmesi istenmektedir. Yezîdîler’in yaratılış hikâyesiyle başlayan Muṣḥaf-ı Reş ’te ise Melek Cebrâil ile Fahreddin’in değeri vurgulanmakta, Yezîdî hükümdarlarının bir listesi verilmektedir; dinen yasaklanmış olan konular ele alınıp tekrar hükümdarların anlatımına dönüldükten sonra ikinci bir yaratılış rivayetiyle metin sona ermektedir.
Yezîdîlik’te ibadetler önemli bir yer tutar. Sabah ve akşam vakitlerinde yerine getirilmesi gereken namaz için sadece eller ve yüz yıkanır. Sabah vakti güneşin doğuşu esnasında güneşe karşı ayakta durulup kollar göğüs üzerinde çapraz olarak bağlanır ve, “Ey şems! Bizi bedbahtlığa ve düşmanlığa karşı koru. Ey rab! Milletine lutufkâr ol, onu müreffeh kıl, neslimizi koru. Şahidimiz Melek Tâvus’un ismidir” şeklindeki dua okunur. Akşam da güneşe karşı durularak aynı dua tekrar edilir. Yezîdîler, aralık ayının ilk pazartesi gününden itibaren güneş bayramında üç gün ve 18 Şubat’taki Hızır-İlyas bayramından önce üç gün olmak üzere yılda iki defa oruç tutarlar. Din adamlarına mahsus olan oruç ise yılda seksen güne ulaşır. Hac için ziyaret edilen mekân, Lâleş vadisinde bir dağın eteğindeki Adî b. Müsâfir’in türbesi olup bu ziyaret her yıl 15-20 Eylül arasında yapılır. Mâzereti bulunmayan Yezîdîler her yıl buraya gitmek zorundadır. Yezîdîler’de din sınıfı dışındaki halka mürid adı verilir. Müridler gelirlerinin % 10’unu şeyhlere, % 5’ini pîrlere, % 2,5’ini de cemaatin fakirlerine zekât olarak vermekle yükümlüdür. Günümüz Yezîdî toplumunda bu nisbetler fazla görüldüğünden sadece doğum, sünnet, evlilik ve ürün kaldırma gibi vesilelerle din adamlarına bir miktar yardımda bulunulur.
Sünnetsiz bir Yezîdî’nin kestiği kurban helâl kabul edilmez. Sünnet olma, sünnet neticesinde ortaya çıkan kirvelik ve âhiret kardeşliği toplumdaki önemli sosyal kurumlardır. Her Yezîdî’nin bir şeyhi, bir pîri ve bir âhiret kardeşi vardır. Bunlar hazır olmadıkça ölen Yezîdî’nin cenaze namazı kıldırılmaz. Evlenme Yezîdî toplumu içinde gerçekleşir ve her sosyal tabaka ancak kendi arasında evlilik yapabilir. Bayramlardan bir kısmının tarihi bellidir, bir kısmı ise değişik tarihlerde kutlanır. Her yıl aralık ayının ilk günü “ida rosa” (güneş bayramı), bu bayramın bitiminden hemen sonra Sultan Ezi (Yezîd), 18 Şubat’ta “ida Hızır-İlyas” ve nisan ayının ilk çarşamba günü yeni yıl bayramı olan “ida serisale” kutlanır. Üç yıl süreyle nisan ayında, üç yıl yaz başında, üç yıl sonbahar başında ve sonraki üç yılda aralık ayı içinde kutlanan “ida dahiye” (ölüler bayramı), ramazan bayramından bir gün sonra kutlanan “ida ramazan”, müslümanların kurban bayramından iki gün önce kutlanan “ida heciya” (ida kurban), Hz. Îsâ adına kutlanan ve paskalya gününe rastlayan “ida Îsâ” Yezîdîlik’te tarihleri değişen bayramlardır.
Sosyal tabakalaşma ve dinî teşkilâtlanmanın bulunduğu Yezîdîlik’te Yezîdîler emîrler, şeyhler, pîrler, kavvâller, fakirler ve müridler olmak üzere beş kısma ayrılır. Dinî hiyerarşinin en üst kademesinde Yezîd ve Şeyh Hasan’dan gelen Şeyhân emîri ve ailesi yer alır. Maddî ve mânevî bütün otoriteyi temsil eden emîr kendisine karşı gelen herkesi cemaat dışı bırakabilir. İktidarı yalnız kendi bölgesinde geçmekle birlikte bütün toplumda saygı görür. Şeyh Adî vakıflarından ve Melek Tâvus timsallerinin teşhirinden toplanan gelirlerin büyük miktarı kaydıhayat şartıyla bu görevi yürüten emîre aittir. Şeyhler, insanların uyacağı kanunları tesbit etmek için bedenleşen melekler yahut onların dünyadaki nesilleridir. Sıkıntıya düşen her mürid onlardan yardım diler. Şeyhlerin evleri mâbed gibidir. Ayrıca onlar bayram vakitlerini belirler, ziyaret mahalleri ve makamlarını muhafaza eder. Buna karşılık müridleri kendilerine yılda bir veya iki defa belirli bir vergi ödemek zorundadır. Şeyhlerle birlikte görev yapan pîrler onlarla aynı aileye mensup değildir. Şeyhler Adî’nin soyundan, pîrler ise onun müridlerinin neslindendir. Âyinler esnasında şeyhlere yardımcı olan pîrler gerektiğinde onlara vekâlet eder. Şeyhân bölgesinin bazı köylerinde ikamet eden kavvâller Şeyh Adî şenlikleri sırasında mûsiki icra edip ilâhiler okurlar. Bunların diğer bir görevi de her yılın belirli zamanlarında hacca gidemeyenler için Melek Tâvus timsalini dolaştırıp bunun halk tarafından öpülerek çevresinde tavaf edilmesini sağlamaktır. Başlarına siyah başlık giydikleri için “karabaşlar” diye anılan kavvâller cemaatin âbid ve zâhidleridir. Tıraş olmayan, sakallarını kesmeyen, tütün ve alkol kullanmayan, her türlü refahtan uzak duran bu kimseler yılda doksan iki gün süreyle oruç tutarlar. Bunun yanında Şeyh Adî Türbesi’nin hizmetini yerine getiren köçekler, çavuşlar ve ferrâşlar vardır. Müridler ise Yezîdîler’in halk tabakasıdır.
Yezîdîlik’te fasulye, marul, bakla, lahana ve balık, geyik, domuz ve horoz eti haramdır. Melek Tâvus’un rengi olan mavi renkli elbise giymek de yasaktır. Bıyık kesmek günahtır. Yılan, akrep, boğa gibi hayvanlar kutsal sayılır. Şeytan, mel‘un, lânet gibi kelimeler Melek Tâvus’u ima ettiği düşüncesiyle telaffuz edilmez. Beyaz, siyah, kırmızı, yeşil ve kahverengi gibi renkler kutsal kabul edildiğinden daha çok bu renklerde elbiseler giyilir. Genellikle köylerde yaşayan, gerekmedikçe şehirlerde yerleşmeyen Yezîdîler günümüzde İran’ın çeşitli yerlerinde, Ermenistan’da Tiflis ve Erivan ile Gürcistan’da Batum’un köylerinde, Irak’ta Sincar dağlarında, Türkiye’de Batman, Nusaybin, Siirt’in Beşiri ve Kurtalan ilçeleriyle Hakkâri’nin dağlık bölgelerinde yaşamaktadır. Son zamanlarda terör yüzünden Güneydoğu Anadolu’dan çok sayıda Yezîdî, Batı ülkelerine iltica etmiştir. Toplam Yezîdî nüfusu 300-400.000 kadar tahmin edilmektedir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 525-527 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.