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YILDIZ SARAYI Skip to content İstanbul’da XIX. yüzyılın sonlarında nihaî şeklini alan saray.
Yıldız tepesinde eğimli bir arazi üzerine yayılmış köşk ve kasırlardan meydana gelen saray alanındaki ilk yapı bir kasır olup III. Selim tarafından annesi Mihrişah Sultan için yapılmış, III. Selim’in babası III. Mustafa adına da rokoko tarzında bir çeşme inşa edilmiştir. Daha sonra II. Mahmud, 1834-1835 yıllarında burada bir köşk inşa ettirmiş, ancak bu yapı günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Sultan Abdülmecid mevcut kasırları yıktırarak 1842’de annesi Bezmiâlem Vâlide Sultan için Kasr-ı Dilküşâ adıyla yeni bir köşk yaptırmıştır. Günümüzde Vâlide Sultan Köşkü diye anılan yapının esasını bu binanın teşkil ettiği sanılmaktadır. Sultan Abdülaziz zamanında da Büyük Mâbeyin Köşkü, Çit Kasrı, Malta ve Çadır köşkleri inşa edilmiştir. II. Abdülhamid, Dolmabahçe Sarayı’ndan ayrılıp Yıldız Sarayı’na taşınmış ve padişahlığı süresince bu sarayda kalmıştır. Onun zamanında burada Küçük Mâbeyin Köşkü, harem binaları, Câriyeler Dairesi, Kızlarağası Köşkü, Şâle Köşkü, Yıldız Camii, tiyatro, marangozhane, eczahane, tamirhane, kilithane, çini atölyesi, kütüphane, şehzade köşkleri yapılmış ve bugünkü saray kompleksi ortaya çıkmıştır.
Ortalama 4 m. yükseklikte harpuştalı duvarlarla korunan ağaçlıklı büyük alan içerisinde dağılmış köşk ve kasırlardan oluşan saray, asıl saray bölümü denilen kısımla Yıldız Parkı diye anılan dış bahçeden meydana gelmektedir. Yer yer serbest birimler halinde (köşk ve pavyonlar şeklinde) konumlandırılmış olması sebebiyle Topkapı Sarayı’ndaki yerleşim geleneğinin bir uzantısı gibi kabul edilebilir. Saraya dört ana kapıdan girilir. Bunlar Koltuk Kapısı, Vâlide Sultan Kapısı, Saltanat Kapısı, Mecidiye Kapısı’dır. Şâle Köşkü yapıldıktan sonra buraya yakın konumda açılan beşinci kapıyla da saraya giriş sağlanmıştır. Saltanat Kapısı’ndan girince sol tarafta Sultan Abdülaziz’in dinlenme köşkü olarak inşa ettirdiği, mimarlığı Balyan ailesi tarafından yapılan Büyük Mâbeyin Köşkü ile karşılaşılır. 1866’da yapılan bu iki katlı kâgir köşk II. Abdülhamid’in bazı resmî toplantılarını gerçekleştirdiği, davetler verdiği ve resmî odasının bulunduğu en büyük binadır. Üst katında Mâbeyin Müşiri Gazi Osman Paşa’nın özel odası vardı; köşkün alt kat odaları mâbeyinciler tarafından kullanılmaktaydı. Osmanlı Devleti’nde önemli bir yeri olan cuma selâmlığı törenlerini izlemek amacıyla gelen yabancı büyükelçiler için II. Abdülhamid’in emriyle inşa edilen, tavanı zengin kalem işleriyle bezeli tek katlı seyir köşkü Büyük Mâbeyin Köşkü’nün hemen yanında Yıldız Camii tarafında bulunur. Yine Büyük Mâbeyin Köşkü’nün yanında yer alan ve birinden diğerine geçilen zincirleme odalardan meydana gelen Çit Kasrı, Abdülaziz döneminde yapılmış tek katlı bir binadır. 1877-1878 Türk-Rus Savaşı ve 1897 Türk-Yunan Savaşı, Çit Kasrı’ndaki salonların en büyüğünde kurulan karargâhtan idare edilmiştir.
Birinci avluda bulunan Vâlide Sultan Kapısı’ndan girişte tam karşıda yer alan sıra odalardan oluşan yapı grubu Yâveran Dairesi’dir. Yâverlerin yanı sıra telgrafhane ve şifrehanenin bulunduğu “art nouveau” stilindeki yapı II. Abdülhamid’in başmimarı Raimondo d’Aronco tarafından inşa edilmiştir. Bu çift kapılı yapı grubunun sol başında padişahın ve haremin güvenliğinden sorumlu tüfekçibaşının nöbet odası vardır. Yine Vâlide Sultan Kapısı’ndan girince sağ taraftaki uzunlamasına bina tek bir bina gibi görünürse de silâhhâne, arabacılar ve arabalık gibi her biri ayrı bir fonksiyona sahip yapılar bütünüdür. Bunlardan silâhhâne, içinde ahşap sütunlarla taşınan bir asma kat bulunan, madalyonlar içerisinde gemi resimleri ve silâh motifleriyle süslenmiş tonoz örtülü uzun bir yapıdır. Dışta sütunlar, korint başlıkları, korniş, silmelerle hareketlendirilen bir cephe teşkil eden ve II. Abdülhamid tarafından saray hizmetkârları için yemekhane olarak yaptırılan yığma tekniğindeki bina, sarayda daha önce mevcut silâhhânenin kütüphaneye çevrilmesinden sonra silâhların depolanması için kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Saray arabacılarının oturduğu Arabacılar Dairesi ile arabaların korunduğu arabalık binalarında süsleme yoktur ve bu bakımdan silâhhâne binasından farklılık göstermektedir. Arabalığın karşısında II. Abdülhamid döneminde inşa edilen iki katlı, bağdâdî tekniğindeki yapı kimyahane ve eczahane binasıdır. Saraya ait özel ilâçların yapıldığı bu köşk, önündeki kaskatlardan güvercinler su içtiği için “güvercinlik” adıyla anılmaktadır.
Silâhhâne, Büyük Mâbeyin Köşkü, Yâveran Dairesi ve Çit Kasrı’nın bulunduğu birinci avluyu anıtsal görünüşlü bir duvar ayırır. Dönemin eklektik üslûbu duvarda belirgin şekilde görülür. Kırık planlı duvarın Çit Kasrı’na bakan cephesini, örneklerine İtalya ve Fransa’da çok rastlanan neo-klasik, empire (ampir) karışımı görkemli bir selsebil kaplar. Stilize iyon başlıklı sütunçelerin taşıdığı, üçgen alınlıklı, Abdülhamid tuğralı bir odacığa (edikula) yerleştirilmiş fıskıyeden kademe kademe dökülen sular aşağıdaki dilimli geniş havuzda toplanır. Edikulanın iki tarafındaki büyük panoların ortalarında vazodan çıkan çiçek kabartmaları görülür. Duvarı bütünüyle üstten çeviren dişli bir korniş ikinci avluya geçiş veren cepheyi de sarar. Duvarın yumuşak bir yay ile Yâveran Köşkü’ne dönen ana cephesinde devam eden vazolu büyük kabartmalar bir zafer takı etkisi yapan büyük kapıdan sonra da devam eder.
Harem kapısı her iki yüzden duvarın kalınlığını geçen, küfeki taşından, alternatifli olarak 15 cm. enindeki yivli ve düz şeritlerle süslü, duvara bitişik, kalın çiftle sütun arasına yerleşmiş, yuvarlak kemerli döküm kanatlı 5 m. yükseklikte bir eserdir. Bütün duvarları çevreledikten sonra buradan da geçen dişli korniş üzerinde köşelerine vazolar yerleştirilmiş 90 cm. yükseklikte bir korkuluk yer alır. Bu korkuluğun kapı kemerinin tam ortasına isabet eden cephesinde madalyon içerisinde II. Abdülhamid’in tuğrası göze çarpar. İkinci avluya geçişte, sağda, 1900 yılında II. Abdülhamid’in kendisi için yaptırdığı Küçük Mâbeyin Köşkü yer alır. Başmimar Raimondo d’Aronco tarafından yapıldığı kuvvetle muhtemeldir. İki katlı kâgir, tavanları ince, kalem işleri ve özellikle Boğaz görüntülerini yansıtan manzara resimleriyle süslü bu bina II. Abdülhamid’in çalışma, yemek, istirahat, kabul ve yatak odasını barındıran özel ikametgâhı biçiminde tanzim edilmiştir. Fransa’dan getirilen stil mobilya ile döşenen binadaki natüralist çiçek kompozisyonlu pencere vitrayları Parisli sanatçı Bonet’nin imzasını taşır. Yapının üst katında “art nouveau” akımının bütün süsleme özelliklerini yansıtan bir kış bahçesi bulunmaktaydı. II. Abdülhamid’in tahttan indirilmesinden sonra idare merkezinin tekrar Dolmabahçe Sarayı’na alınmasına rağmen zaman zaman burayı kullanmaya devam eden son devir padişahlarından VI. Mehmed, 15 Mayıs 1919 tarihinde 3. Kolordu müfettişi sıfatıyla Samsun’a hareketinden önce Mustafa Kemal Paşa ile bu binada görüşmüştür.
Küçük Mâbeyin Köşkü’nün karşısında “L” biçimli, iki sıra silmeli taş kaide üzerine oturan harem duvarına bitişik, sarı dökümden, üstü ve yan tarafları camla kaplı limonluk serası da Raimondo d’Aronco’nun eseridir. Bitişiğinde padişahın dinlenme köşklerinden biri olan Çit Kasrı ile bağlantılı, tek oda ve koridordan ibaret Pavyon Köşkü vardır. Bunun ilerisinde sol yanda yer alan Vâlide Sultan Köşkü (Hünkâr Dairesi) iki katlı bağdâdî tekniğinde, tavanları kalem işleriyle süslü geniş salonları ve duvarları olan büyük bir yapıdır. Sultan Abdülmecid devrinde inşa edilen köşke sonradan geniş ilâveler yapılmıştır. Buraya yakın konumda bulunan Yıldız Sarayı Tiyatrosu, günümüzde ortadan kalkmış olan Dolmabahçe Tiyatrosu’ndan sonra Osmanlı saray kompleksleri içinde yer alan ikinci tiyatrodur ve 1889’da tamamlanmıştır. Tavanları mavi üzerine yaldızlarla ve yıldız motifleriyle süslü, ahşap direkler üstünde galerisi bulunan, kapı girişinin üzerinde padişah locası yer alır. Tavandaki küçük kubbesi ve sahne önündeki manzara resimleriyle dikkat çekicidir. Temsiller esnasında harem halkı padişah locasının iki yanındaki galerilere yerleştirilen kafeslerin arkasında otururdu. Bu tiyatroda yabancı gruplar tarafından Batı tiyatrosunun ve operasının en son örnekleri gösterildiği gibi zaman zaman Türk tiyatrosunun dram ve ortaoyunu temsilleri de verilmiştir. Burada oynanan bazı oyunlara ilişkin bilgiler, İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’ndeki (eski nr. 8998) Yıldız Sarayı’nda Oynanan Opera ve Operetlerin Repertuvarı adlı yazma eserde bulunmaktadır. Vâlide Sultan Köşkü’nün karşısında solda musâhipler, kızlarağası köşkleri, tam karşıda kadınefendiler, hazinedar, usta kadın ve câriye daireleri gibi harem bölümü yapı grupları vardır. Harem bölümünün yapıları bütünüyle iki katlı bağdâdî teknikle inşa edilmiş, tavanları kalem işleri ve madalyonlar içerisinde çeşitli resimlerle süslenmiştir.
Boğaz yönünde bol ağaçlı, havuzlu bir bahçe uzanmaktadır. Yıldız Sarayı Has Bahçesi adını alan bu bahçede yapay kaskatlardan dökülen suların bir ırmak gibi kıvrımlar yaparak dolaştığı 12 m. genişliğinde bir havuz yer alır. Küçük Mâbeyin Köşkü’nün önüne rastlayan yapay grotto önünde biraz genişleyen havuz tekrar daralıp III. Selim Çeşmesi ile Kameriye Köşkü’nün bulunduğu yerde iki kola ayrılarak bir ada oluşturur. Havuzda renkli balıkların ve ada üzerinde yetiştirilen çeşitli türde kuşların saray bahçesine özel renk kattığı bilinmektedir. Has bahçeye haremden girilebildiği gibi birinci avluda silâhhâne ve arabacılar binasının birleştiği noktanın karşısındaki duvar üzerine sonradan açılan kapıdan da girilebilir. Sol tarafta uzanan binalardan kâgir ve iki katlı olanı güzel sanatlar binası adını taşımaktadır. Buna bitişik ve havuza paralel uzanan tek katlı bağdâdî yapı ise marangozhane binasıdır. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi’ne bağlı Şehir Müzesi bu yapılarda hizmet vermektedir. Binaların önünde III. Selim Çeşmesi yer alır. Kare planlı, dört cepheli, rokoko süslemeli çeşmede köşelere rastlayan dört küçük kubbenin ortasında alemli bir büyük kubbe vardır. Geniş saçağın altında dört cephede III. Selim’in tuğrası yer alır. Tuğranın altındaki kitâbede 1219 (1804-1805) tarihi okunmaktadır. Çeşmenin yanında küçük namazgâhın taşında ise 1295 (1878) yazılıdır. Has bahçe havuzunun meydana getirdiği ada üzerinde çokgen planlı taş temeller üzerine oturan, duvarlarında manzara resimleri görülen, Kebap Köşkü diye de anılan Ada Köşkü bulunmaktadır. Has bahçe havuzunun bittiği yerde duvarlar üzerine kurulmuş, Marmara girişine ve Boğaz’a hâkim üç katlı, sivri beşik çatılı, bağdâdî tekniğiyle inşa edilen Cihannümâ Köşkü vardır. Tavanları natüralist çiçek ve manzara resimleriyle süslü, duvarları kalem işleriyle bezeli bu yapı da padişahın özel olarak kullandığı yapılardan biridir.
Yıldız Sarayı kompleksinde yapılaşma birinci ve ikinci avluda yoğunlaşmıştır. Birinci ve ikinci avlunun uzantısı olan Has bahçe tek bir kapıyla geçit veren harpuştalı yüksek bir duvarla dış bahçeden (Yıldız Parkı) ayrılır. Dış bahçe Boğaziçi’nin genel yapı üslûbuna bağlı kalarak geliştirilmiştir. Buradaki yapılar, çeşitli ağaç türleriyle zenginleştirilmiş koru arazisine dağılan bağımsız üniteler biçiminde görülür. Sultan Abdülaziz tarafından Sarkis Balyan ve kardeşine yaptırılan kâgir Malta ve Çadır köşkleri ile II. Abdülhamid’in Raimondo d’Aronco’ya inşa ettirdiği Yıldız Çini Atölyesi bu bahçeye serpilmiş önemli tarihî yapılardır. Dış bahçeden özel bir duvarla ayrılan ve İmparator II. Wilhelm’in 1889’daki ilk ziyaretinde Mimar Alexandre Vallaury’e birinci bölümü, 1898’deki ikinci ziyaretinde Raimondo d’Aronco’ya Merasim Köşkü denilen diğer bölümleri inşa ettirilen Şâle Köşkü saraya son devirde eklenen en görkemli yapıdır.
II. Abdülhamid’in tahttan indirilmesiyle birlikte Yıldız Sarayı yapıları daha sonra gelen padişahlar tarafından zaman zaman kullanılmıştır. Saray Cumhuriyet’in ilânından sonra bir süre boş kalmış, kütüphanesindeki çok değerli eserler Atatürk’ün emriyle İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’ne nakledilmiş, taşınabilir diğer eserler başka saraylara dağıtılmıştır. 1924’te Türk Silâhlı Kuvvetleri’nin kullanımına bırakılan Yıldız Sarayı, Harp Akademileri olarak hizmet görmüş, 1977 yılında Kültür Bakanlığı’na devredilip restorasyon çalışmalarına başlanmıştır; bu çalışmalar hâlâ sürmektedir. Restorasyon çalışmaları tamamlanan bölümleri ziyarete ve kullanıma açılan Yıldız Sarayı bir bütünlük içinde olmayıp çeşitli kurum ve kuruluşlar tarafından kullanılmaktadır. Sarayın güvenliğinin sağlanması için Ertuğrul ve Orhaniye kışlaları inşa edilmiş, bunlardan Ertuğrul Kışlası 1958’de imar düzenlemeleri esnasında yıktırılmıştır. Günümüze ulaşan Orhaniye Kışlası saray duvarının dışında yer almaktadır. Kitâbesinde 1303 r. (1887) yılında II. Abdülhamid tarafından Orhan Gazi’ye izâfeten yaptırıldığı yazılıdır. Çeşitli binalardan oluşan kışla bodrum katı üzerinde bir ya da iki katlıdır. Kışlanın camisi de bodrum katı üzerinde çift sıra pencereli, kubbeli ve güdük minarelidir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., “İstanbul Saraylarında Adım Adım: Yıldız Parkı ve Şale Köşkü”, a.e. , I/6 (1966), s. 53-61.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 541-544 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.