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YILDIZNÂME Skip to content Gezegenlerin konum ve hareketlerinin dünyadaki olayları ve insanların kaderini etkilediği inancına dayanan fallara dair eserlerin Türkçe’deki ortak adı.
Yıldız falı yıldızların konum ve hareketlerinin bir işaret sistemi oluşturduğuna, bu sayede insan hayatının evrelerinin bilinebileceği iddiasına dayanır. Arapça’da buna ilmü’t-tencîm / ilmü ahkâmi’n-nücûm , Batı dillerinde astroloj i, Türkçe’de müneccimlik, yıldız falı ve yıldız bakıcılığı adları verilir. Yıldız falına bakmak üzere yazılmış kitaplara da yıldıznâme denir. Bunlar falcılık tekniğiyle yazılmış bilimsellikten uzak eserlerdir.
İnsanlar çok eskiden beri ay, güneş ve yıldızları merak etmiş, bunların konum ve hareketlerini anlamak amacıyla günlük, aylık ve yıllık evrelerini gözlemlemiştir. Paleolitik döneme ilişkin araştırmalar bunu ortaya koymaktadır. Meselâ kadim Mezopotamya’daki topluluklar her yıldızın yeryüzünde bir etki alanı bulunduğuna inanmış, güneşi ve ayı incelemek için tapınaklarını (zigurat) piramit biçiminde yapmışlardır. Bu gözlemler esnasında dünya hayatı ile yıldızlar arasında ilişki kurarak gezegenlerin akıllı varlıklar olduğu ve hareketlerinin bir anlam taşıdığı kanaatine varmışlardır. Bâbilli rahiplerin gök cisimlerine yönelik aşırı ilgisi bunların kutsallıklarına inanmalarından kaynaklanıyordu. Başlangıçta sadece kralların ve milletlerin kaderiyle irtibatlandırılan bu hareketler zamanla bütün insanlara teşmil edilmiştir. Bâbilliler biri kurban edilen hayvanların ciğerlerine bakarak (haruspex / ilmü’l-ekyâd), diğeri gökyüzünü gözlemlemek suretiyle (hemeroloji-horoskop / ilm-i nücûm, ilmü’l-envâ‘, ilmü da‘veti’l-kevâkib) gerçekleştirilen iki tür fala başvurmaktaydılar. Bu gözlem işlemini önemseyen ve Sirius yıldızı ile Nil nehrinin taşması arasında ilişki kuran Mısırlılar, astrolojide önemli işlevi olan tutulum çemberini 10’ar derecelik otuz altı bölüme ayırmışlardır; bundan ilham alınarak sonraları zodyak 30 derecelik on iki parçaya bölünmüştür. Çinliler de ayın bir aylık hareketini yirmi sekiz bölüme, güneşin bir yıllık hareketini de on iki bölüme taksim etmişlerdir. Yunanlılar önceki tecrübelere dayanarak gök cisimlerinin ve özellikle güneşin denizler, bitkiler, hayvanlar ve insanlar üzerinde etkilerinin bulunduğunu ileri sürmüşlerdir. Bu dönemde Bâbil’de ve Mısır’daki güneş merkezli evren modeli dünya merkezli evren anlayışına taşınmış, esîr adı verilen bir tek maddeden oluşan ay üstü âlem ulvî ve kutsal kabul edilmiş, dört unsurdan meydana gelen ay altı âlemin kevn ve fesada uğradığı ileri sürülmüştür. Ulvî olanın süflî olanı etkileyeceği düşüncesinden hareketle ay üstü âlemin ay altı âlemi etkilediği düşünülmüş, bu etkileşim sempati-antipati ilkesine bağlanmış, bu ilkenin en etkili olduğu yerin zodyak (burçlar kümesi) olduğu kabul edilmiştir. Ortaçağ’da kilise çevreleri, gök cisimleriyle insan bedeni arasındaki etkileşimi esas alan astrolojik uygulamalara onay vermiş, bu bağlamda insanın özgürlüğü ile Allah’ın yaratıcılığı arasındaki ilişkiyi tartışmıştır. Yer merkezli evren görüşüne karşı çıkan Galileo, Copernicus ve Kepler gibi bilim adamları astrolojiyi astronomiden ayırıp bilim dışı bir meslek olarak ilân etmiştir. Aydınlanmacı filozoflar metafiziğe karşı menfi tavırlarını burada da göstermiş ve metafiziğe kapalı pozitivist yapıdan bunalan insanlar XX. yüzyılda tekrar okültizme yönelmiştir.
Dokuz sınıflı evren anlayışını benimseyen eski Türkler, dört yönün her birinde dokuz ve bütün evrende toplam otuz altı burcun bulunduğunu kabul etmişlerdir. Ayların on iki hayvan adıyla adlandırıldığı eski Türk takviminde her ayın kendisine tekabül eden bir hayvanın özelliklerini taşıdığı ve bu ay içinde dünyaya gelen insanların karakterlerinin de bu özelliklere sahip olduğu düşünülmekteydi. İslâm öncesi dönemde Araplar arasında da yıldızlara tapınanlar ve yağmur, rüzgâr, deprem gibi doğa olaylarının yıldızların etkisiyle meydana geldiğine inananlar vardı (bk. ENVÂ’ ). İslâm dini bu inançları tevhid ilkesine aykırı bularak ortadan kaldırmıştır. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ay, güneş, yıldız ve burçlardan söz edilmekte, bunların yerleri ve konumlarına dikkat çekilmekte, Allah’ın ilim ve kudretine tanıklık eden gök cisimlerinden hareketle mârifetullaha ulaşmanın önemi vurgulanmaktadır. Hadislerde de yıldızlara yaratıcı güç atfetmenin tevhid inancı ile bağdaşmayacağını bildiren çok sayıda ifade yer almaktadır. Hz. Ali, bir yolculuk dolayısıyla Medine’den ayrıldıklarında Hz. Peygamber’in kendi elinden tutarak, “Burası Arap yarımadasıdır, yıldızlar onları saptırmadıkça şirkten arınmış durumdadır” dediğini, “Yıldızlar nasıl saptırır?” diye sorduğunda, “Yağmur yağınca şu yıldız bize yağmur yağdırdı demek suretiyle” şeklinde cevap verdiğini (Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, s. 164-165); başka bir defasında da nücûm ehliyle oturup kalkmamasını öğütlediğini (Müsned , I, 78); Zeyd b. Hâlid el-Cühenî de Hudeybiye yılında Resûl-i Ekrem’le yolculuğa çıktıklarını ve gece yağmura tutulduklarını, Resûlullah sabah namazını kıldırdıktan sonra kendilerine yağmuru yıldızların yağdırdığını söyleyen kişinin yıldızlara inanıp Allah’ı inkâr etmiş olacağını bildirdiğini (Buhârî, “Meġāzî”, 35); İbn Abbas ise Resûl-i Ekrem’in, “İlm-i nücûmdan bir bilgi aktaran sihirden bir bölüm almış olur” dediğini (Müsned , I, 227, 311) nakletmektedir. Müneccimlik Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn döneminde de reddedildiği halde sonradan bazı kimseler Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’a konuyla ilgili tamamen uydurma bazı isnatlarda bulunmuşlardır. Emevîler ve özellikle yöneticilerinin çoğu Acemler’den meydana gelen Abbâsîler döneminde ilm-i nücûm yeniden gündeme gelmiştir. Halife Mansûr’un Muhammed b. İbrâhim el-Fezârî’ye Hintçe’den ilm-i nücûma dair kitapları tercüme ettirdiği, hatta Bağdat’ı müneccimlerden görüş aldıktan sonra kurmaya karar verdiği; Me’mûn döneminde Grekçe’den çevrilen felsefe kitapları içinde ilm-i nücûmla ilgili eserlerin de yer aldığı bilinmektedir. Ebü’l-Hattâb el-Esedî, Hârûn b. Saîd el-İclî ve Câbir b. Hayyân gibi ilm-i nücûmla ilgilenenler eserlerini bu ortamda kaleme almışlardır. Halife Mu‘tasım-Billâh zamanında ise müneccimler açıkça eleştirilmiştir. Rivayete göre Ammûriye’yi fethe hazırlandığı sırada sefer için seçilen günün uğurlu olmayacağını ileri süren müneccimlere rağmen sefere çıkan halife fetihle geri dönünce müneccimleri cezalandırmıştır. Ancak Abbâsîler’in son dönemlerinde bâtınî akımların ortaya çıkışıyla müneccimlik tekrar gelişip yayılmıştır.
İslâm tarihinin ilk dönemlerinde astronomiyle astroloji arasındaki farklar belirgin olmadığı için bazı filozof ve bilginler astronomi yanında astrolojiyle de ilgilenmişlerdir. İlm-i nücûm (astronomi) ve ilm-i ahkâm-i nücûm (astroloji) ayırımı yapan Fârâbî, en-Nüket fîmâ yeṣiḥḥu ve mâ lâ yeṣiḥḥu min ʿilmi’n-nücûm adlı eserinde bu iki disiplin arasındaki farkları göstermeye çalışmıştır. Yıldızların ay altı âlemdeki etkilerini tartışan İbn Haldûn ise bu konuda tecrübî bilgi ile bir şey söylenemeyeceğini belirtmekte ve yerde olup bitenler üzerinde gök cisimlerinin tesirinin bulunduğunu iddia etmenin tevhid inancıyla bağdaşmadığını kaydetmektedir (Mukaddime , II, 1255-1260). Hatîb el-Bağdâdî ilm-i nücûmu biri mubah, diğeri haram olmak üzere ikiye ayırır. Kur’an’da ve hadislerde gök cisimlerinin hareket, konum ve birbiriyle uyumundan bahseden ifadeler doğrultusundaki görüşleri birincisinin, yeryüzündeki olayların yıldızlara nisbet edilmesini ve bunun sonucunda onların uğurlu veya uğursuz sayılmasını da ikincisinin kapsamında sayar (el-Ḳavl , s. 126-170). Câbir b. Hayyân ve Ebû Ma‘şer el-Belhî gibi müslüman astrologlar Bâbil, Yunan ve Hint astrolojilerinin bir sentezi olarak ortaya çıkan iddialarla fiziksel sebepler arasında ilişki kurmaya çalışmış, böylece ilm-i nücûmu nisbeten büyüden ve faldan uzaklaştırmıştır.
Uygulama Şekilleri. İlm-i nücûmun, yıldızlara tapınma harf sembolizmini (ebced) kullanarak yıldızların konum ve hareketlerinden anlam çıkarma ve burçlar kuşağı ile tefe’ülde bulunma şeklindeki çeşitlerinden söz edilebilir. En yaygın uygulanan biçimleri mevâlid (insanın doğumu sırasında burçlar kuşağındaki yıldızın konumuna bakarak gaybdan haber verme) ve ihtiyârâttır (bir işe uğurlu ve uğursuz sayılan vakitleri seçerek karar verme). Yıldıznâmelerde yedi gezegen, on iki kamerî ay ve on iki burcun esas alındığı bir sistemden bahsedilir. Yıldıza bakanın görevi yıldızına baktıranla gök cisimleri arasındaki gizli ilişkiyi bulmaktır. Burcun yer aldığı ayı bilmek için hazırlanan tablolarda o kişinin doğum günü işaretlenir ve doğum saati bulunur. Buna göre doğum tarihine rastlayan burçtan sonra başlamak üzere doğum saati adedince sayılır ve doğum saatinin rastladığı yer onun yükselen burcu kabul edilir. On iki bölüme ayrılan gök haritasının her bölümüne bir burç adı verilir. Her insan bu burçlardan birinin tekabül ettiği tarihte doğar; buna “öz burç” denilir. Doğum anında güneşin bulunduğu burca ise “yükselen burç” adı verilir. Yıldıznâmelerde karakterin öz burç ile yükselen burcun etkisiyle oluştuğu iddia edilir. Klasik telakkiye göre haftanın yedi gününden her biri bir yıldızın etkisi altındadır. Bu yıldızlar güneş, ay, Merkür, Venüs, Mars, Jüpiter ve Satürn’dür. Haftanın her gününün birinci saati güneşin doğum anında başlar. Burçlar da üçgen şeklinde dört gruba ayrılır ve her biri toprak, su, hava ve ateşten birine tekabül eder. Bir kişinin burcu onun doğum anında hangisinin etkisinde kaldığına bağlıdır. Bazan da gök cisimlerinin zodyakta izlediği yol esas alınır. Bir gezegen gökyüzünde hareket ederken on iki hâneden geçer. Bu hâneler gezegenlerin dünyaya etkileri bakımından önemli sayılır.
Yıldız falı genellikle evlilik, iş hayatı, yolculuk ve savaş gibi önemli işlere karar vermeden önce sonucun uğurlu olup olmadığını öğrenmek için yapılmaktaydı. Ayrıca yıldızlardan her birinin bedenin bir organını etkilediği inancından hareketle tıp alanında da kullanılır ve uygun olmayan bir takımyıldızının egemen olduğu saatte hasta ameliyat edilmezdi. Dolayısıyla bu konuda hekimlerin de bilgi edinmeleri gerekirdi. Arap alfabesindeki harfler ateş, toprak, hava, su şeklinde dört gruba ayrılarak her gruba yedi harf taksim edilmiştir. Ebced-i sagīr cetveli harfin ebced-i kebîr değerinden 12 sayısı çıkartılarak bulunur. Meselâ kâf harfinin ebced-i kebîr değeri 20, ebced-i sagīr değeri 8’dir. Ebced-i kebîr değeri 12 olan harflerin ebced-i sagīr değeri yoktur. Bazı sistemlerde ise elde edilen rakamın son harfi yıldıznâmedeki sıralamada hangi burca tekabül ediyorsa o burç esas alınarak işlem yapılır. Bazı müneccimler çocuğun doğum anındaki burç ve yıldızın konum ve ahkâmına, hatta mümkünse çocuğun ana rahmine düşüş gecesinin ortasındaki burca ve bazı yıldızların yükseliş ve inişine bakarak tâlihini belirlemeye çalışırlardı.
Güneş, ay ve yıldızların dünya üzerinde sıcak, soğuk, yaz, kış, med, cezir şeklinde tesirlerinin bulunduğu bilinmektedir. Bu olayların insanları etkilediğine şüphe yoktur. Bu açıdan bakıldığında okült tecrübelerin pozitif değerlendirmelere en yakın olanı astrolojidir. Astrolojinin horoskopları yıldız ve gezegenlerin konumları dikkate alınarak hazırlanır. Büyücü çeşitli hareket ve nesneler vasıtasıyla kişinin dikkatini başka yöne çektiği gibi, astrolog da bu etkiyi horoskop haritası ile yapar. Astrolojik kehanet ise horoskop haritasının yorumlaması ve zodyak işaretleriyle yeryüzündeki olaylar arasında gizemli ilişkilerin kurulması ile başlar. Burada gökyüzünde olanların benzerinin yeryüzünde de olduğu, yıldızlarda yazılı şeylerin yeryüzüne de yansıdığı, insanın makrokozmosun mikrokozmik modeline dayandığı şeklindeki ön kabuller etkilidir.
Yıldıznâmelerde burçların özelliklerine dair yer alan bilgiler geçmiş tecrübeler sayesinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Günümüzde astroloji giderek yayılmakta, yazılı ve görsel basında hak etmediği kadar yer almaktadır. İstatistiklere göre Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde çıkan gazetelerin dörtte üçünde günlük astroloji ve fal sütunlarına yer verilmekte, şehir ve kasabalarda özel astroloji danışmanları bulunmaktadır. Sonuç olarak İslâm dini diğer okült uygulamalarda görüldüğü gibi bu fantezilere de olumsuz bakmaktadır. Birtakım işlemler sonucu yıldızların insanları etkilediğine inanmak tevhid inancına aykırı bir durumdur. Bu tür faaliyetler inanç boyutuna taşınmadan fal, eğlence ve fantezi diye yapılsa bile bazı saf insanları aldatma ve onları istismar etme anlamına gelir. Dolayısıyla yıldız bakıcılığı bu şekliyle bir hurafe, bid‘at ve bâtıl inanç olup onu icra eden kimse gayri ahlâkî bir tavır içindedir. Konuyla ilgili Arapça literatür daha çok astroloji ve falcılıkla ilgili genel kitaplar, ayrıca mevâlid, ihtiyârât, havâs, envâ’ gibi konulara dair eserlerden oluşmaktadır (bk. HAVAS İLMİ ; İLM-i AHKÂM-ı NÜCÛM ). Türkçe’de fal ve falcılıkla ilgili kitaplar yanında müellifi bilinen veya bilinmeyen birçok yıldıznâme mevcuttur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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İlhan Kutluer, “Burç”, DİA , VI, 422-424.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 545-547 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.