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YİRMİSEKİZ ÇELEBİ MEHMED EFENDİ Skip to content (ö. 1144/1731)
Türk diplomatı, siyaset ve devlet adamı.
Edirne’de doğdu. Babası Saksoncubaşı Süleyman Ağa’dır. Paris’e elçi olarak gönderildiği sırada (1720) yaşı elli civarında tahmin edildiğine göre 1670’te doğmuş olmalıdır. Paris’te M. de Lauzun’un verdiği ziyafette onunla karşılaşan Saint-Simon altmış yaşlarında göründüğünü kaydetmiştir. Şiirdeki mahlası Fâizî’dir. Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın Yirmi Sekizinci ortasına mensup bulunduğundan Yirmisekiz Çelebi diye anılır. Yeniçeri Ocağı’nda ilerleyerek çorbacı, muhzırbaşı ve hâcegânlık rütbesiyle yeniçeri efendisi oldu. Ardından darphâne nâzırlığına getirildi. 1129 (1717) yılı sonuna doğru eski silâhdar İbrâhim Efendi ile birlikte şıkk-ı sâlis defterdarı unvanıyla Pasarofça görüşmelerine katılmak üzere görevlendirildi. 5 Haziran 1718’de başlayan barış görüşmeleri 21 Temmuz’da Pasarofça Antlaşması’nın imzalanmasıyla sonuçlandı. Gelişen yeni siyasî hadiseler ve Fransa’ya olağan üstü bir elçi yollanması talebi üzerine Çelebi Mehmed, Vezîriâzam Nevşehirli Damad İbrâhim Paşa’nın desteğiyle bu göreve tayin edildi. Muhtemelen Fransa’ya hareket etmeden önce, Viyana’ya elçilikle giden İbrâhim Efendi’nin maiyetinden birinin kaleme aldığı risâleyi okuyarak bilgi edindiği, ayrıca kendisine elçiliğiyle ilgili bir tâlimatnâme verildiği bilinmektedir. Bu tâlimatnâmede, “hizmet-i siyâsiyyesinin haricinde Fransa’nın vesâit-i umrân ve maârifine dahi lâyıkıyla kesb-i ıttılâ ederek kābil-i tatbîk olanlarını takrir etmesi” üzerinde durulmuştu.
Mehmed Efendi, yanında divan efendisi unvanını taşıyan oğlu Mehmed Said Efendi olduğu halde kalabalık bir maiyetle 7 Ekim 1720’de Fransız elçisinin tahsis ettiği bir tüccar kalyonuyla yola çıktı ve İstanbul’dan ayrılışının kırk altıncı günü Toulon’a ulaştı. O sırada Marsilya’da kolera salgını bulunduğundan Toulouse ve Bordeaux yolu, Güneybatı Fransa’daki kanallar ve Garonne nehri boyunca ilerleyerek Orleans üzerinden Paris’e hareket etti. Elçilik heyeti salgından ötürü Montpellier yakınındaki bir adada karantinaya alındı. Paris’e girişi ise oldukça parlak ve görkemli oldu, Paris halkının ilgi odağı haline geldi. Daha önce XIV. Louis nezdine gönderilen Müteferrika Süleyman Ağa’nın kabulünde protokol sorunları yüzünden epeyce sıkıntılar yaşanmış ve Molière’in yazdığı Bourgeois gentilhomme (Kibarlık Budalası) adlı komediye kralın isteği üzerine Türk elçisini küçük düşüren sahneler konmuştu. Mehmed Efendi’nin elçiliği bu olumsuz imgelerin yıkılması açısından büyük önem taşır.
Osmanlı elçisinin 21 Mart 1721’de Kral XV. Louis tarafından Tuileries Sarayı’nda kabulü Paris’te benzeri görülmemiş bir törenin yapılmasına ortam hazırladı. Mehmed Efendi bu törende, III. Ahmed’in nâmesiyle İbrâhim Paşa’nın mektubunu ve getirdiği değerli hediyeleri o sırada henüz on iki yaşında olan krala sundu. Onun Tuileries bahçesinde saraya girişini ve görüşmeden sonra Döner Köprü’den çıkışını gösteren ünlü tablolar dönemin tanınmış ressamı Charles Parrocel’in imzasını taşımaktadır. Kral tarafından kabulünü gösteren ve arka yüzünde XV. Louis’nin portresi bulunan gümüş bir madalyon da hakkedilmişti. Bu tören oldukça ayrıntılı biçimde Le Nouveau Mercure gazetesinde yer almıştır. Çelebi Mehmed Efendi, mektupları takdim ettikten sonra iki devlet arasındaki dostluğun güçlenmesinden söz etti. Kendisine Paris’te olağan üstü bir saygı gösterildi. Kral ava gideceği zaman o da davet ediliyor, Paris’in önde gelenleriyle birlikte bu törenlere katılıyordu. Daha sonra kralı özel olarak ziyaret etti ve bu görüşmede Mareşal Villeroi da hazır bulundu. Bu ziyaretler sırasında kralın hazine dairesini görme fırsatını elde etti. Ayrıca Paris’in kale ve istihkâmlarını gezdi ve kendisini hayretler içinde bırakan operaya da gitti. Onun izlediği opera Thésée’dir ve bu lirik trajedinin librettosu Quinault imzasını taşıyordu. Oyunu besteleyen de Lulli’dir. Mehmed Efendi’nin kralla birlikte izlediği opera sarayda temsil edilmiş, ayrıca oğlu Said Efendi Les Fêtes Venitiennes balesini izlemiştir. Çelebi Mehmed’in ikinci defa gittiği opera sözlerini La Mothe’un yazdığı La Tragédie d’Omphale’dir; bestecisi de Destouches’dur.
Yirmisekiz Çelebi Mehmed Efendi, Duc d’Orleans’ın Versailles yolu üzerindeki Saint Cloud Şatosu’nu da gezdi. Onuruna verilen yemeğe katıldı. Dükün annesi Prenses Charlotte Elizabeth oldukça yaşlıydı ve elçiyle görüşmedi, bunu ileri bir tarihe ertelediğini bildirdi. Ancak Paris’teki Türk elçilik heyetinin güvenliği ve özellikle Said Efendi’nin sağlığıyla yakından ilgilendi. Çünkü babasından çok ayrı hareket eden Said Efendi birkaç kadınla Versailles’ın dehlizlerinde kaybolmuş ve ancak üç gün sonra ortaya çıkmıştı. Mehmed Efendi’nin bu gezilerini çok ayrıntılı biçimde anlattığı Versailles Sarayı ziyareti izledi. Trianon ve Marly sarayları da gezilen ve anlatılan yerler arasındadır. Mehmed Efendi saraylara, bahçelere, havuzlara, çeşmelere karşı büyük bir hayranlık duydu ve bütün gördüklerini kendine özgü zarif üslûbuyla anlattı. Bu gördükleri karşısında, “Dünya müminlerin hapishanesi, kâfirlerin cennetidir” “maznûn-ı şerifinin nükte-i latîfesiyle” teselli bulduğunu dile getirdi. Çelebi Mehmed farklı bir kültürle karşı karşıya kaldığının bilincindeydi. Sarayları, bahçeleri hayranlıkla gözlemlemesi yanında onların resimlerini ve planlarını da yanına almayı ihmal etmedi.
Mehmed Efendi’nin Paris’te görüp incelediği mekânlar arasında tabiphâne, devâhâne (eczahane), rasathâne, goblen halı fabrikası ile ayna fabrikası da vardı. Ancak özellikle Paris’i geniş şekilde anlatmış olması bu şehri çok iyi gezdiğine işaret eder. Ona göre burada acayip ve garip binalar, saraylar, bahçeler vardır. Binaları üçer dörder kat olup yedi kat yapılmış hâneler pek çoktur. Şehir ve sokakları da kalabalıktır. Bu kalabalık, erkek ve kadınların sokakta bir arada olmalarından kaynaklanmaktadır. Sokaklar geniştir ve kaldırım taşlarıyla döşenmiştir. Şehrin ortasından Seine nehri geçer ve üç ada ortaya çıkar. Notre Dame da gördüğü yerlerdendir. Elçilik görevini tamamlayan Mehmed Efendi 16 Zilhicce 1133 (8 Ekim 1721) tarihinde İstanbul’a döndü. Dönüşünden sonra Fransa ile kültürel ilişkilerin kurulup geliştirilmesi yanında Avusturya’ya karşı bir saldırma ve savunma antlaşması yapılması yolundaki çabaları olumlu bir sonuç vermedi. Ancak oğlu Said Efendi’nin İbrâhim Müteferrika ile birlikte ilk Türk matbaasını kurmak için gösterdiği gayret elçiliğinin en önemli sonuçlarından biridir. Paris’te tanıdığı Duc de St. Simon’a yakında İstanbul’da matbaanın açılacağını söylemişti. Çok sonraları Lâle Devri denilen dönemin sanat anlayışında, sarayların, kasırların, köşklerin yapımında Çelebi Mehmed Efendi’nin Paris gözlemlerinin çok etkisi olmuştur. Venedik elçisi Emo, İstanbul’daki saray ve bahçelerin Çelebi Mehmed Efendi’nin Paris’ten getirdiği resim ve planlara göre yapıldığını ifade eder. Bütün bu plan ve resimler Mehmed Efendi’ye tercüman Lenoir tarafından sağlanmıştır. Yine bu çerçevede Mehmed Efendi’nin Sefâretnâme ’sinde tasvir edilen hayvan heykelleriyle Versailles bahçelerindeki mermer havuzların da Kâğıthane’de inşa edilen havuzlar ve sebiller için model işlevi gördüğüne şüphe yoktur.
Yirmisekiz Çelebi Mehmed Efendi, Fransa’dan döndükten sonra defter emini, 1722’de rûznâmçe-i evvel, 1724’te başmuhasebeci oldu. Çerkez Mehmed’in malını zapt için Mısır’a gönderildi (1730). Patrona Ayaklanması’ndan sonra III. Ahmed’e ve Damad İbrâhim Paşa’ya yakınlığı gerekçesiyle Lefkoşe’ye sürüldü ve 1144’te (1731) orada vefat etti. Ölüm tarihi her ne kadar 1732 olarak gösteriliyorsa da mezar kitâbesine göre bu tarih 1731 olmalıdır. Lefkoşe’de Sinan Paşa Camii’nin hazîresinde bulunan mezar taşı kitâbesinde şöyle yazmaktadır: “Bin yüz kırk dört muharreminin on dördüncü günü vefat eden, Yirmisekiz Çelebi demekle mâruf, sâbıkan rûznâmçe-i evvel Mehmed Efendi merhumun kabridir el-Fâtiha sene 1144 (19 Temmuz 1731).”
Fransa elçiliği ve sefâretnâmesiyle dikkat çeken ve Batı dünyası hakkında Osmanlı ülkesinde ilk bilgilerin oluşmasına katkıda bulunan Mehmed Efendi ayrıca Türk-Fransız ilişkilerinin olumlu bir gelişme göstermesine önemli katkı sağlamıştır. “Turquierie” modasının Paris’te yayılmasında da bu elçiliğin büyük rolü vardır. Yine onun sayesinde zihniyet farkının izin verdiği ölçüde Fransız modası Osmanlı ülkesine sızmaya ve Batı’da öteden beri kökleşmiş olan Türkler’e yönelik yanlış düşünce ve kanılar da yavaş yavaş silinmeye başlamıştır. Onun nazik kişiliği, özgür yapısı, zekâsı, uyumu ve medenî davranışları da Paris’teki Türk imgesinin değişiminde rol oynamıştır. İstanbul’a döndükten sonra Mareşal Villeroi’ya dostça mektup yazması onun tutumunun ilginç bir örneğidir.
Mehmed Efendi’nin Sefâretnâme ’si hakkında farklı değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Onun iki dünya arasında bir karşılaştırma yoluna gitmediği ileri sürülür. Ancak Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, “Bu kitabın hemen her satırında gizli bir mukayese fikrinin beraberce yürüdüğü görülür. Hakikatte bu sefâretnâmede bütün bir program gizlidir” derken eserin içeriğini ve özünü ortaya koyar. Enver Ziya Karal’ın da vurguladığı gibi sefâretnâme Osmanlılar için Garp’ta açılmış ilk penceredir. Çelebi Mehmed Efendi’nin Fransa’ya gerçekçi gözlemlere dayanan bakış açısıyla aynı dönemde Montesquieu’nün Acem Mektupları ’ndaki kahramanlarının iki dünyayı karşılaştıran izlenimleri arasında da bir bağ kurmak mümkündür. Gerek Türkiye gerek Avrupa kütüphanelerinde birçok yazma nüshası bulunan Sefâretnâme Râşid Mehmed Efendi’nin Târih ’i içinde de yer alır (V, 330-336, 365), ayrıca çeşitli baskıları yapılmıştır (Sefâretnâme-i Fransa, Eser-i Mehmed Efendi , İstanbul 1283; Mehmed Efendi’nin Sefâretnâmesi , Paris 1841; Sultan Ahmed-i Sânî [?] Tarafından 1132 Senesinde Fransa Kralı On Beşinci Lui Nezdine Sefâretle Gönderilen Ricâl-i Bâbıâlî’den Yirmi Sekiz Mehmed Efendi’nin Takriridir , İstanbul 1306; Şevket Rado, Yirmisekiz Mehmet Çelebi’nin Fransa Seyahatnamesi , İstanbul 1970; Abdullah Uçman, Yirmisekiz Çelebi Mehmet Efendi’nin Fransa Sefaretnamesi , İstanbul 1975 [sadeleştirilmiş metinle birlikte]; Huner Tuncer, “Yirmi Sekiz Çelebi Mehmed Efendi’nin Fransa Sefaretnamesi [1132-1134/1720-1721]”, Belleten , 1987, s. 131-151; Beynun Akyavaş, Yirmisekiz Çelebi Mehmed Efendi’nin Fransa Sefâretnâmesi , Ankara 1993). Sefâretnâme ’nin Fransızca çevirileri de vardır (Lenoir, Nouvelle description de la ville de Constantinople avec la relation du voyage de l’ambassadeur de la Porte ottomane et de son séjour à la cour de France , Paris 1721; Relation de l’ambassade de Mehemet Effendi à la cour de France en 1721, écrite par lui-même et traduite du turc [par J-C. Galland], Constantinople et se trouve à Paris chez Ganeau, 1757; bu çeviri, dönemin Fransız arşiv kaynakları ve diğer belgeler eklenerek yeniden yayımlanmıştır: Mehmed Efendi, Le paradis des infidèles, un ambassadeur ottoman en France sous la régence, introduction, notes, textes annexes par Gilles Veinstein , Paris 1981). Çelebi Mehmed Efendi’nin Muhammed b. Mahmûd eş-Şehrezûrî’nin beş bölümden oluşan Resâʾilü’ş-Şecereti’l-ilâhiyye ’sinin dördüncü bölümünü Semeretü’ş-Şecere adıyla tercüme ettiği de bilinmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, MD , nr. 126, 268.
Râşid, Târih , V, 330-336, 365.
Hammer, HEO , XIV, 29, 110, 195.
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A. Vandal, Un ambassadeur turc à Paris sous la régence , Paris 1887.
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Enver Ziya Karal, “Tanzimattan Evvel Garplılaşma Hareketleri”, Tanzimat I , İstanbul 1940, s. 13-40.
Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , IV/1, s. 140, 151.
Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, 19uncu Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi (İstanbul 1956), İstanbul 1982, s. 43-45.
Faik Reşit Unat, Osmanlı Sefirleri ve Sefâretnâmeleri (haz. Bekir Sıtkı Baykal), Ankara 1968, s. 53-68.
Fatma Müge Göçek, East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth Century , New York 1978, tür.yer.
E. d’Aubigny, “Un ambassadeur turc à Paris sous la régence”, RHD , III (1889), s. 78-91, 200-235.
Reşit Saffet Atabinen, “Yirmi Sékiz Mehmed Tchélébi et Saïd Efendi, Ambassadeurs Turcs en France (XVIII S.)”, TTOK Belleteni , sy. 122 (1952), s. 24-25.
Ekrem Aksoy, “Yirmi Sekiz Çelebi Mehmet Efendi ve Montesquieu”, Fransız Dili ve Edebiyatı Derneği Yazın ve Dilbilim Araştırmaları Dergisi , sy. 3, Ankara 1979, s. 5-13.
Bekir Karlığa, “Yirmi Sekiz Mehmet Çelebi’nin Yeni Bulunan Bir Fizik Kitabı Tercümesi ve 18. Yüzyılın Başında Osmanlı Düşüncesi”, Bilim Felsefe Tarih , sy. 1, İstanbul 1991, s. 310-311.
P. Lunde, “A Turk at Versailles”, Aramco World , XLIV/6, Houston 1993, s. 30-39.
T. Suzuki, “Fransa Sefaretnamesi Müellifi Yirmisekiz Çelebi Mehmed Efendi’nin Hayatına Ait Bazı Noktalar Üzerine”, TTK Bildiriler , XII (1999), III, 1121-1124.
Taner Timur, “Matbaa, Aydınlanma ve Diplomasi: Said Mehmed Efendi”, Toplumsal Tarih , sy. 128, İstanbul 2004, s. 54-61.
G. Veinstein, “Meḥmed Yirmisekiz”, EI2 (İng.) , VI, 1004-1006.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 551-552 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.