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YUHANNÂ ed-DIMAŞKĪ Skip to content (ö. 749 [?])
Hıristiyan azizi, kilise babası ve teolog.
Yuhannâ ed-Dımaşkī’nin (Batı dillerinde Saint Jean Damascene, Saint John Damascene, Saint John of Damascus) asıl adı Yuhannâ b. Sercûn (Serge, Sargun) b. Mansûr b. Sercûn’dur. İbnü’l-İbrî (Barhebraeus) onu John Qurin b. Mansûr; Kıptî yazarları Yanah b. Mansûr; Ebü’l-Ferec, İbn Sercûn şeklinde, Agapius ise Iyanis b. Mansûr ed-Dımaşkī adıyla kaydeder. Yuhannâ’nın diğer bir adı da “altın nehir” anlamında Chrysorroas’tır. Önceleri dedesinin ismiyle Mansûr b. Sercûn diye anılırken manastıra intisabından sonra Yuhannâ adını kullanmıştır (Gaudeul, I, 30). Arapça kaynaklarda kendisinden Mansûr b. Sercûn et-Tağlibî olarak söz edilmektedir (Sahas, John of Damascus on Islam , s. 7-8). Yuhannâ genel kabule göre Helenistik kültürden etkilenmiş, Grekçe konuşan, zengin ve entelektüel bir Melkit hıristiyan ailesinden gelmektedir. Dedesi Mansûr, Bizans İmparatorluğu’na bağlı Şam bölgesinin maliyesinden sorumlu iken Hâlid b. Velîd’in Dımaşk’ı fethinde (14/635) etkin rol oynamış, Hâlid ile şehrin teslimini konuşmuş ve müslüman askerlere şehrin kapılarını açmıştır (Belâzürî, s. 128). Gayri müslimlerin ve özellikle Bizans İmparatorluğu’nda maliyede çalışan hıristiyanların yeni kurulan İslâm devletinin maliyesinde de görev aldıkları bilinmektedir. Mansûr b. Sercûn, Emevîler’in hâkimiyetinde maliyedeki memuriyetine devam etmiş, Muâviye döneminde bu memuriyetin en üst kademelerinde bulunmuştur. Yuhannâ’nın babası da aynı görevi sürdürmüştür (Hitti, History of Syria , s. 414, 425; Adel-Khoury, Les théologiens , s. 47; Ducellier, Chrétiens d’orient , s. 88; Sahas, John of Damascus on Islam , s. 26).
Dımaşk’ta doğan Yuhannâ’nın hayatına dair ilk ve en temel kaynak, Vita Sancti Patris Nostri Joannis Damasceni adıyla Grekçe’ye çevrilen Sîretü’l-Ḳıddîs Yuḥannâ ed-Dımaşḳī adlı eserdir, ancak yine de onun hayatıyla ilgili yeterli bilgi yoktur. Yuhannâ’nın doğum ve ölüm tarihleri tam olarak bilinmemektedir (ER , VII, 4940). Doğumuyla ilgili 640 (EUn. , IX, 414), 645 (B. Kotter, VII, 1047) ve 679 (ER , VII, 4940) yılları ileri sürülmektedir. Araştırmacıların önemli bir kısmı bunlardan 675 yılını kabul ederken Yuhannâ ed-Dımaşkī hakkında bir kitap yazan J. Nasrallah’a göre 655-660 yılları arasında doğmuş olmalıdır (Saint Jean de Damas , s. 58). Daniel Sahas onun doğumunu 655, ölümünü 749 olarak gösterir (John of Damascus on Islam , s. 38, 48). Entelektüel bir aile içinde büyüyen Yuhannâ bu sayede iyi bir eğitim gördü, Grekçe ve Arapça tahsil etti. Matematik, geometri, müzik, astronomi, retorik, mantık, felsefe ve teoloji öğrenimi gördü (a.g.e. , s. 40-41, 45-47). Babası, Abdülmelik b. Mervân’ın hilâfeti sırasında devletin maliye teşkilâtında görev yapıyordu. Yuhannâ da Abdülmelik’in vefatı üzerine I. Velîd döneminde (705-715) sarayda maliye işlerini yürüttü. Bazı kaynaklarda II. Yezîd’le dost olduğu (Hitti, Târîḫu’l-ʿArab , I, 314; Rondot, s. 77), Hîre bölgesinde yaşayan hıristiyan Tağlib kabilesine mensup şair Ahtal ile de dostluk kurduğu nakledilmektedir (Sahas, John of Damascus on Islam , s. 38-39). Öte yandan Bizans İmparatoru III. Leon’un ikonlara karşı başlattığı yasak döneminde bu yasağa karşı çıktı. Muhtemelen 718-720 yıllarında veya Hişâm b. Abdülmelik’in hilâfeti döneminde (724-743) görevinden istifa ederek Beytülmakdis yakınındaki Mâr Sâbâs (Saint Sabas) Manastırı’nda inzivaya çekildi (Hitti, Târîḫu’l-ʿArab , I, 314; Sahas, John of Damascus on Islam , s. 45; Rondot, s. 77). İstifasında gerek Şam’da gerekse Bizans’taki politik durumun etkisinden söz edildiği gibi bunun kendi arzusuyla gerçekleştiği de söylenmektedir (Sahas, s. 45). Manastır hayatına dair birçok menkıbe nakledilen Yuhannâ (Jugie, XXIII/134 [1924], s. 150) manastıra intisabından sonra Kudüs Patriği V. John tarafından papazlığa yükseltildi; Kudüs’te vâizlik yaptı, çeşitli dersler verdi (New Catholic Encyclopedia , VII, 1047). Hıristiyan ilâhiyatıyla ilgilendiği bu dönemde eserlerini kaleme aldı. Yuhannâ, Bizans imparatorunun ikonlara yönelik kararına karşı çıktığından ikonoklazmı lânetleyen II. İznik Konsili’nin (787) kararıyla IX. yüzyıldan itibaren azizlik mertebesine yükseltildi. Yuhannâ ed-Dımaşkī’nin ölüm tarihi genelde 749 olarak kabul edilmektedir (Vailhe, IX [1906], s. 28-30). Papa XIII. Leon, 19 Ağustos 1890’da yayımladığı bir genelge ile Yuhannâ’ya kilise doktoru unvanını vermiş, her yılın 27 Mayıs gününü Katolik kilisesi için onu anma günü ilân etmiştir. Doğunun son kilise babası unvanını taşıyan Dımaşkī’nin Saint Sabas Manastırı’na gömülen cesedinin daha sonra İstanbul’a nakledildiği belirtilmekteyse de mezarının yeri tam olarak bilinmemektedir (Jugie, XXIII/134 [1924], s. 160-161).
Eserleri. Yuhannâ ed-Dımaşkī çok velûd bir müelliftir ve hıristiyan ilâhiyatının hemen her sahasında eser yazmıştır. İkonları savunmak için kaleme aldığı Oratio pro sanctis imaginibus dışındaki bütün çalışmalarını Saint Sabas Manastırı’nda telif etmiştir. Eserlerini Grekçe yazan Yuhannâ’nın başlıca konularını hıristiyan ilâhiyatı, İslâm’a yönelik eleştiriler, Kitâb-ı Mukaddes yorumu ve ahlâk teşkil eder. Ancak Yuhannâ her şeyden önce bir teologdur ve eserlerinde onun bu yönü öne çıkmaktadır. Eski ve Yeni Ahid’in tefsirine dair çok sayıda eser kaleme almıştır; ancak kendisine atfedilen eserlerin tamamının ona aidiyeti tartışmalıdır (a.g.e. , s. 158-159). Yuhannâ’nın başlıca eserleri şöylece sıralanabilir:
1. E Pege tes Gnoseos (Bilginin kaynağı). Hayatının sonlarına doğru muhtemelen 743 yılında yazdığı en meşhur ve en önemli eseridir. Üç bölümden oluşan kitabın birinci bölümü “Capita Philosophica or Dialectica” adını taşımakta ve burada felsefî meseleler ele alınmaktadır. “De Haeresibus” adlı ikinci bölümde Ortodoks inancına göre sapkın öğretiler incelenmektedir. Bu bölümün 100. (veya 101.) bahsi müellifin İslâm’a dair görüşlerini içermektedir. Üçüncü bölüm “De Fide Orthodoxa” adını taşımaktadır ve Ortodoks inancına dairdir.
2. Eisagoge Dogmaton Stoikeiodes (Dogmalara temel giriş).
3. Libellos Peri Ortu Fronematos (Gerçek doktrine karşı bir kitapçık).
4. Peri Tes Agias Triados (Kutsal üçlemeye dair).
Dımaşkī’nin reddiye türündeki eserleri de şunlardır: Logoi Apologetgikoi pros tus Diaballontas tas Agias Eikonas (Kutsal sûretleri reddedenlere karşı savunmacı bir nutuk), Peri Süntetu Füseon Kata Akefalon (Ya‘kūbîler’e karşı reddiye), Kata Aireseon ton Nestorianon (Nestûrîler’e karşı reddiye), Kata Manikaion Dialogos (Maniheistler’e karşı reddiye).
Dımaşkī’nin iki ana hedefi vardı. Biri Hıristiyanlık’tan sapmalarla (i‘tizâl) mücadele etmek, diğeri Ortodoks hıristiyan doktrinini yüceltmektir (Ducellier, Le miroir de l’Islam , s. 133). İ‘tizâlî mücadeledeki amacı Bizans ikonoklast hareketini teorik planda ortadan kaldırmaktı. Belki de bu sebeple Mâr Sâbâs Manastırı’na kapanmış ve ağır eleştirilerini burada kaleme almıştır (Sahas, John of Damascus on Islam , s. 43). 754’te yapılan ikon karşıtı sinodda kendisi ikon tapıcılıkla, müslümanca fikirler taşımak ve Mesîh’i aşağılamakla itham edilmiştir (a.g.e. , s. 5). Yuhannâ ed-Dımaşkī, Hıristiyanlık konusunda iki önemli iş yapmıştır; bunlar Kutsal Kitab’ı ve patristik öğretiyi sisteme kavuşturmak, kilisenin litürjik ve ruhanî yaşantısını ıslah etmektir. Bunun yanında Dımaşkī’nin kendisinden sonrakilere malzeme teşkil edecek İslâm’a dair yazıları vardır. Bu bağlamda Disputatio Saraceni et Christiani (Bir müslümanla hıristiyan arasındaki tartışma) ve er-Red ʿale’l-müslimîn adlı iki eser kaleme almıştır; bu konudaki başka yazılarından bir kısmının kendisine aidiyeti tartışmalıdır (Adel-Khoury, Les théologiens , s. 48). Yuhannâ’nın İslâm’la ilgili görüşleri Daniel J. Sahas (John of Damascus on Islam: The Heresy of the Ismaelites , Leiden 1972) ve Raymond le Coz (Jean Damascene, Ecrits sur l’Islam , Paris 1992) tarafından ele alınmıştır.
Yuhannâ ed-Dımaşkī’nin İslâm’a karşı yazıldığı kesin olarak bilinen çalışması, E Page tes Gnoseos adlı eserinin ikinci bölümünün 100. (101.) bahsi olup bunun da otantikliği A. Abel tarafından tartışma konusu yapılmıştır (St.I , XIX [1963], s. 5-25), ancak Abel’in ileri sürdüğü deliller ikna edici değildir (Adel-Khoury, I [1975], s. 169). Ortaçağ boyunca hıristiyan dünyasının İslâm hakkında geliştireceği polemiğin ilk nüvesini oluşturan bu küçük hacimli eserin etkisi yüzyıllarca devam etmiştir. Dımaşkī burada önce müslümanların etnik kökenlerine ve İslâm öncesi dinlerine atıfta bulunmakta, bu çerçevede müslümanları İbrâhim’in oğlu İsmâil’e izâfeten İsmâilîler (Ismailitai), Hacerîler (Hagarenoi) ve Sarasinler diye nitelemekte, onların Herakleios dönemine kadar puta taptıklarını, daha sonra Muhammed adlı “yalancı” bir peygambere tâbi olduklarını ileri sürmektedir. Muhammed’in Eski ve Yeni Ahid hakkında kısmen mâlûmatı bulunduğunu, hatta Ariusçu bir rahipten ders aldığını, Kur’an’ı kutsal kitap diye takdim ettiğini ve bazı “gülünç” kurallar koyduğunu, dindar görünerek halkın güvenini kazandığını iddia etmektedir. Daha sonra İslâm’ın Tanrı ve Mesîh’le ilgili görüşlerini ele almakta, Îsâ’nın ulûhiyyetinin bu din tarafından reddedildiğini söylemekte, Muhammed’in peygamberliğini ispatlayacak bir delilinin bulunmadığını ileri sürmektedir. Ayrıca Kur’an’ın vahyediliş tarzını, müslümanların hıristiyanları müşrik olarak nitelemelerini, haça taptıklarını ileri sürmelerini ve onların Kâbe’yi tâzimlerini tenkit etmekte, bazı Kur’an sûrelerine de eleştiriler yöneltmektedir. Bu bağlamda Nisâ sûresinde yer alan çok kadınla evliliğe dair hükmü ve boşamanın erkeğe ait oluşunu zikretmekte, Zeyd-Zeyneb olayını aktarmakta, bu konuda da Hz. Peygamber’i suçlamaktadır. Sâlih peygamber kıssasını tenkit ederken Kur’an’daki bilgilerle çeşitli hikâyeleri birbirine karıştırmaktadır. Muhammed’in müslümanlar için sünnet olma, cumartesiye riayet etmeme, vaftiz olmama gibi kurallar koyduğunu, yiyecekleri helâl-haram diye ayırdığını ve içkiyi yasakladığını ifade etmektedir.
Dımaşkī, İslâmiyet’i ve Kur’an’ı çok iyi bilen bir teologdur ve İslâm muhitinde yaşaması bu dini tanımasına büyük katkı sağlamıştır. Ancak Hıristiyanlığa koyu bir taassupla bağlı oluşu onun İslâmiyet’e saldırmasına yol açmıştır. Ancak Yuhannâ’nın asıl ilgilendiği alan Hıristiyanlık ve Ortodoks teolojisidir. Bu sebeple eserlerinde İslâmiyet çok fazla yer tutmaz. Ona göre İslâm ve ikonoklazm hareketi çağdaş iki heretik akımdır. Dımaşkī, İslâm’ı “antichrist” (Îsâ karşıtı = deccâl) bir hareket şeklinde görür ve aynı nitelemeyi Nestorius için de kullanır. Hatta iddialarını Muhammed’in Ariusçular’ın ve Nestûrîler’in bir öğrencisi olduğunu söyleyecek derecelere vardırır (Sahas, John of Damascus on Islam , s. 68-69). Dımaşkī’nin Disputatio adlı eserinde bir müslümanla bir hıristiyan arasında cereyan eden hayır-şer, kader-amel ilişkisi, Îsâ’nın ulûhiyyeti, Îsâ’nın ölümü gibi konulara dair bir tartışma yer almakta, bu konularda müslümanın öne sürdüğü düşünceler ve yorumlar hıristiyan tarafından eleştirilmektedir (Adel-Khoury, Les théologiens , s. 68-82). Yuhannâ ed-Dımaşkī’yi İslâm ve Hıristiyanlık polemik tarihinin başına koymak gerekir. Çünkü onunla başlayan tartışmalar İslâmî yönetimlerin hoşgörüsü içinde zamanla yayılmış, Dımaşkī’nin delilleri kendisinden sonra gelen hıristiyan polemikçilere dayanak oluşturmuştur. Dımaşkī’nin teolojik delillerini Theodore Ebû Kurre (ö. 820) biraz daha geliştirmiş, bu da İslâm ve Hıristiyanlık tartışmalarında hıristiyanlar için bir güç kaynağı teşkil etmiştir (Aydın, s. 34).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Belâzürî, Fütûḥ (Rıdvân) , s. 128-129.
M. Jugie, “Jean Damascene”, Dictionnaire de théologie catholique , Paris 1947, VIII, 693-751.
a.mlf., “La vie de Saint Jean Damascene”, Echos d’orient , XXIII/134, Paris 1924, s. 150, 158-161.
Joseph Nasrallah, Saint Jean de Damas , Harissa 1950.
Philip K. Hitti, History of Syria , New York 1951, s. 414, 425.
a.mlf., Târîḫu’l-ʿArab , [baskı yeri yok] 1961 (Dârü’l-keşşâf li’n-neşr), I, 314-315.
A. Abel, “La polémique damascenienne et son influence sur les origines de la théologie musulmane”, L’élaboration de l’Islam , Paris 1961, s. 61-85.
a.mlf., “Le chapitre CI du livre des hérésies de Jean Damascene; son inauthenticite”, St.I , XIX (1963), s. 5-25.
Adel-Theodore Khoury, Les théologiens byzantins et l’Islam , Louvain 1969, s. 47-82.
a.mlf., “Auteurs chrétiens byzantins de langue grècque”, Islamochristiana , I, Roma 1975, s. 169, 170.
A. Ducellier, Le miroir de l’Islam , Paris 1971, s. 133.
a.mlf., Chrétiens d’orient et Islam au moyen âge , Paris 1996, s. 88.
Daniel J. Sahas, John of Damascus on Islam: The Heresy of the Ishmaelites , Leiden 1972.
a.mlf., “Hıristiyanlığın İslamla Olan Münazaralarında Arap Karakteri Yuhanna ed-Dımaşki’nin Konumu” (trc. M. Faruk Toprak), Türk-İslam Medeniyeti Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi , sy. 9, Konya 2010, s. 29-48.
P. Rondot, Les chrétiens d’orient , Paris, ts., s. 77.
Mehmet Aydın, Müslümanların Hıristiyanlığa Karşı Yazdığı Reddiyeler ve Tartışma Konuları , Konya 1989, s. 34.
Levent Öztürk, İslâm Toplumunda Birarada Yaşama Tecrübesi , İstanbul 1995, s. 341.
J. M. Gaudeul, Encounters and Clashes, Islam and Christianity in History , Rome 2000, I, 30-33.
S. Vailhe, “Date de la mort de saint Jean Damascene”, Echos d’orient , IX (1906), s. 28-30.
İsmail Taşpınar, “Doğunun Son Kilise Babası Yuhanna ed-Dımaşki (649-749) ve İslam”, MÜİFD , sy. 21 (2001), s. 23-54.
I. Pochoshajew, “Johannes von Damaskos: De Haeresibus”, Islamochristiana , XXX (2004), s. 65-75.
B. Kotter, “John Damascene, St.”, New Catholic Encyclopedia , Washington 1967, VII, 1047-1049.
O. Clement, “Jean Damascene”, EUn. , IX, 414.
Stanley S. Harakas, “John of Damascus”, ER , VII, 4940-4941.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 580-582 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.