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YÛNUS Skip to content Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de adı geçen bir peygamber.
İbrânîce Yonah (güvercin) kelimesi Grekçe’ye Ionas, Arapça’ya Yûnus, Batı dillerine Jonas ve Jonah şeklinde geçmiştir. Kelimenin Arapça’da “görmek” anlamındaki ens veya “dostluk” anlamındaki ünsiyyet kökünden türediği yolundaki görüş (Fîrûzâbâdî, VI, 53) doğru kabul edilmemiştir (Mevhûb b. Ahmed el-Cevâlîkī, s. 644; Şehâbeddin el-Hafâcî, s. 244; Jeffery, s. 295-296). Ahd-i Atîk’in “Peygamberler” (Neviim) bölümünde yer alan ve “on ikiler” denilen peygamberler grubuna ait yazıların beşincisi olan Yûnus kitabında Yûnus’un hikâyesi anlatılır. Buna göre Yûnus, Filistin’in İsrâil Krallığı’na ait Celîle bölgesindeki Gatheferli Amittay’ın oğlu olup Zebulun kabilesine mensuptur (II. Krallar, 14/25; Yûnus, 1/1). İsrâil krallarından II. Yeroboam’ın saltanatında (m.ö. 793-753) yaşamış ve ona bazı olayları önceden haber vermiştir (II. Krallar, 14/25).
Yûnus, Tanrı tarafından peygamber olarak Ninevâ (Ninova) halkına, kötü yoldan dönmedikleri takdirde kırk gün sonra helâk edileceklerini bildirmek üzere gönderilmiş, fakat Yûnus, İsrâilliler’in düşmanı olan Ninevâ halkını uyarmak istememiş (Dictionnaire encyclopedique , s. 581), böylece ilâhî emre uymayıp Tarşiş’e gitmek amacıyla Yafa’dan bir gemiye binmiştir. Denizde büyük bir fırtına çıkınca gemideki ağırlıklar denize atılmış, bu felâketin kimin yüzünden başlarına geldiğini anlamak için gemi yolcuları arasında kura çekilmiş ve kura Yûnus’a isabet etmiş, Yûnus, İbrânî olduğunu bildirerek gerçeği anlatmış ve denize atılmasını istemiştir. Yûnus denize atılınca fırtına dinmiş, Rabb’in emriyle onu büyük bir balık yutmuş, Yûnus üç gün üç gece balığın karnında kalmıştır (Yûnus, bab 1). Balığın karnında iken Allah’a niyazda bulunmuş, Allah duasını kabul etmiş ve balık onu karaya kusmuştur (Yûnus, bab 2). Tekrar Ninevâ’ya gönderilen Yûnus halka yakında kendilerine ilâhî azabın geleceğini bildirmiş, azap günü gelince olacakları görmek için şehrin dışına çıkmış ve bir çardak yaparak orada oturmuştur. Fakat bu sırada Ninevâ halkı Tanrı’ya iman etmiş, kötülüklerden vazgeçmiş, oruç tutup affedilmeleri için dua etmiş, Tanrı da onları affetmiştir (Yûnus, bab 3). Tanrı’nın bu iradesi Yûnus’un gücüne gitmiş, daha önce Tarşiş’e gitmeye kalkıştığı, bu defa da yalancı çıktığı için ölmek istediğini bildirmiş ve canını alması için Tanrı’ya yalvarmıştır. Tanrı da Yûnus’u kötü durumdan kurtarıp yanında ona gölge olması için “kikayon” bitkisi (Kur’an’da yaktîn ağacı) yeşertmiş, fakat ertesi sabah bitki kurumuştur. Bitkinin kurumasına üzülen ve güneşin etkisiyle bayılan Yûnus yine ölmek istemiş, Tanrı ona, “Sen emek verip büyütmediğin bir kikayon otuna acıyorsun da ben Ninevâ’ya acımayayım mı? O şehirde sağını solundan ayırt edemeyen 120.000’den fazla insan ve çok sayıda hayvan var” demiştir (Yûnus, 3/1-4/11).
Yûnus, İsrâil Krallığı’na mensup bir İbrânî’dir, Ninevâ ise bir Asur şehridir ve İsrâil Krallığı ile Asurlular birbirine düşmandır. Yorumculara göre Yûnus bir taraftan Ninevâ’nın helâkine dair verdiği haber gerçekleşmediği, diğer taraftan şehrin yıkılmamasının kendi ülkesi aleyhine olacağını düşündüğünden hayal kırıklığına uğramış ve öfkelenmiştir. Yûnus’un peygamberlik görevinden kaçınmasının temel sebebi de muhtemelen bu aşırı vatanperverliğidir. Yûnus, Ninevâlılar’ın tövbe etmesinden ve Tanrı’nın onları bağışlamasından endişe duyuyordu; zira Ninevâ’nın bağışlanması İsrâil Krallığı’nın hükme müstahak olması demekti (Yûnus, 4/2, 11). Ahd-i Atîk’te anlatıldığı şekliyle Yûnus kıssası, Tanrı’nın kurtuluş planının sadece İbrâhim’in zürriyetini değil bütün insanları kapsadığını, dolayısıyla İbrâhim’in soyundan gelmeyen Asurlular’a da ilâhî tebliğin ulaştığını, öte yandan Ninevâ halkının tek bir peygamberin tebliğiyle doğru yola geldiği halde İsrâiloğulları’nın kendilerine gönderilen birçok peygambere rağmen Tanrı’ya isyan ettiklerini göstermektedir. Ayrıca kıssa mecazen şöyle de yorumlanmıştır: Yûnus peygamber İsrâiloğulları’nı simgelemektedir. Yûnus’un ilâhî emri yerine getirmeyi reddetmesi, İsrâil’in Îsâ Mesîh’e inanmaması ve putperestlerce çarmıha gerilmesine yol açması anlamına gelir. Yûnus’un denize atılıp balık tarafından yutulması İsrâil’in sürgün hayatının ve çeşitli yerlere dağılmasının bir simgesidir. Ancak Yûnus’un balığın karnında ölmemesi İsrâil’in diğer milletlerce asimile edilemeyeceğine bir işarettir. Balık Yûnus’u Filistin sahiline çıkardığı gibi milletler de İsrâil’i kendi ülkelerinin sahiline çıkaracaklardır. Onun ölüler diyarının derinliklerinden canlı olarak çıkması Îsâ Mesîh’in gömülmesi ve üç gün sonra dirilmesi gibidir (NDB , s. 408). Hz. Îsâ, Yûnus peygamberin üç gün üç gece balığın karnında kaldığını ve Ninevâ halkının Yûnus’un irşadıyla tövbe ettiğini kabul etmektedir (Matta, 12/39-41; Luka, 11/29-32). Yûnus’u bir balinanın yuttuğu iddiası, hem balinanın boğazının dar olması hem de Akdeniz’de balinanın bulunmaması sebebiyle doğru kabul edilmemiştir. Ahd-i Atîk’teki Yûnus kıssasında balinadan değil büyük bir balıktan söz edilmektedir. Genel kanaat bu balığın bir tür köpek balığı (lamia canis carcharias) olabileceği yönündedir; bu tür büyük balıkların midelerinde insan vücuduna rastlanmıştır (NDB , s. 409). Ahd-i Atîk’in anlatımını gerçek saymayanlara göre ise bu bir masal (Augusti, Renan, Müller), sembolik hikâye (Palmer, Krahmer) veya efsanedir (Eichhorn); Grek Hesione (Rosenmüller) ya da Bâbil Oannes (Baur) mitinden alınmadır (DB , III/2, s. 1608).
Yahudi rivayetlerine göre Peygamber Elişa’nın talebeleri arasında en başarılısı Yûnus peygamberdir. Elişa onu Yehu’yu kral olarak meshetmek ve Kudüs’teki halkın helâk edileceğini haber vermekle görevlendirmiş, fakat Kudüslüler tövbe edince azap gerçekleşmemiştir. Bundan dolayı İsrâilliler, verdiği haber gerçekleşmediğinden Yûnus’u yalancı peygamber saymıştır. Nitekim Ninevâ halkına felâket haberini vermekle görevlendirildiğinde, “Şundan eminim ki oradaki putperestler tövbe edecekler ve affedilecekler, böylece putperestler arasında benim yalancı peygamber olduğum yayılacak” demişti. Ninevâ’ya gitmek için Yafa’ya vardığında limanda gemi bulamaz. Ancak Tanrı onu sınamak için fırtına çıkarır ve limandan ayrılan bir gemi tekrar limana döner, Yûnus bu gemiye biner. Bir günlük yolculuktan sonra tekrar fırtına çıkar, gemide bulunan yetmiş millete mensup insanlar kendi ilâhlarına yalvarmaya başlar, fırtına dinmeyince kaptan Yûnus’a milletini sorar, İbrânî olduğunu öğrenince, “İbrâniler’in tanrısı çok güçlüdür, dua et de yahudileri Kızıldeniz’den kurtardığı gibi bizi de kurtarsın” der. Ancak Yûnus bu felâkete kendisinin yol açtığını söyleyerek denize atılmasını ister. Önce gemideki ağırlıklar atılır, ancak fırtına dinmeyince bu defa Yûnus denize atılır. Yûnus’u çok büyük bir balık yutar ve Yûnus balığın midesinde bir süre kalır; balığın gözleri de pencere vazifesi görür. Ardından balık onu görülebilecek bir sahile götürür. Bu arada Yûnus, Tanrı’ya yalvarmayı unutunca Tanrı çok iri başka bir balık gönderir, bu balık Yûnus’u ister. Ardından Yûnus kendisini içinde bulunduğu durumdan kurtarması için Tanrı’ya dua eder, duası kabul edilir ve balık Yûnus’u sahile çıkarır. Yûnus hemen Ninevâ’ya gidip halka felâketin yakın olduğunu haber verir. Yûnus’un sesi çok güçlüdür, şehrin her köşesine ulaşır, bunu duyan halk kötü yoldan dönmeye karar verir. Tövbe edenlerin başında Asur Kralı Osnappar vardır. Kral tahtından iner, tacını çıkararak başına kül serper ve yerde yuvarlanır. Üç gün oruç tutulur ve göz yaşları içinde Tanrı’ya dua edilir, Tanrı da onları bağışlar. Yûnus Tanrı’dan kendisini affetmesini ister. Tanrı, “Sen benim şanıma saygılı davrandın, denize gittin (çünkü Yûnus insanların Tanrı’ya olan güveninin sarsılmamasını istiyordu, dolayısıyla yalancı durumuna düşmemek için denize açıldı), bundan dolayı sana merhametimle muamele ettim, seni yer altı dünyasından kurtardım” der.
Yûnus balığın karnında geçirdiği bu sıkıntılı zamanı uzun müddet unutamaz ve üzerinde izleri kalır. Nitekim balığın karnındaki aşırı sıcaklıktan elbisesi erimiş, saçları dökülmüş, böcekler de onu hırpalamıştır. Yûnus’u korumak için Allah kikayon bitkisini yaratmıştır. Yûnus sabah kalktığında baş ucunda kendini güneşten koruyan, her yaprağı bir karıştan büyük, 270 yapraklı bir bitki bulur. Fakat daha sonra bitki kuruyunca tekrar böceklerin hücumuna uğrayan Yûnus ağlar ve ölmek ister. Tanrı ona bir ders vermiş, hiç emeği geçmediği halde bitkinin kurumasına üzülen Yûnus’a, iman eden Ninevâ halkını affetmesinin tabii olduğunu göstermiştir. Ardından Yûnus secdeye kapanır. Ancak Ninevâ halkı kırk gün sonra yine yoldan çıkarak öncekinden daha çok günah işlemeye başlayınca kendilerine haber verilen azap gelir ve hepsi toprağa gömülür. Çektiği şiddetli sıkıntılardan dolayı Tanrı, Yûnus’u ölümden kurtarmış ve daha hayatta iken cennete girmesine izin vermiştir. Yûnus’un karısı da çok dindardı (Ginzberg, VI, 54-59). Yûnus’un kabri muhtemelen doğduğu yer olan Gathefer’de bulunmaktadır (DB , III/2, s. 1605).
Yûnus hakkında Kur’an’da da bazı bilgiler verilir; ondan Yûnus (en-Nisâ 4/163; el-En‘âm 6/86; Yûnus 10/98; es-Sâffât 37/139), Zünnûn (el-Enbiyâ 21/87) ve “Sâhibü’l-hût” (el-Kalem 68/48) diye bahsedilir; kendisine vahiy indiği (en-Nisâ 4/163), doğru yola sevkedilenlerden, âlemlere üstün kılınanlardan (el-En‘âm 6/86), sâlihlerden (el-Kalem 68/50) ve peygamberlerden olduğu bildirilir. Kur’an’ın onuncu sûresi Yûnus adını taşımaktadır. Bu sûrede, kendilerine azap geleceği bildirilince iman etmeleri sayesinde azaptan kurtulan yegâne kavmin Yûnus kavmi olduğu beyan edilir (Yûnus 10/98). Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’e göre Allah’ın elçilerinden biri olan Yûnus (es-Sâffât 37/139) -kavmi kendisine inanmayınca- öfkeyle onlardan uzaklaşmış (el-Enbiyâ 21/87), yüklü bir gemiye binmiş (es-Sâffât 37/140), çekilen kura neticesinde kaybedenlerden olmuş ve kendisini bir balık yutmuştur (es-Sâffât 37/141-142). Eğer Yûnus, Allah’ı tesbih edenlerden olmasaydı insanların tekrar dirileceği güne kadar o balığın karnında kalabilirdi; fakat o, “Senden başka ilâh yoktur, şüphesiz ben zalimlerden oldum” demiş (el-Enbiyâ 21/87-88; es-Sâffât 37/143-144), ardından duası kabul edilerek, Allah’ın rahmetiyle (el-Kalem 68/49) güçsüz bir halde balığın karnından çıkarılmış, kendisine gölge yapması için yanında kabak cinsinden geniş yapraklı yaktîn bitkisi yaratılmış (es-Sâffât 37/145-146; el-Kalem 68/49-50), daha sonra 100.000 veya daha fazla insana peygamber olarak gönderilmiştir (es-Sâffât 37/147). Yûnus’un kavmi iman etmiş, başlarına geleceği bildirilen azaptan kurtulmuş, bir süre daha nimetlerden faydalanarak yaşatılmıştır (Yûnus 10/98; es-Sâffât 37/148). Hadislerde de Yûnus’tan söz edilir. “Hiçbir insanın, ‘Ben Yûnus b. Mettâ’dan daha hayırlıyım’ demesi uygun değildir” hadisinde Yûnus babası Mettâ’ya nisbet edilir. Diğer bir hadisin meâli de şöyledir: “Yûnus b. Mettâ’dan daha hayırlı olduğunu iddia eden kimse yalan söylemiştir” (Buhârî, “Enbiyâʾ”, 24, 35, “Tevḥîd”, 50, “Tefsîru sûreti’n-Nisâʾ”, 26, “Enʿâm”, 4, “Ṣâffât”, 1; Müsned , I, 242, 254, 292, 342, 348, 390, 440; II, 405, 451, 468, 539; İbn Mâce, “Zühd”, 33). Başka bir hadise göre Resûlullah, Mekke ile Medine arasındaki Herşâ tepesine geldiğinde, “Yuları hurma lifinden olan kızıl bir devenin üzerinde sırtında yünden bir aba ile Yûnus’un buradan telbiye ederek geçtiğini görür gibiyim” demiştir (Müsned , I, 216; Müslim, “Îmân”, 268, 269; İbn Mâce, “Menâsik”, 4).
Bazı İslâm kaynaklarına göre Yûnus, Ya‘kūb’un oğlu Bünyâmin’in kabilesindendir. Mettâ’nın Yûnus’un annesi olduğu, peygamberler içinde sadece Îsâ ile Yûnus’un annelerine nisbet edilerek anıldıkları rivayeti (Sa‘lebî, s. 406; İbnü’l-Esîr, I, 360) doğru değildir. Bazı kaynaklar Yûnus’un annesinin adını Sadaka olarak zikreder (Muhammed b. Abdullah el-Kisâî, s. 396; Zeynüddin İbnü’l-Verdî, I, 28). Yûnus peygamber Ninevâlı’dır ve kavmi putperesttir (Sa‘lebî, s. 407). İbn Kuteybe’ye göre (el-Maʿârif , s. 52) Hz. Yûnus Peygamber Elyesa‘dan (bazı kaynaklarda İlyâs), Makdisî’ye göre (el-Bedʾ ve’t-târîḫ , III, 110) Hz. Süleyman’dan sonra kendi kavmine peygamber olarak gönderilmiştir. Hz. Ali’den nakledilen bir rivayete göre otuz yaşında iken kendisine vahiy gelen Yûnus, kavmine otuz üç yıl peygamberlik yapmış, fakat kendisine sadece iki kişi iman etmiştir (Sa‘lebî, s. 408). Yûnus kavminden ümit kesince onlara beddua ederse de kendisine bu hususta acele davrandığı bildirilir; kırk gün daha tebliğde bulunması emredilir, iman etmedikleri takdirde kendilerine azap ineceği haber verilir. Bunun üzerine Yûnus tekrar tebliğe başlar, otuz yedinci günde kavmine üç gün sonra azabın geleceğini, bunun alâmeti olarak da renklerinin değişeceğini söyler. Kırkıncı gün Yûnus kavminden ayrılır; ancak kavmi üzerlerine azap bulutları çökünce tövbe edip iman eder, Allah da onları bağışlar. Kavminin helâk edilmesini beklerken bağışlandığını gören Yûnus yalancı durumuna düşer, öfkelenerek oradan ayrılır ve bir gemiye biner. Bindiği gemi batma tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya gelince Yûnus gemiden atılır ve bir balık tarafından yutulur. Karanlıklar içinde Allah’a dua eden Yûnus’un duası kabul edilir ve sahile çıkarılır; sahilde bir bitki onu gölgeler. İyileşince tekrar Ninevâ’ya gönderilir. Rivayete göre Yûnus balığın karnında üç, yedi, yirmi veya kırk gün kalmıştır (a.g.e. , s. 408-411). Diğer bir rivayete göre Yûnus, Ninevâ halkını kırk gün boyunca Allah’a iman etmeye ve kötülüklerden uzak durmaya çağırır, fakat kavmi onu dinlemez. Cenâb-ı Hak, Yûnus’tan şehri terketmesini ister, ardından azap gelince halk bu defa tövbe eder, Allah da onları bağışlar. Buna öfkelenen Yûnus, “Allahım! Onlar beni yalancı çıkardılar ama sen onları affettin, bir daha onların yanına dönmeyeceğim” diyerek bir gemiye biner. Fırtına çıkınca Yûnus gemiden atılır ve Hint’ten geldiği söylenen bir balık tarafından yutulur. Balığın karnında üç veya kırk gün kalır. Allah’ın emriyle balık onu tüysüz yavru kuş gibi, ayakta duramaz, göremez ve yürüyemez bir halde Dicle kenarına çıkarır. Allah onun için dört dallı bir bitki yaratır, Cebrâil gelerek vücudunu mesheder. Dişi bir ceylan onu emzirir. Yûnus kırk günlük uykusundan uyanınca bitkinin kuruduğunu, ceylanın gittiğini görerek üzülür. Bunun üzerine Cenâb-ı Hak kendisinin kuruyan bitkiye üzüldüğünü, fakat 100.000 insana acımadığını söyler. Daha sonra Yûnus kaybettiği eşine ve çocuklarına kavuşarak memleketine döner, ölünceye kadar tebliğ faaliyetini sürdürür (Muhammed b. Abdullah el-Kisâî, s. 296-301).
İslâm kaynaklarında Yûnus’un peygamberliğinin balık tarafından yutulmadan önce mi sonra mı olduğu, öfkeyle çıkıp gittiğinde kime öfkelendiği hususunda çeşitli yorumlar vardır; “Ve o balık sahibini de an; hani o gücümüzün kendisine ulaşamayacağını sanarak öfkeyle çıkıp gitmişti” âyeti (el-Enbiyâ 21/87) müfessirlerce farklı şekillerde yorumlanmıştır. Bir izaha göre Yûnus, İsrâiloğulları’ndan dokuz buçuk kabileyi esir alıp götüren krala esirleri salıvermesi için elçi olarak gönderilmek istenir, fakat o bu görevi kabul etmez. Kavmi tarafından kınanan Yûnus hem kendisini görevlendiren krala hem de kavmine kızarak oradan uzaklaşır. Bir gemiye biner, fırtına çıkınca denize atılır, balık tarafından yutulur, daha sonra kıyıya çıkarılır, iyileşir ve tekrar gönderilir. “Biz onu halsiz bir durumda ıssız bir kıyıya çıkardık ve onun üzerinde bir bodur fidan yeşerttik, onu 100.000 veya daha fazla kişiye gönderdik” meâlindeki âyet (es-Sâffât 37/145-147) peygamberliğin kendisine balık tarafından yutulduktan sonra verildiğini gösterir (Fahreddin er-Râzî, XXII, 212-213). Başka bir rivayete göre Cebrâil, Yûnus’tan hemen Ninevâ’ya gidip halkı uyarmasını ve azabın çok yakın olduğunu bildirmesini ister, Yûnus ise yolculuk için binek aramaya koyulur. Cebrâil acele etmesini söyleyince de öfkelenerek oradan uzaklaşır ve bir gemiye biner (a.g.e. , XXII, 213; Taberî, Târîḫ , I, 375). Diğer bir izaha göre ise balığın Yûnus’u yutması Ninevâ’daki tebliğ görevinden sonradır. Nitekim o halka, inanmadıkları takdirde hemen azabın geleceğini bildirmiş, fakat Allah tövbeleri sayesinde onları affedince Yûnus yalancı durumuna düşmüş ve bundan duyduğu öfkeyle oradan ayrılmıştır (Fahreddin er-Râzî, XXII, 213). Bazı müellifler de kendisini yalancı çıkardığından dolayı rabbine kırgın olduğunu, diğer bazıları ise kavmi imana gelmediği için kavmine öfkelendiğini kaydeder (a.g.e. , XXII, 214-215; Taberî, Târîḫ , I, 376). Makdisî, Yûnus’un gelecek azap konusunda Ninevâlılar’ı uyarıp oradan ayrıldığını, bu arada Ninevâlılar’ın tövbe etmeleri üzerine Allah’ın onları affettiğini ve Yûnus’tan tekrar kavmine dönmesini istediğini, fakat kavminin tövbesinden habersiz olan Yûnus’un öldürülmekten korktuğu için kavmine öfkelenerek oradan ayrıldığını, bindiği gemiden denize atılıp onu yutan balığın karnında bir süre kalarak cezasını çektiğini söyler (el-Bedʾ ve’t-târîḫ , III, 110-113). Kur’an’da, “Öyle ise rabbinin hükmünü sabırla karşıla ve öfkeye kapıldıktan sonra ıstırap içinde haykıran balık sahibi gibi olma” âyetinde (el-Kalem 68/48) Yûnus’un davranışı kınanmakta ve Resûl-i Ekrem’e, müşriklerin iman etmemesi durumunda hemen öfkeye kapılmaması bildirilmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Mustafavî, et-Taḥḳīḳ , XIV, 275-279.
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Mevhûb b. Ahmed el-Cevâlîkī, el-Muʿarreb (nşr. F. Abdürrahîm), Dımaşk 1410/1990, s. 644.
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İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , I, 360.
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Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr, Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-ʿaẓîm , Beyrut 1385/1966, VI, 34-37.
Fîrûzâbâdî, Beṣâʾiru ẕevi’t-temyîz (nşr. Abdülalîm et-Tahâvî), Beyrut, ts. (el-Mektebetü’l-ilmiyye), VI, 53-54.
Tecrid Tercemesi , IX, 150-152.
Şehâbeddin el-Hafâcî, Şifâʾü’l-ġalîl , İstanbul 1282/1865, s. 244.
V. Armoni, “Jonas”, DB , III/2, s. 1604-1605.
a.mlf., “Jonas (le livre de)”, a.e. , III/2, s. 1605-1613.
D. Sidersky, Les origines de légendes musulmanes dans le Coran et dans les vies des prophètes , Paris 1933, s. 129-131.
A. Jeffery, The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur’ān , Baroda 1938, s. 295-296.
M. Tâhir İbn Âşûr, et-Taḥrîr ve’t-tenvîr , [baskı yeri ve tarihi yok], XXIII, 172-180.
NDB , s. 408-410.
A. Feuillet, “Jonas (le livre de)”, DBS , IV, 1104-1131.
M. Asım Köksal, Peygamberler Tarihi , Ankara 2004, II, 147-159.
L. Ginzberg, Les légendes des juifs (trc. G. Sed-Rajna), Paris 2006, VI, 54-59.
Ahmed Suphi Furat, “Yunus”, İA , XIII, 435-437.
B. Heller – [A. Rippin], “Yūnus”, EI2 (Fr.) , XI, 378-379.
J. de Mahuet, “Jonas”, Catholicisme , VI, 936-944.
W. Neil, “Jonah, Book of”, IDB , II, 964-967.
G. H. Cohn, “Jonah, Book of”, EJd. , X, 169-177.
Dictionnaire encyclopedique du Judaïsme (ed. G. Wigoder v.dğr.), Paris 1993, s. 581.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 597-599 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.