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YÛSÎ Skip to content Ebû Alî Nûruddîn Hasen b. Mes‘ûd b. Muhammed el-Yûsî (ö. 1102/1691)
Faslı Mâlikî âlimi.
1040 (1631) yılında Fâzâz bölgesinde, Orta Atlas dağlarında Yukarı Melviyye vadisinde yer alan bir köyde doğdu. Berberîler’in büyük kabilelerinden Sanhâce’nin Âyt Yûsî boyundandır. Kendisi mensup bulunduğu boyun, ismini büyük dedesi Yûsuf’tan aldığını ve Yûsî nisbesinin de Yûsufî’nin kısaltması olduğunu söyler. Küçük yaşta annesini kaybeden Yûsî, Sicilmâse’de Ebû Bekir b. Hasan et-Tetâfî, Sicilmâse Kadısı Sîdî Muhammed b. Abdullah el-Hasenî, Ebû Fâris Abdülazîz el-Filâlî; Merakeş’te Kādılkudât Ebû Mehdî Îsâ b. Abdurrahman es-Süktânî ve Kadı Muhammed b. İbrâhim el-Heştûkî; İlîğ’de Kadı Abdülazîz b. Ahmed er-Resmûkî ve Fas şehrinde Kadı Ahmed b. Saîd el-Meclîdî gibi hocalardan nahiv, belâgat, mantık, akaid, fıkıh, fıkıh usulü, tefsir, tasavvuf, matematik, astronomi gibi ilimlerde ders aldı. Ardından Der‘a’ya Temgrût Zâviyesi’ne gitti ve Şâzeliyye’nin Nâsıriyye kolunun kurucusu İbn Nâsır ed-Der‘î’ye intisap ederek sohbetlerine katıldı. Ondan fıkıh, tefsir ve nahiv yanında Gazzâlî’nin İḥyâʾ , Kādî İyâz’ın eş-Şifâʾ ve Şa‘rânî’nin eṭ-Ṭabaḳātü’l-kübrâ adlı eserlerini okudu.
Yirmi yaşlarında iken Sûs bölgesinde Orta Atlas dağlarındaki Dilâ köyünde bulunan Dilâî Zâviyesi’nde (ez-Zâviyetü’l-Bekriyye) Şâzeliyye’nin Cezûliyye kolundan Şeyh Ebû Bekir b. Muhammed ed-Dilâî’ye intisap etti. Burada nahivdeki ihtisasıyla tanınan Muhammed el-Murâbıt ve diğer bazı hocaların dersine girdi, onlardan icâzet aldı. Ardından kendisi burada ders vermeye ve eserlerinin bir kısmını yazmaya başladı. Müntesipleri daha çok Sanhâceliler’den meydana gelen Dilâî Zâviyesi’nin Fas’ın büyük kısmında hâkimiyet kurduğu bu dönemde Yûsî’nin ilmî faaliyetler dışında herhangi bir görev aldığı bilinmemektedir. Dilâîler’e karşı gittikçe güçlenen Filâlî (Alevî) hânedanının Fas’ta egemenlik kuran ilk hükümdarı Mevlây Reşîd’in Sûs bölgesini ele geçirmesi ve Dilâî Zâviyesi’ni tahrip ettirmesi üzerine (8 Muharrem 1079 / 18 Haziran 1668) Yûsî diğer âlimlerle birlikte Fas şehrine gönderildi. Ancak daha önce (1069/1659) iktidar mücadelesi sırasında kardeşinden kaçarak Dilâî Zâviyesi’ne sığınan Mevlây Reşîd burada tanıştığı Yûsî ile dostluğunu devam ettirdi, zaman zaman onun derslerine katıldı ve kendisini sarayındaki özel toplantılara çağırdı. Karaviyyîn Camii’nde eğitimle meşgul olan Yûsî ilim çevrelerinde büyük ün kazandı.
Mevlây Reşîd’in vefatından sonra Fas halkının ayaklanması üzerine Yûsî şehri kuşatan (1083/1672) yeni hükümdar Mevlây İsmâil’den izin alarak şehirden çıktı, kuzeydeki bazı köyleri dolaşıp Huneyfire yakınlarındaki Halfûn’da bir zâviye kurdu ve irşada başladı. Ancak bölge halkının eski Dilâî yönetimine bağlılığını bilen ve gittiği yerlerde Yûsî’nin etkinliğinden çekinen Mevlây İsmâil onun oradan ayrılıp Merakeş’e gitmesini istedi (1085 sonları/1675). Yûsî, Merakeş’te Şürefâ Mescidi başta olmak üzere çeşitli mescidlerde ders verdi. Geri dönmesine izin çıkınca tekrar Halfûn’a gitti (1090/1679); fakat ardından hükümdar onu önce yeni başşehir Miknâs’a çağırdı, beş ay sonra da tekrar Merakeş’e yolladı. Yûsî, Merakeş’te bulunduğu dönemlerde ders vermenin yanı sıra Şâzelî-Nâsıriyye tarikatına bağlı bir zâviye (ez-Zâviyetü’n-Nâsıriyye) inşa ettirdi. Mevlây İsmâil, Orta Atlaslar’daki Berberîler’e karşı yürüttüğü askerî harekât sırasında onu da eski Dilâî Zâviyesi’nin olduğu yere sürgüne gönderdi (1095/1684). Üç yıl sonra oradan ayrılmasına izin verilen Yûsî, bazı merkezleri ve zâviyeleri dolaştıktan sonra Fas şehrinin güneyinde Safrû yakınlarındaki Temzîzet köyüne yerleşti (1100/1689). Kısa bir süre sonra hac yolculuğuna çıktı, hac dönüşünün ardından vefat etti (15 Zilhicce 1102 / 9 Eylül 1691). Onun adına inşa edilen mescid ve türbe Safrû yakınlarındadır.
Fas’ın XVII. yüzyılda yaşamış en büyük âlimi kabul edilen (Abu’n-Nasr, s. 223), aklî ve naklî ilimlerde derin vukufu bulunan Yûsî özellikle tasavvuf, şiir, dil ilimleri, mantık, kelâm, fıkıh ve usul bilgisiyle temayüz etmiştir. Öğrencisi Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Misnâvî hocasının rivayetten ziyade dirayete önem verdiğini belirtir. Güçlü bir hâfızaya sahip olan Yûsî’nin Harîrî’nin el-Maḳāmât ’ını ve meşhur Arap şairlerinin divanlarını ezberlemesi, şiir söylemenin kendisine “nefes almaktan daha kolay” geldiğini, hatta sadece şiirle konuşabileceğini ileri sürmesi bu alandaki yeteneğini göstermektedir. Bazı âlimler onu müceddid olarak görürken bazıları da ictihad mertebesine ulaştığını kaydeder. Yûsî birkaç defa sürgün edilmesi yüzünden yazmaya başladığı bazı eserlerini tamamlayamamıştır. Mevlây İsmâil’e yazdığı mektuplarda merkezî bir idare kurmak için uyguladığı sert siyasetten dolayı onu eleştirmekten çekinmeyen Yûsî, “Berâetü’l-Yûsî” adıyla meşhur olan bir mektubunda Mevlây İsmâil’i bu hususlarda uyarmış ve toplumu yönetirken uyması gereken dinî esasları hatırlatmıştır (Resâʾil , I, 237-244). Tanınmış öğrencileri arasında Misnâvî, İbn Zâkûr, İbn Rahhâl, Ebû Sâlim el-Ayyâşî, Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Mübârek es-Sicilmâsî, Ebü’l-Hasan en-Nûrî, Ebû Abdullah en-Nûrî, Ebû Abdullah et-Tâzî, Ahmed b. Ya‘kūb el-Velâlî ve Abdüsselâm b. Tayyib el-Kādirî sayılabilir.
Eserleri. 1. el-Muḥâḍarât fi’l-edeb ve’l-luġa . 1095 (1684) yılında yazılmaya başlanan eserde hikmetler, şiirler ve edebî nüktelerin yanı sıra tarih ve tasavvufa, müellifin kendi hayatına dair önemli bilgiler yer almakta, hâtime kısmında hocalarının ve karşılaştığı şeyhlerin listesi verilmektedir (Fas 1317; I-II, nşr. Muhammed Haccî – Ahmed eş-Şerkāvî İkbâl, Beyrut 1402/1982).
2. Fehresetü’l-Yûsî . Müellif hayatının sonlarına doğru kaleme aldığı, bir mukaddime ile beş bölüm halinde planladığı bu eserinin ancak iki bölümünü yazabilmiştir. Hocalarını, karşılaştığı şeyhleri, okuduğu kitaplardan aldığı ilhamları anlatacağını, ayrıca hikmetli sözler ve edebî ifadeler kaydedeceğini bildirdiği mukaddimede el-Ḳānûn ’da daha ayrıntılı biçimde ele aldığı ilimler tasnifi ve tanıtımı konusunda özet bilgilere yer verir (nşr. Hamîd Hâmânî el-Yûsî, Dârülbeyzâ 2004; nşr. Zekeriyyâ el-Huseyrî, Beyrut 2009).
3. Zehrü’l-ekem fi’l-ems̱âl ve’l-ḥikem . Arapça atasözleri ve deyimler içeren eser altmış altı bab olarak planlanmış, ancak müellifin vefatı üzerine mukaddimesi ve ilk on dört babı yazılabilmiştir (I-III, nşr. Muhammed Haccî – Muhammed el-Ahdar, Dârülbeyzâ 1401/1981).
4. Dîvânü şiʿr . Yûsî’nin şiirlerinden meydana gelen esere onun vefatından sonra oğlu tarafından diğer bazı şiirleri de eklenmiştir (Fas, ts.; Abdülhamîd Muhammed el-Münîf tarafından Yetâma’d-dürer adıyla tahkik edilmiştir). Muhammed Ecvâhirî, el-Yûsî eş-şâʿir: Dirâse taḥlîliyye li-dîvânihî adıyla bir doktora çalışması yapmıştır (1987, Rabat Muhammed el-Hâmis Üniversitesi).
5. el-Ḳaṣîdetü’d-dâliyye . Şeyhi İbn Nâsır’ı methetmek amacıyla yazdığı bu kasideyi müellif daha sonra Neylü’l-emânî fî şerḥi’t-tehânî adıyla şerhetmiştir (İskenderiye 1291; Kahire 1329, 1375/1956).
6. Meşrebü’l-ʿâm ve’l-ḫâṣ min kelimeti’l-iḫlâṣ . Sicilmâse’de ve Merakeş’te öğrenciler arasında kelime-i tevhidin anlamı ve akaid meseleleri çerçevesinde ortaya çıkan tartışmalara cevap mahiyetinde yazılan eser, Yûsî’nin akaide dair düşünceleri üzerine bir doktora tezi hazırlayan Hamîd Hamânî tarafından uzun bir girişle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (Fas 1327; nşr. Hamîd Hamânî el-Yûsî, I-II, Dârülbeyzâ 2000-2001). Eser aynı zamanda İbrâhim el-Kûrânî’nin Ebû Sâlim el-Ayyâşî yoluyla Fas’a ulaşan eserlerinin yol açtığı tartışmalara cevap niteliğindedir (Meşrebü’l-ʿâm , I, 189-199, 226-227; ayrıca bk. Resâʾil , II, 616-617).
7. Resâʾil . Yûsî’nin siyaset, tasavvuf, akaid, fıkıh gibi alanlarla ilgili mektup ve risâlelerini ihtiva eden eser nâşiri tarafından önce doktora çalışması olarak tahkik edilip incelenmiş, ardından neşredilmiştir (I-II, nşr. Fâtıma Halîl el-Kablî, Dârülbeyzâ 1401/1981). Kitapta birinin nisbeti şüpheli altmış üç risâle bulunmaktadır.
8. el-Künnâşetü’l-ʿilmiyye . Tasavvuf, edep, hadis ve tefsirle ilgili çeşitli notları ve görüşleri içerir (Fas, el-Hizânetü’l-melekiyye, nr. 5995).
9. el-Ḳānûn fî aḥkâmi’l-ʿilm ve’l-ʿâlim ve’l-müteʿallim . Müellif eserin ilk bölümünde bilgi nazariyesiyle ilimlerin tasnifi konularını ele alır ve belli başlı ilimleri ayrıntılı biçimde tanıtır. İkinci bölümde bir âlimde bulunması gereken nitelikleri, eğitim, fetva, eser telifi gibi hususlarda izlenecek yolları ele alır (Fas 1310, 1315; nşr. Hamîd Hamânî el-Yûsî, Rabat 1419/1998; nşr. Cum‘a el-Feytûrî, Beyrut 2003). Eserin üçüncü bölümünde öğrencilerin yaşayışında, eğitiminde ve hocalarıyla ilişkilerinde takip etmeleri gereken âdâb, ayrıca ilmî seyahat (rihle) ve öğrenme metotları gibi konular hakkında bilgi verilir (eserle ilgili bir değerlendirme için bk. Berque, s. 354-389).
10. Nefâʾisü’d-dürer ʿalâ şerḥi’l-Muḫtaṣar (Ḥâşiye ʿalâ şerḥi Muḫtaṣari’s-Senûsî fi’l-manṭıḳ ). Muhammed b. Yûsuf es-Senûsî’ye ait eserin hâşiyesidir (nşr. Cum‘a el-Feytûrî, Beyrut 2003).
11. el-Budûrü’l-levâmiʿ fî şerḥi Cemʿi’l-cevâmiʿ . Bazı kaynaklarda yanlışlıkla el-Kevkebü’s-sâṭıʿ adıyla da geçen eser Tâceddin es-Sübkî’nin fıkıh usulüne dair meşhur eseri üzerine yazılmış bir şerh olup “kitap” deliline dair ilk bölümün ortalarına kadar gelebilmiştir (I-IV, nşr. Hamîd Hamânî el-Yûsî, Dârülbeyzâ 1423-1424/2002-2003).
12. Fetḥu’l-meliki’l-vehhâb fîmâ isteşkelehû baʿżu’l-aṣḥâb mine’s-Sünne ve’l-Kitâb (el-Fütûḥâtü’s-Sûsiyye el-müştemile ʿale’l-envâri’l-ḳudsiyye ). Seçilmiş âyetlerin tefsirinden ibarettir (Rabat, el-Hizânetü’l-âmme, nr. 618).
13. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ ʿUmdeti ehli’t-tevfîḳ ve’t-tesdîd fî şerḥi ʿAḳīdeti ehli’t-tevḥîd (Ḥâşiye ʿalâ şerḥi kübra’s-Senûsî ). Muhammed b. Yûsuf es-Senûsî’nin ʿAḳīdetü ehli’t-tevḥîd el-kübrâ adlı eserine yine kendisinin yazdığı ʿUmdetü ehli’t-tevfîḳ adlı şerhin hâşiyesidir (Çorum İl Halk Ktp., nr. 958; Rabat, el-Mektebetü’l-âmme, nr. 1771, 2645; el-Mektebetü’l-Ezheriyye, nr. 1596, 4413).
Bunların dışında kaynaklarda Yûsî’ye çok sayıda risâle nisbet edilmekte, Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Telḫîṣi’l-Miftâḥ adlı yarım kalmış bir eserinin bulunduğu belirtilmektedir. Müellifin el-Ḳaṣîdetü’r-râʾiyye fî resâʾili’z-Zâviyeti’d-Delâʾiyye adlı şiiri de çeşitli şerhlere konu olmuştur (eserleri için bk. Kādirî, III, 42-43; Haccî, s. 108-115; Resâʾil , neşredenin girişi, I, 54-64; eserlerinin kronolojisi için bk. Honerkamp, II, 410-411). Fransız şarkiyatçısı Jacques Berque, Al-Yousi: Problèmes de la culture marocaine au XVIIe siècle (Paris 1958; tıpkıbasım: Paris 2001), Abbas el-Cirârî, ʿAbḳariyyetü’l-Yûsî (Dârülbeyzâ 1981) ve Abdülkebîr el-Medgarî el-Alevî, el-Faḳīh Ebû ʿAlî el-Yûsî: Nemûẕec mine’l-fikri’l-Maġribî fî fecri’d-devleti’l-ʿAleviyye (Rabat 1989) adıyla birer eser kaleme almışlardır. Ayrıca Menâhil dergisinin beşinci sayısında (1979 yılı) olduğu gibi Fas’ta yayımlanan dergilerde Yûsî’ye dair çok sayıda makale çıkmış, çeşitli sempozyumlarda onun hakkında bildiriler sunulmuş ve Yûsî’nin görüşlerinin ele alındığı sempozyumlar düzenlenmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Yûsî, el-Muḥâḍarât fi’l-edeb ve’l-luġa (nşr. Muhammed Haccî – Ahmed eş-Şerkāvî İkbâl), Beyrut 1402/1982, neşredenlerin girişi, I, s. e-z.
a.mlf., Resâʾil (nşr. Fâtıma Halîl el-Kıblî), Dârülbeyzâ 1401/1981, neşredenin girişi, I, 39-122.
a.mlf., Meşrebü’l-ʿâm ve’l-ḫâṣ min kelimeti’l-iḫlâṣ (nşr. Hamîd Hamânî), Dârülbeyzâ 1421/2000, neşredenin girişi, I, 19-231.
Kādirî, Neşrü’l-mes̱ânî , III, 25-49.
Selâvî, el-İstiḳṣâ , VII, 81-86, 108-109.
C. Geertz, Islam Observed: Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia , Chicago 1973, s. 29-35, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
J. Berque, L’intérieur du Maghreb XVe -XIXème siècle , Paris 1978, s. 354-389.
Hannâ el-Fâhûrî, Târîḫu’l-edebi’l-ʿArabî fi’l-Maġrib , Beyrut 1982, s. 388-406.
Jamil M. Abu’n-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period , Cambridge 1987, s. 223, 235.
Muhammed Haccî, ez-Zâviyetü’d-Dilâʾiyye ve devrüha’d-dînî ve’l-ʿilmî ve’s-siyâsî , Dârülbeyzâ 1409/1988, s. 45-53, 104-115.
E. Gellner, Muslim Society , Cambridge 1995, s. 207-213.
K. L. Honerkamp, “al-Hasan ibn Mas’ûd al-Yûsî”, Essays in Arabic Literary Biography (nşr. J. E. Lowry – D. Stewart), Wiesbaden 2009, II, 410-428.
Abdelfattah Killito, “al-Yūsī”, EI2 (İng.) , XI, 351-352.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 43. cildinde, 615-617 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.