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YÛSUF b. TÂŞFÎN Skip to content Ebû Ya‘kūb Emîrü’l-müslimîn Nâsırüddîn Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn b. İbrâhîm b. Turkūt es-Sanhâcî el-Lemtûnî (ö. 500/1106)
Murâbıt hükümdarı (1073-1106).
400 (1009) yılında Büyük Sahrâ’da doğdu. Gençlik yıllarında Murâbıtlar hareketinin kurucusu Mâlikî fakihi Abdullah b. Yâsîn’in davetine katıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Hakkındaki ilk bilgi, Abdullah’ın askerî faaliyetleri yürütmekle görevlendirdiği iki kardeşten biri olan Ebû Bekir b. Ömer el-Lemtûnî’nin kumandanları arasında yer aldığına dairdir. Buna göre Mağrib-i Aksâ’da cihadla görevlendirilen Ebû Bekir 448’de (1056) amcasının oğlu olan Yûsuf’u Sûs’ta Masmûdeliler’le savaşacak orduya kumandan tayin etmişti. Abdullah b. Yâsîn’in ölümünün (451/1059) ardından Lemtûne ile Cüdâle arasında ihtilâf çıkınca Fas bölgesinin yönetimini Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn’e bırakan Ebû Bekir bu ihtilâfı çözmek için Sahrâ’ya gitti (453/1061). Yûsuf, Ebû Bekir’in dönüşüne kadar geçen sürede onun 454’te (1062) başlattığı Merakeş şehrinin yapımını büyük ölçüde tamamladı. Ebû Bekir adına para bastırdı. Orduyu yeniden düzenledi; yanında 20.000 kişilik bir ordu bulundururken Lemtûne, Cüdâle, Telkâte ve Messûfe kabilelerinin liderlerine beşer bin kişilik kuvvetler tahsis etti.
Rif’ten Tanca’ya kadar uzanan bölgeyi 460 (1068) yılına kadar kontrol altına aldıktan sonra Sudan’a yönelip Gāne Devleti’ne bağlı birçok merkezi ele geçiren Ebû Bekir el-Lemtûnî dönüşte Merakeş yakınlarında Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn ve kalabalık ordusu tarafından karşılandı (465/1073). Bu sırada Yûsuf’un ordusunun ihtişamını görünce endişeye kapılıp devlet ricâlinin önünde tahtını Yûsuf’a devrettiğini açıkladı ve ordusunun başında Sahrâ’ya döndü. Murâbıt ileri gelenlerinden biat alan Yûsuf, Merakeş’i Murâbıtlar’ın başşehri haline getirdi. Ardından bölgedeki Sanhâce’nin geleneksel düşmanı Zenâte’ye mensup mahallî hânedanları ülkesine katmak için harekete geçti. Selâ ve çevresinde yaşayan Zenâte’ye bağlı kabileler ve Miknâse liderleri barış yoluyla bağlılıklarını bildirdiler. Ancak Mağrâve kabilesi silâh zoruyla itaat altına alınabildi (467/1074-75). Kendisine karşı dokuz yıl direnen Orta Atlaslar’daki Kal‘atü Mehdî halkı da boyun eğmek zorunda kaldı. Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn 470’te (1077-78) Mağrib-i Aksâ’nın önemli sahil şehri Tanca’yı ele geçirdi ve Mağrib-i Evsat’a yönelerek Vecde (Vücde), Tilimsân ve Vehrân’ı alıp Cezayir şehrine kadar ulaştı (473/1080). Daha sonra Sebte’ye (Ceuta) hâkim oldu (477/1084). Ebû Bekir b. Ömer el-Lemtûnî 480 (1087) yılında ölünce Sahrâ’nın idaresi de Yûsuf’a bağlandı. Böylece Mağrib-i Aksâ ve Mağrib-i Evsat, Büyük Sahrâ ile birlikte tarihte ilk defa Murâbıtlar Devleti’nin egemenliği altında birleşti.
Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn’in Murâbıtlar’ı büyük bir devlete dönüştürdüğü sırada Endülüs’te hüküm süren mülûkü’t-tavâif, gerek kendi aralarında gerekse hıristiyan krallıklarla yaptıkları savaşlar ve bu krallıklara ödedikleri ağır vergiler yüzünden güçlerini yitirmişler ve hıristiyan saldırılarına karşı koyamaz hale gelmişlerdi. Onların bu durumu, Kastilya-Leon Krallığı’nın öncülüğünde Endülüs’ü yeniden ele geçirme (reconquista) hareketinin canlanmasına yol açtı ve Kastilya Kralı VI. Alfonso 1085’te stratejik açıdan en önemli şehirlerden Tuleytula’yı (Toledo) işgal etti. Bu işgalden sonra Endülüs’teki müslüman emirlikler Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn’den yardım istediler. Ordusunun başında Endülüs’e geçen Yûsuf (15 Rebîülevvel 479 / 30 Haziran 1086) İşbîliye (Sevilla), Gırnata, Mâleka (Malaga) ve Batalyevs’ten (Badajoz) gelen Endülüs kuvvetlerinin katıldığı ordusuyla Zellâka’da (Sacralias/Sagrajas) Kastilya Kralı VI. Alfonso’ya karşı kesin bir zafer kazandı (12 Receb 479 / 23 Ekim 1086). Hıristiyan yayılmasını durduran bu zaferin ardından Abbâsî Halifesi Muktedî-Biemrillâh’tan “emîrü’l-müslimîn” ve “nâsırüddin” unvanlarını aldı. Mağrib’de nâib olarak bıraktığı oğlu Ebû Bekir’in öldüğünü duyunca Endülüs’ten ayrılıp ülkesine döndü. Buradan yeni Abbâsî Halifesi Müstazhir-Billâh’a elçi gönderip ondan menşur istedi.
Yûsuf’un geri dönmesinden sonra Endülüs’teki müslüman emîrler yeniden birbirleriyle mücadeleye girdi, Kastilya kralı tekrar saldırılara başladı. Abbâdî emîrinin çağrısı üzerine Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn, Rebîülevvel 481’de (Haziran 1088) ikinci defa Endülüs’e geçti. Burada Liyyît (Aledo) Kalesi’ni dört ay süreyle kuşattı; ancak mülûkü’t-tavâiften bazılarının gerekli desteği sağlamaması üzerine kuşatmayı kaldırıp Mağrib’e döndü. Müslüman emirliklerin artık Endülüs’ü koruyamayacağını anlayan Yûsuf, Endülüs’ü hâkimiyeti altına almaya karar verdi. Fakat önce müslüman emîrlerle savaşmanın câiz olup olmadığına dair zamanın büyük âlimlerinin görüşüne başvurdu. Gazzâlî ve İbn Ebû Rendeka et-Turtûşî gibi fakihler, anlaşmazlığa düşen ve birbirlerine karşı hıristiyan krallıklardan yardım isteyen Endülüs emîrleriyle savaşmanın cevazına dair fetva verince 483’te (1090) üçüncü defa Endülüs’e geçti. Gırnata ve Mâleka’yı ele geçirdikten sonra Kuzey Afrika’ya döndü. Endülüs’te bıraktığı kuvvetler, Kastilya kralı ile anlaşan Abbâdî Emîri İbn Abbâd el-Mu‘temid-Alellah’tan Kurtuba (Córdoba) ve İşbîliye’yi, 1090’da Zünnûnîler’den Belensiye’yi (Valencia) ve Eftasîler’den Batalyevs’i aldı. Bu sırada Balear adaları da ele geçirildi. Böylece kendileriyle anlaşma yapılan Sarakusta Hûdîleri hariç Endülüs’teki müslüman emirliklerin toprakları Murâbıtlar’ın hâkimiyetine girdi. Hıristiyan şövalye El Cid (Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, ö. 1099) tarafından 1094’te işgal edilen Belensiye 1102’de tekrar ele geçirildi.
496 (1103) yılında doksan altı yaşlarında iken oğulları Ebû Tâhir Temîm ve Ali ile birlikte tekrar Endülüs’e geçen Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn, Kurtuba’da kumandan, vali ve kabile reislerini toplayarak oğlu Ali’yi veliaht tayin ettiğini bildirdi ve ona biat etmelerini istedi. Bu tayinle Murâbıtlar da verasete dayalı saltanat sistemine geçmiş oldu. Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn, Mağrib’e döndükten kısa bir süre sonra Merakeş’te 100 yaşında vefat etti (3 Muharrem 500 / 4 Eylül 1106). Berberî-Zenci karışımı bir dış görünüşe sahip olan Yûsuf devlet başkanlığına geldikten sonra hayat tarzında bir değişiklik yapmamış, bedevî hayatına uygun biçimde yün elbise giymeye, arpa ekmeği yemeye, deve eti ve sütüyle beslenmeye devam etmiştir. Hükümdarlığı süresince saray hayatının zevklerinden uzak durmuştur. Onun Endülüs’te saray şairlerinin debdebeli yaşayışına son verdiği belirtilir. İdarî teşkilâtı da çok sade idi, vezir veya hâcibi yoktu. Dinî ve adlî görevlerle divanlarda umumiyetle Endülüslü ilim adamlarını istihdam ederdi. Devlet adamları ve Mâlikî fakihlerine danışmadan karar vermezdi. Murâbıtlar hareketini dönemin en büyük İslâm devletlerinden biri haline getirmiş, birçok kabilenin ve kabile topluluğunun hâkimiyetindeki Mağrib-i Aksâ’yı Mâlikî mezhebine bağlı dinî bir anlayış çerçevesinde birleştirmiş ve ilk defa Kuzey Afrika ile Endülüs’ü egemenliği altına alan güçlü bir devlet kurmayı başarmıştır. Mülûkü’t-tavâif döneminde çökmeye yüz tutan Endülüs’ün dört asır daha müslümanların elinde kalmasında büyük rol oynamıştır. Kabile reisleri, Mağrib’deki fetihlerin ardından kendisine “emîrü’l-mü’minîn” unvanını almasını teklif edince Abbâsî halifesinin otoritesini tanımayı tercih ettiğini söylemiş ve halifenin onayı ile İslâm dünyasında “emîrü’l-müslimîn” unvanını kullanan ilk hükümdar olmuştur. Tabettirdiği paralara kendi adıyla birlikte Abbâsî halifesinin adını yazdırmış, hutbelerde onun adını da okutmuştur. Dindar bir hükümdar olan Yûsuf’un meclisleri Endülüslü âlimlerle dolup taşardı. Onun kitaba ve özellikle felsefeye dair eserlere büyük ilgi duyduğu belirtilir. Kendisine karşı derin bir muhabbet besleyen Doğu İslâm dünyasının büyük âlimi Gazzâlî’ye hayrandı. İhtiyaç duyduğunda onun fetvasına başvururdu. Gazzâlî’nin Yûsuf için verdiği bir fetva M. Abdullah İnân tarafından neşredilmiştir (DİA , XIII, 519).
Siyasî ve askerî görevlere Lemtûne ve Cüdâle kabilesi liderlerini getiren Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn, Endülüs’ü hâkimiyeti altına aldıktan sonra Sîr b. Ebû Bekir el-Lemtûnî’yi nâib tayin etmiş ve ona kendisine bağlı vilâyetlere Lemtûne’den valiler getirmesini öğütlemiştir. Endülüs’e geçişlerinde Fas’ta bir nâib görevlendirirdi. Valilere geniş yetkiler vermekle birlikte onları yakından takip eder, suç işleyenleri görevden alır ve mallarına el koydururdu. Halkın durumunu yakından görmek, valiler hakkında incelemelerde bulunmak üzere ülkeyi dolaşmayı severdi. Kadılık vazifelerine kabile ayırımı gözetmeden büyük âlimleri getirirdi. Askerî temel üzerine kurulan Murâbıtlar’da hükümdar, valiler ve kadılar aynı zamanda birer kumandandı. Yûsuf’un adaletin tatbiki konusunda hassas davrandığı, ölüm cezasını hemen hiç uygulatmadığı, bunun yerine uzun hapis cezalarını tercih ettiği belirtilir. Dîvânü’l-inşâ’da çoğu mülûkü’t-tavâif saraylarında temayüz eden Endülüslü kâtip ve edipleri görevlendirmiştir. Onun siyasî ve askerî kararlarında güzelliği ve zekâsıyla meşhur hanımı Zeyneb’in de etkili olduğu söylenir.
Sanhâce’ye mensup kabilelerden güçlü bir ordu kuran Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn Zenâte, Masmûde, Gumâre Berberî kabilelerinden ve Benî Hilâl Arapları’ndan asker alarak ordusunu daha da büyütmüş, Zenciler’den ve Endülüslü hıristiyanlardan bir süvari birliği oluşturmuştur. Onun zamanında orduda ağırlığı teşkil eden süvari birliklerinin mevcudu 100.000’i aşmıştı. Sultan bu kuvvetlerden 17.000’ini Endülüs’te muhtelif şehirlere yerleştirmiş, sınır boylarında hıristiyanlarla savaşta tecrübe kazanan Endülüs birliklerini görevlendirmiştir. Yûsuf, sadece şer‘î vergilerle yetinerek diğer vergileri kaldırınca devlet ihtiyaçlarını karşılayamaz hale gelmiş, bunun üzerine cihad yükünü paylaştırmak için yeni vergiler koymuştur. O dönemde dünyanın en zengin yahudilerinden olan Lucena (Lûsînâ) yahudilerinden cizye dışında da vergi almıştır. Ebû Bekir b. Ömer el-Lemtûnî’nin başlatıp kendisinin tamamlattığı Merakeş şehrinde Hısnü’l-hacer adıyla bilinen kaleyi (kasba) yaptırmıştır. Fas şehrinde Karaviyyîn ve Endelüsiyyîn semtlerini kuşatan surları yıktırıp her iki semti tek bir surla çevirmiştir. Her mahallede bir mescid yapılmasını emretmiş, ülkenin her yanında cami ve mescidlerin inşa edilmesine özen göstermiştir. Cezayir şehrinde yaptırdığı el-Câmiu’l-kebîr günümüze ulaşmıştır. Tilimsân’da 1082’de inşa ettirdiği el-Câmiu’l-kebîr, oğlu Ali tarafından yeniden yaptırılarak genişletilmiştir. Ayrıca Fas’ta 462’de (1070) inşa ettirdiği camide bir kütüphane yaptırmıştır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 30-32 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.