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YÛSUF İZZEDDİN Skip to content Yûsuf İzzüddîn b. Ahmed b. Abdirrezzâk es-Sâmerrâî el-Ba‘kūbî (1922-2013)
Iraklı edip ve şair.
Diyâlâ vilâyetine bağlı Ba‘kūbâ’da doğdu. Aslen Sâmerrâ’da Bû Sâlih aşiretinden olup nesebi Hz. Ali’ye kadar ulaştırılır (Yûnus İbrâhim es-Sâmerrâî, s. 226). Osmanlı ordusunda subay olan babası Anadolu’da ve Kafkas cephelerinde bazı savaşlarda bulunmuş, I. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından İngiliz manda yönetimine giren Irak’ta resmî görev almayıp ticaretle uğraşmış, ancak daha sonra mal varlığını kaybetmiştir. Fakir bir aile ortamında yetişen Yûsuf, Ba‘kūbâ’daki ilk ve orta öğrenimin ardından gittiği Bağdat’ta Dârü’l-muallimîn el-ibtidâiyye’den mezun oldu ve bir süre öğretmenlik yaptı (1941-1946). Bu sırada bazı gazete ve dergilerde şiirleri ve yazıları çıkmaya başladı. Eğitim Bakanlığı’nın verdiği bursla İskenderiye Üniversitesi’nde Arap dili ve edebiyatı okudu (1946-1950). Ahmed Emîn, Muhammed Halefullah Ahmed, Yûsuf Kerm, Abdüsselâm Muhammed Hârûn, Abdülhamîd el-Abbâdî ve Tevfîk et-Tavîl bu okulda ders aldığı hocalardan bazılarıdır. Muhammed Halefullah yönetiminde eş-Şiʿrü’l-ʿIrâḳī: Ehdâfühû ve ḫaṣâʾiṣuhû fi’l-ḳarni’t-tâsiʿ ʿaşer adıyla hazırladığı tezle yüksek lisansını tamamladı (1953) ve bu üniversitede yüksek lisans yapan ilk Arap öğrenci oldu. Hemen tamamı gazel veya tabiat tasviri türü şiirlerden meydana gelen ilk iki divanı İskenderiye’deki tahsili sırasında yayımlandı. Bağdat’a döndüğünde, kendi ifadesine göre tahsilini Mısır’da yapması sebebiyle gerekli ilgiyi göremeyince İngiltere’ye giderek Londra Üniversitesi’nde School of Oriental and African Studies’te hazırladığı Poetry in the Social and Political Development of Twentieth-century Iraq adlı teziyle doktor unvanı aldı (1957). Daha sonra Bağdat Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi’nde çalışmaya başladı. Dekan yardımcılığı ve dekanlık yaptığı bu kurumdaki görevine 1979’da ülkesinden ayrılıncaya kadar devam etti.
1960’ta Irak Yazarlar Birliği’nin kurucu üyeleri arasında yer alan Yûsuf İzzeddin birliğin aylık yayın organı olan el-Kitâb dergisiyle en-Nedve gazetesinin yazı işleri müdürlüğünü yaptı. el-Mecmau’l-ilmiyyü’l-Irâkī’de Nâcî el-Asîl’in ikinci başkanlığı sırasında sekreterlik, onun 1963 yılında vefatı üzerine genel sekreterlik görevine getirildi (1964-1973). İlk genel sekreteri olarak kurumda yasal yapı, faaliyet mekânı ve üyelik esasları bakımından birtakım yenilikler gerçekleştirdi. Daha önce Maarif Bakanlığı’na bağlı olan akademi çıkarılan bir yasa ile doğrudan bakanlar kuruluna bağlanıp idarî ve malî bakımdan bağımsız hale getirildi. Yûsuf İzzeddin, yakın arkadaşı Abdülkerîm Ferhân’ın Kültür ve Enformasyon bakanlığına gelmesi üzerine ayrıca Gazetecilik ve Enformasyon genel müdürlüğüne tayin edildiyse de (1964) işinden hoşlanmadığı için iki ay sonra istifa etti. Bu sırada bakanlığın yayını olarak el-Aḳlâm dergisini çıkardı ve yazı işleri müdürlüğünü üstlendi. Ba‘kūbâ’da bir halk kütüphanesi kurdu. Bir ara Kahire’deki Ma‘hedü’d-dirâsât ve’l-buhûsi’l-Arabiyye’de ders verdi. Siyasî şartlar yüzünden 1979’da Irak’tan ayrılıp Melik Suûd (Riyad) Üniversitesi’nde görev aldı. Bundan sonraki hayatı yurt dışında geçti. Bingazi, San‘a, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri üniversiteleriyle uzun süre Mekke Ümmülkurâ Üniversitesi Tâif Eğitim Fakültesi’nde çalıştı. 2001’de buradan emekliye ayrılarak İngiltere’de Wales şehrine yerleşti. 8 Nisan 2013 tarihinde burada vefat etti. Suriye, Mısır ve Ürdün Arap dil kurumları, Beytülhikme (Tunus), Hindistan İlimler Akademisi, The Royal Society of Literature, Association Internationale de Littérature Comparée, The Canadian Comparative Literature Association (l’Association Canadienne de Littérature Comparée) gibi kurumlara üye olan Yûsuf İzzeddin şöhretten, siyasetten ve bürokratik hayattan uzak durmuş, ilim ve edebiyatla uğraşmıştır.
Yûsuf İzzeddin lisede öğrenci iken edebiyata yönelerek çeşitli kitaplar okumuş, sömürgecilik kıskacındaki Arap dünyasının problemleriyle ilgilenmiş, küçük yaştan itibaren yoksulluk, gurbet hayatı ve ülkesinin siyasî durumu onda derin izler bırakmıştır. Yûsuf İzzeddin çağdaş Irak şiirinde ilk nesil içinde bulunan Cemîl Sıdkī ez-Zehâvî, Ma‘rûf er-Rusâfî, Muhammed Rızâ eş-Şebîbî, Muhammed Saîd el-Hubûbî gibi şairlerden sonra Nâzîk el-Melâike, Abdülvehhâb el-Beyyâtî ve Bedr Şâkir es-Seyyâb gibi ikinci kuşağı oluşturan ve serbest şiirin temsilcileri olan şairler arasında yer almıştır. 1950-1987 yılları arasında yayımlanan beş divanından her biri onun şiirinde bir gelişme ve olgunluk merhalesini temsil eder. Nitekim müstakil neşrettiği son şiiri “Şürbü’l-milḥ” kendi eserleri arasında sanat bakımından zirveyi teşkil eder ve şiir sanatındaki tecrübe ile birikiminin özü sayılır (Bedvî Tabâne, s. 236, 239). Romantizmin yeni Arap şiirini etkilediği bir ortamda Yûsuf’un şiirlerinde de aşırı duygusallık ve hayal, tabiat sevgisi ve tabiat tasviri, yalnızlık, hayattan kaçış, seyahat arzusu, ayrılık hasreti, kavuşma sevinci ve nihayet aşk ayırıcı vasıflar olarak öne çıkar (a.g.e. , s. 240-242).
Eserleri. Yûsuf İzzeddin şairliği yanında başta çağdaş Irak şiiri ve hikâyesi olmak üzere edebiyat, fikir, kültür ve tarih alanında da araştırmalar yapmış, sayısı altmışı aşan eserlerinden bir kısmı İngilizce, Fransızca, İspanyolca ve Lehçe’ye tercüme edilmiştir. 1. eş-Şiʿrü’l-ʿIrâḳī: Ehdâfühû ve ḫaṣâʾiṣuhû fi’l-ḳarni’t-tâsiʿ ʿaşer (Bağdat 1958; Kahire 1963, 1965, 1977). Yüksek lisans tezidir. 2. Poetry and Iraqi Society 1900-1945 (Baghdad 1962). Bu adla yayımlanan doktora tezi müellif tarafından gözden geçirilerek eş-Şiʿrü’l-ʿIrâḳıyyü’l-ḥadîs̱ ve es̱erü’t-teyyârâti’s-siyâsiyye ve’l-ictimâʿiyye fîhi (Bağdat 1380/1960; Kahire 1385/1965, 1397/1977; eş-Şiʿrü’l-ʿIrâḳıyyü’l-ḥadîs̱ ve’t-teyyârâtü’s-siyâsiyye ve’l-ictimâʿiyye , Kahire 1977), Modern Iraqi Poetry: Social and Political Influences (Cairo 1971) adlarıyla Arapça ve İngilizce olarak da neşredilmiştir. 3. Fi’l-Edebi’l-ʿArabiyyi’l-ḥadîs̱: Buḥûs̱ ve maḳālât naḳdiyye (Bağdat 1967; Kahire 1973; Riyad 1401/1981). Eserde Ma‘rûf er-Rusâfî, Cemîl Sıdkī ez-Zehâvî, Abdülmuhsin el-Kâzımî, Muhammed Ali el-Ya‘kūbî ve Muhammed Rızâ eş-Şebîbî gibi Iraklı şair ve ediplerden hareketle çağdaş Irak’ta serbest şiir ve kısa hikâye gibi konular üzerinde durulmuştur. 4. Fuṣûl fi’l-edebi’l-ḥadîs̱ ve’n-naḳd (Riyad 1402/1981). Müellifin Batı’da edebî tenkit akımları üzerine Bârûdî ve Ahmed Şevkī ile verdiği konferansları içerir. 5. et-Tecdîd fi’ş-şiʿri’l-ḥadîs̱: Bevâʿis̱ühü’n-nefsiyye ve cüẕûrühü’l-fikriyye (Cidde 1986). Irak’ta özellikle Bedr Şâkir es-Seyyâb ve Nâzîk el-Melâike örnek alınarak yeni şiirin ortaya çıkış sebepleri ve mazmunlarının ele alındığı bir eserdir. Yûsuf İzzeddin’in diğer başlıca eserleri arasında şunlar anılabilir: Dâvûd Bâşâ ve nihâyetü’l-Memâlîk fi’l-ʿIrâḳ (Bağdat 1960, 1967, 1976), et-Teyyârâtü’l-edebiyye fi’l-ʿIrâḳ: ez-Zehâvî eş-şâʿirü’l-ḳalıḳ (Bağdat 1381/1962), Ḫayrî el-Hindâvî: Ḥayâtühû ve dîvânü şiʿrihî (Kahire 1964; Bağdat 1393/1974), el-İştirâkiyye ve’l-ḳavmiyye ve es̱erühâ fi’l-edebi’l-ḥadîs̱ (Kahire 1968), Şuʿarâʾü’l-ʿIrâḳ fi’l-ḳarni’l-ʿişrîn (I, Bağdat 1969), Fehmî el-Müderris: Min rüvvâdi’l-fikri’l-ʿArabî el-ḥadîs̱ (Kahire 1969, 1970; Bağdat 1976), el-İştirâkiyye ve’l-ḳavmiyye fî şiʿri’r-Ruṣâfî (Bağdat 1971), er-Rivâye fi’l-ʿIrâḳ: Teṭavvürühâ ve es̱erü’l-fikri fîhâ (Kahire 1973), el-Ḳıṣṣa fi’l-ʿIrâḳ: Cüẕûrühâ ve teṭavvürühâ (Kahire 1974), İbrâhim Ṣâlih Şükr ve bevâkîrü’n-nes̱ri’l-ḥadîs̱ fi’l-ʿIrâḳ (Kahire 1975), Teṭavvürü’l-fikri’l-ḥadîs̱ fi’l-ʿIrâḳ (Bağdat 1976), Ḳaḍâyâ mine’l-fikri’l-ʿArabî (Kahire 1978), el-Muṣṭalaḥu’l-ʿilmî ve’t-türâs̱ü’l-ʿArabî (Bağdat 1978), el-Ḥareketü’l-fikriyye fi’l-ʿIrâḳ (Kahire 1984), et-Taḥaddi’l-ḥaḍarî ve’l-ġazvü’l-fikrî (Riyad 1985), Ḳavl fi’n-naḳd ve ḥadâs̱eti’l-edeb (Riyad 1987), Ve ʿÂdetī’ẕ-ẕikrâ bi-ṭarâʾifihâ ve ġarâʾibihâ (Kahire 1989, 1990; yüksek öğrenimi sırasındaki hâtıralarını içerir), İle’d-diyâri’l-memnûʿa: Ġarâʾibü’s-sefer ve ṭarâʾifühû (Kahire 1989, 1990; Sovyetler Birliği ve Çin’e yaptığı seyahatler hakkındadır), Ḥulvü’ẕ-ẕikreyât ve mürruhâ (Kahire 1992; hayat hikâyesini ihtiva eder), Ḳadîm lâ yemût ve cedîd lâ yeʿîş (Kahire 1996), eş-Şiʿrü’s-siyâsî el-ḥadîs̱ fi’l-ʿIrâḳ: Dirâse edebiyye târîḫiyye (Kahire 2003; Dımaşk 2008).
Yûsuf İzzeddin şiirlerini Fî Ḍamîri’z-zemen (İskenderiye 1950; Riyad 1985), Elḥân (İskenderiye 1953; Kahire 1971; Riyad 1985), Leḥâṣü’l-ḥayât (Beyrut 1960; Kahire 1977), Min Riḥleti’l-ḥayât: Nefeḥâtü ḥub (Bağdat 1969), Hemesâtü ḥubbin maṭviyye (Kahire 1987), Ṣade’ṭ-Ṭâʾif (Tâif 1992), Ḥanînü’l-hems (Kahire 1997), Hâkeẕâ yâ Baġdâd (Kahire 2001) adlı divanlarında bir araya getirmiş, bazı uzun şiirleri müstakil olarak da yayımlanmıştır (meselâ: Evcâʿü şâʿir , Kahire 1991; Şürbü’l-milḥ , Kahire 1992; en-Naġamü’l-ḥâʾir , Kahire 1993; Recʿu’ṣ-ṣadâ , Kahire 1994). Hikâye ve romanları Ḳalbün ʿalâ sefer (Kahire 1978, 1981), S̱elâs̱ü ʿuẕârâ (Riyad 1987), er-Recülü’lleẕî bâʿa reʾsehû (Kahire 1979), en-Nevresü’l-muhâcir (Kahire 1992) adlı eserlerinde toplanmış, Vefâʾü’l-ḥisân ’da (Kahire 1994) manzum tiyatroyu denemiştir.
Müellifin dikkat çeken bazı makaleleri şunlardır: “Teṭavvürü’l-fikri’l-ḳavmî” (MMİIr. , XV, Bağdat 1387/1967, s. 51-70); “Tevḥîdü’l-muṣṭalaḥi’l-ʿilmî fi’l-aḳṭâri’l-ʿArabiyye” (MMİIr. , XXX, 1399/1979, s. 223-236); “el-Es̱erü’n-nefsî ve’l-ictimâʿî fî taʿrîbi’l-luġa” (MMİIr. , XXXVI/4, 1405/1985, s. 91-102); “el-Üstâẕ Muḥammed Behcet el-Es̱erî” (MMİIr. , XLVII/3, 2000, s. 7-88); “et-Türâs̱ü’z-zirâʿî ʿinde’l-ʿArab” (MMİIr. , XXXV/1, 1405/1984, s. 121-141); “el-Yaḳaẓatü’l-fikriyye fi’l-ʿIrâḳ 1908-1922” (MMİIr. , XXXII/3-4, 1981, s. 289-342); “et-Teʾlîfü’l-muʿcemî beyne’l-ḳadîm ve’l-ḥadîs̱: Enmâṭuhû ve menâhicühû, el-muʿcemü’lleẕî nürîdühû” (MMLA , LX, 1407/1987, s. 207-221); “Tevḥîdü’t-taʿrîb fi’l-bilâdi’l-ʿArabiyye: eṣ-Ṣuʿûbât ve’l-ḥulûl” (MMLA , LXXXV, 1420/1999, s. 281-294); “Büẕûrü’l-ʿavleme ve es̱eruhâ fi’ş-şiʿri’l-ʿArabî ve tecdîdihî” (MMLA , CIX, Kahire 1428/2007, s. 199-206).
Yûsuf İzzeddin ayrıca Ahmed Nûr el-Ensârî’nin en-Nuṣra fî aḫbâri’l-Baṣra (MMİIr. , XVII, Bağdat 1388/1969, s. 182-205; XVIII, 1389/1969, s. 297-333; Bağdat 1976), Abdülgaffâr b. Abdülvâhid el-Ahres el-Mevsılî el-Basrî’nin Maḫṭûṭatü şiʿri’l-Aḫres: Şâʿirü’l-ʿIrâḳ fi’l-ḳarni’t-tâsiʿ ʿaşer (Bağdat 1963, Mustafa Cevâd ile birlikte) adlı eserlerini yayımlamış, Ma‘rûf er-Rusâfî’nin hâtıralarını da Ruṣâfî yervî sîrete ḫayâtihî adıyla neşretmiştir (Beyrut-Dımaşk 2004, 2008).
Yûsuf İzzeddin hakkında daha hayatta iken on beş civarında eser kaleme alınmış olup bunlar arasında şu çalışmalar anılabilir: Hıdr Abbas es-Sâlihî, Şâʿiriyyetü Yûsuf ʿİzziddîn (Bağdat 1963); Abdullah Dervîş, el-Mażmûn ve’l-iṭâr fî şiʿri Yûsuf ʿİzziddîn (Bağdat 1967); Sâhib Kumer, er-Rüʾyetü’ş-şiʿriyye ʿinde Yûsuf ʿİzziddîn (Bağdat 1971); Abdürrezzâk Şâkir el-Bedrî, Şaḫṣiyyetü Yûsuf ʿİzziddîn el-edebiyye (Kahire 1982, 1987); Andrzej Drewnowski, Jūsuf ‘Izz ad-Dīn jako krytyk i poeta (yüksek lisans tezi, 1984, Varşova Üniversitesi Oryantalizm Enstitüsü; Arapça olarak neşri: Yûsuf ʿİzzüddîn: Şâʿiren ve nâḳıden , Kahire 1989); Dürriye Necm, La spontanéité dans les poèmes de Youssef Ezz el-Din (Kahire 1990; Ar. trc. İbrahim Avaz, Tilḳāʾiyye: Dirâse bi’l-Ferensiyye li-eşʿâri Yûsuf ʿİzziddîn , Tâif 1994); Vedî‘ el-Ubeydî, Yûsuf ʿİzzüddîn: Şiʿruhû ve tecdîdühû (Tâif 1993); Hammâd es-Sâlimî, Eşʿâru’l-muḥibbîn ilâ Yûsuf ʿİzziddîn (Tâif 1414/1993; Yûsuf İzzeddin’in şair ve edip kişiliği hakkında kırk kadar şairin yazdığı şiirlerden oluşan bir derlemedir); Adnan el-Mühennâ, el-Verḳāʾ ḍammeti’l-müfekkirîn ve’l-üdebâʾ fî leyleti tekrîmi’l-Bürûfesûr Yûsuf ʿİzziddîn (Tâif 1996); Abdurrahman Emîn el-Mergilânî, Ṭuḳūsü’l-ḥadâs̱e: Ḳırâʾe naḳdiyye li-nuḳḳādi “Ḳalb ʿalâ seferin” (Kahire 1996); Adnân b. Sâlih eş-Şehrî, Yûsuf ʿİzzüddîn: Şeyḫu’l-müceddidîn (Kahire 1997); Mevlûd Ahmed Sâlih, el-Uḳṣûṣe fî şiʿri Yûsuf ʿİzziddîn (Tâif 2000). BİBLİYOGRAFYA Sa‘dûn er-Reyyis, el-Üdebâʾü’l-ʿIrâḳıyyûne’l-muʿâṣırûn ve intâcühüm , Bağdad 1965, s. 101; Enver el-Cündî, Müfekkirûn ve üdebâʾ min ḫilâli âs̱ârihim , Beyrut 1967, s. 289-293; K. Avvâd, Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîne’l-ʿIrâḳıyyîn , Bağdad 1969, III, 480-482; Yûnus İbrâhim es-Sâmerrâî, Târîḫu şuʿarâʾi Sâmerrâʾ , Bağdad 1389/1970, s. 226-235; Ahmed Kabbiş, Târîḫu’ş-şiʿri’l-ʿArabiyyi’l-ḥadîs̱ , Beyrut 1391/1971, s. 704-705; S. Moreh, Modern Arabic Poetry: 1800-1970 , Leiden 1976, s. 275; a.mlf., “Izz al-Dīn, Yūsuf (1922)”, Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature (ed. J. S. Meisami – P. Starkey), London 1998, I, 402; Bedevî Tabâne, Kevkebe min şuʿarâʾi’l-ʿaṣr , Kahire 1995, s. 232-254; Aʿlâmü’l-edebi’l-ʿArabiyyi’l-muʿâṣır (haz. R. B. Campbell), Beyrut 1996, II, 930-934; Sabâh Nûrî el-Merzûk, Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn ve’l-küttâbi’l-ʿIrâḳıyyîn: 1970-2000 , Bağdad 2002, VIII, 426-429; Emîl Bedî‘ Ya‘kūb, Muʿcemü’ş-şuʿarâʾ münẕü bedʾi ʿaṣri’n-nehḍa , Beyrut 1425/2004, III, 1408-1409; Salih J. Altoma, Iraq’s Modern Arabic Literature: A Guide to English Translations Since 1950 , Lanham 2010, s. 14; K. M. Jones, The Poetics of Revolution: Cultures, Practices and Politics of Anti-Colonialism in Iraq, 1932-1960 (doktora tezi, 2013), University of Michigan, s. 20, 35, 160; “el-Edîb Yûsuf ʿİzzüddîn ilâ raḥmetillâh”, http://www.alriyadh.com/824947 (20.10.2015); Âmir Hişâm es-Saffâr, “el-Müfekkirü’l-ʿIrâḳī Yûsuf ʿİzzüddîn fî ẕimmeti’l-ḫulûd”, http://www.almosul.com/people/iraq/izzildin-yousif.html (20.10.2015); Vedî‘ el-Ubeydî, “Yûsuf ʿİzzüddîn fi’l-mirʾât”, http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=170740 (20.10.2015); “Ḍayfü’l-cemʿiyye: ed-Duktûr Yûsuf ʿİzzüddîn”, http://www.wata.cc/site/Guest/10.html (20.10.2015); “ed-Duktûr Yûsuf ʿİzzüddîn 1339h/1922m”, http://www.iraqacademy.iq/PageViewer.aspx?id=39# (20.10.2015).
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 678-680 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.