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YÛSUF PAŞA, Koca Skip to content YÛSUF PAŞA, Koca (ö. 1800) Osmanlı sadrazamı.
Müellif: Kemal Beydilli
Muhtemelen 1730’larda doğmuştur. 1161 (1748) yılında liman reisi Hasan Kaptan tarafından satın alınarak yetiştirilmiş Gürcü asıllı bir köledir. Uzun yıllar hizmet ettikten sonra âzat edilmişse de efendisinin yanından ölümüne kadar ayrılmamıştır. Ardından Kasımpaşa Zincirlikuyu’da bir kahvehane açmış, kışları burada çalışmış, yaz aylarında donanmaya katılarak bu arada edindiği sermayedarların katkılarıyla topladığı parayı ticarette değerlendirmiş, pek çok defa Mısır’a gidip gelmiştir. İleride hâmisi olacak ve Yûsuf’a devlet kapılarını sonuna kadar açacak olan Gürcü asıllı Cezayirli Hasan Bey ile (Paşa) daha riyâleliği esnasında (1764-1765) muhtemelen böyle bir iş münasebetiyle tanışmış, onun verdiği sermayeyi işletmiştir. Cezayirli’nin kaptan-ı deryâ olmasıyla beraber (Ekim/Kasım 1770) Yûsuf Ağa da yükseldi; önce paşanın hazinedarlığını yaptı, ardından kapıcıbaşılık rütbesiyle kapı kethüdâlığına getirildi. Bu münasebetle hazine vekili Osman Ağa’ya intisap etti (Hadîkatü’l-vüzerâ , s. 38). Kaynaklarda yer alan, kendisinin Cezayirli’nin kölesi olduğuna dair kayıtlar muhtemelen liman reisi Hasan ile karıştırılmasından kaynaklanmıştır. Babasının kalyonculuk yaptığı ve yelken levazımatı dükkânı bulunduğu gibi duyumlar daha zamanında merak konusu olmuştu (Lafitte-Clavé, s. 157-158).
I. Abdülhamid döneminin en kudretli siması olarak padişahın vefatına kadar (7 Nisan 1789) iktidarı elinde tutan Cezayirli Hasan Paşa, Şehzade Selim’i tahta çıkartmak isteyen Halil Hamîd Paşa’nın idamında (27 Nisan 1785) ve Selim taraftarlarının ortadan kaldırılmasında rol oynayan kişilerin başında yer almıştır. Sadâret makamına bizzat çıkmaktansa “hünkâr babalığı” ve “saltanat atabegliği” rolünü üstlenerek (Sarıcaoğlu, s. 125) adamlarından birini bu mevkiye yükseltip perde arkasından işlere yön vermeyi tercih eden Cezayirli (Uzunçarşılı, TTK Belleten , II/7-8 [1938], s. 373) bu amaçla en iyi yetiştirmelerinden olan Yûsuf Ağa’yı, Halil Hamîd Paşa’nın azlinden sonra sadârete getirilen (31 Mart 1785) Şahin Ali Paşa’nın yerine geçmek üzere hiçbir devlet tecrübesi bulunmadığı halde öne çıkarttı ve hemen sadârete tayin edilmesi için teşebbüste bulundu; bunda başarısız kalmakla beraber vezâretle Mora valiliğine tayinini sağladı (16 Ağustos 1785; Vâsıf, s. 283; Uzunçarşılı, TM , VII-VIII [1942], s. 22). Günün duyumlarını kaydeden ve Tersâne’deki Mühendishâne-i Bahrî-i Hümâyun’da hocalık yapan Fransız mühendislerinden Lafitte-Clavé, bu tayinin ardından hemen efendisinin elini öpmeye giden Yûsuf Ağa’yı Cezayirli’nin daha o zamanlar sadârete geçirmek istediğine dair yayılan söylentileri nakletmiştir. Buna göre tayin, Cezayirli ile I. Abdülhamid’in Levent Çiftliği’ndeki görüşmeleri esnasında kesinlik kazanmış, Sadrazam Şahin Ali Paşa’nın bu durumdan rahatsızlık duyduğu belirtilmiştir (Journal, s. 74). Bu bilgi dahilinde Cezayirli ile arası açılan Şahin Ali Paşa’nın rahatsızlığının, vezâretle Mora muhassıllığı verilmesi sebebiyle Yûsuf Paşa’ya ödenecek câize ve taahhütlerin tesbitinden (Uzunçarşılı, TM , VII-VIII [1942], s. 23; Sarıcaoğlu, s. 126) kaynaklanmadığı açıktır; zira bu tayinden sonra da sadrazamın azledileceği ve yerine Yûsuf Paşa’nın getirileceği söylentileri devam etmiştir (Lafitte-Clavé, s. 82). Onun Mora valiliğine tayininin, doğrudan mühre nâil olmasının devlet ricâli ve halk arasında doğuracağı hoşnutsuzlukların önünü almak için, muhtemelen Levent Çiftliği’ndeki görüşmede Cezayirli ile kendisinin her istediğini yerine getiren padişah arasında tasarlanmış bir plan olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Yûsuf Paşa’nın İstanbul’dan yola çıkarken tertip edilen valilik alayının (12 Eylül 1785) kamuoyunu yakın bir gelecekteki sadâretine hazırlamak amacına hizmet etmek üzere şaşaalı ve emsali görülmemiş garipliklerle dolu bir şekilde cereyan etmesi de bunu göstermektedir. Cezayirli Hasan Paşa’nın Ortaköy’deki yalısından kalabalık bir refakatçi eşliğinde bir karaveleye binen Yûsuf Paşa toplar atılarak, mehter vurularak, tuğ ve sancaklar açılmış olarak, çevresi Sarayburnu’na yaklaştıkça sayıları yüzleri bulan filika ve kayıklarla sarılmış olarak “Donanma-yı Hümâyun çıkar gibi” uğurlanmıştır (Taylesanizâde Hâfız Abdullah Efendi Tarihi, s. 198-199).
Nihayet beş ay sonra padişahın tebdilikıyafetle Cezayirli Hasan Hasan Paşa’nın divanhânesine yaptığı ziyaretin ertesi günü (Sarıcaoğlu, s. 153) 24 Ocak 1786’da Şahin Ali Paşa azledilerek yerine beklendiği gibi Yûsuf Paşa tayin edilmiştir (Vâsıf, s. 315). Böylece sekiz ay öncesine kadar Cezayirli’nin kâhyası olan Yûsuf Paşa (Lafitte-Clavé, s. 152), Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın Makbul İbrâhim Paşa’yı has odabaşılıktan doğrudan sadârete yükseltmesi gibi dışarıdan herhangi bir devlet hizmeti ve tecrübesi bulunmadığı halde sadârete getirilmiş oluyordu. Vâsıf’ın, “kavânîn-i devlete ve kavâid-i saltanata vâkıf olmama” (Târih, s. 314) zafiyetinden ötürü azledildiğini kaydettiği selefi için yaptığı niteleme aslında halefi için de geçerlidir. 24 Şubat 1786’da İstanbul’a gelen Yûsuf Paşa (a.g.e., s. 315; Taylesanizâde Hâfız Abdullah Efendi Tarihi, s. 132-133; Lafitte-Clavé, s. 165) müneccimbaşı tarafından hazırlanan zâyîçede belirlenen perşembe günü mührü aldı (Aydüz, LXX/257 [2006], s. 235). Hekimbaşı Hâfız Hayrullah ile Şeyhülislâm Dürrîzâde Mehmed Ârif efendilerin 10 Rebîülâhir 1200 (10 Şubat 1786) tarihli azilleri, birinin sürgüne gönderilmesi, diğerinin ev hapsinde tutulması (Taylesanizâde Hâfız Abdullah Efendi Tarihi, s. 129, 130, 144) Yûsuf Paşa’nın tayinine karşı olmalarından kaynaklandığına göre yapılan bu tasarrufun sıkıntısız geçmediği açıktır.
Yeni sadrazamın ilk işlerinden biri “pederi mesabesinde” gördüğü Cezayirli Hasan Paşa’yı ziyaret etmek oldu (1 Mart 1786, Lafitte-Clavé, s. 165). İstanbul’da sıkça ortaya çıkan kundaklamalar ve asayiş sorunlarıyla uğraşmak önde gelen meselelerdendi. Bu arada yeniçeri ağasını ve sekbanbaşıyı değiştiren Yûsuf Paşa yeni tayinler yaptı. Bununla beraber Cezayirli Hasan Paşa’nın onayı ve iltiması bulunmadan bir şeyler yapması pek mümkün görünmüyordu (Sarıcaoğlu, s. 155). Sadâretini müteakip oğulları Mîr Mahmud ile Mehmed Nazif efendilerden birinin Mehmed Paşa, diğerinin Zeyrek Camii’nde İskender Ağa medreselerinde aynı gün içinde müderrisliğe yükselmeleri (Taylesanizâde Hâfız Abdullah Efendi Tarihi, s. 136) bunların istihkakını sorgulayan bir tasarruf oldu. Kısa bir zaman sonra Mîr Mahmud’un Abdülhamid’in torunu Atıyyetullah Hanım ile evlendirilmesi (Sarıcaoğlu, s. 155) Yûsuf Paşa’nın konumunu daha da yüceltti. Cezayirli Hasan Paşa’yı donanmayla Kölemenler’in isyanlarını bastırmak üzere Mısır’a uğurlayıp sadâret ortaklığından kurtulduktan iki gün sonra (8 Mayıs 1786) Galata’da Arap Camii civarındaki bir yangını teftiş için bulunduğu eski bir evde aşırı kalabalık yüzünden evin çökmesi üzerine önemli bir kaza geçirdi, yıkılan binadan düşmesi sonucu kolu yarıldı ve dişi kırıldı (Taylesanizâde Hâfız Abdullah Efendi Tarihi, s. 28).
Ruslar’ın Kırım’ı ilhak edip bunu 8 Ocak 1783’te verilen bir senetle resmen tanıttıktan sonra (Vâsıf, s. 79 vd.) savaş hazırlıklarının hızlandırılması zorunlu hale geldi. Kırım’ın elden çıkması yüzünden müslüman ahali arasında ortaya çıkan hoşnutsuzluk savaş beklentisi baskısına dönüşerek ağırlığını hemen her yerde hissettirmekteydi. Bu arada “devlet sohbeti” yoğunlaşmış, padişah ve sadrazam halkın diline düşmüştür. Bu anlamda şehrin merkezî mekânlarına varakalar bırakılmakta, duvarlarına “müzevvir kâğıtlar” yapıştırılmaktadır (Sarıcaoğlu, s. 248-250). İstekli olmasa da şartların baskısı altında savaşı kaçınılmaz gören Yûsuf Paşa, İngiliz elçisi tarafından desteklenerek Abdülhamid’i kamuoyunun infial ve beklentisi karşısında uyarmakta, savaştan kaçmanın tahtın muhafazasını sıkıntıya sokacağını açıkça dile getirmekteydi (Mustafa Nûri Paşa, IV, 17). Böylece barışın korunmasını isteyen ve çekingen davranan padişahı ürkütmekte ve savaş kararına yaklaştırmaktaydı (Sarıcaoğlu, s. 155).
Neticede Kırım’ın iadesine yanaşmadığı için Rus elçisi Bulgakof Yedikule’ye kaldırıldı ve ertesi yılın baharında yola çıkmak üzere Rusya’ya savaş açıldı (16 Ağustos 1787). Sefer tuğlarının dikildiği gün (9 Şubat 1788) Avusturya elçisi Rusya’nın yanında savaşa katılacaklarını resmen bildirdi, bu durumda savaşın iki cepheli geçeceği ortaya çıktı. Altı ay öncesinden savaş ilânı ve bütün emârelere rağmen Avusturya’nın savaşta Rusya’nın yanında yer alacağının hesaba katılmaması Yûsuf Paşa’nın daha işin başında yanlış bir adım attığının işaretiydi. Nitekim Mısır’dan galibiyetle dönen Cezayirli Hasan Paşa (Taylesanizâde Hâfız Abdullah Efendi Tarihi, s. 241) bu icraatını ağır bir şekilde tenkit etmiştir. Hazinenin nakit sıkıntısının giderilmesi için, eski efendisinin bildiği zenginliğini dile getirdiği padişahın Hasan Paşa’dan istediği 12.000 keseyi onun bir gecede altın olarak ödemesi muhtemelen Yûsuf Paşa’nın uğradığı bu ağır tenkide verdiği bir cevaptı.
I. Abdülhamid 22 Şubat 1788’de yola çıkan Yûsuf Paşa’ya, sınırları çok geniş ve benzeri ancak Köprülüler için söz konusu edilebilecek derecelerde “istiklâl” ve mutlak yetki vermiştir (Sarıcaoğlu, s. 75, 118, 155, 264). Yûsuf Paşa beklentilere, savaşın zayıf cephesi olan Avusturya tarafına yüklenmekle ve ileride yerine geçecek serasker Kethüdâ Hasan Paşa’nın gayretleriyle başarılı geçen Mehâdiye ve Şebeş muharebeleriyle (Ağustos-Eylül 1788) cevap verir gibi olduysa da bu fazla uzun sürmedi. Orduyu sevk ve idarede hesapsız ve plansız hareket ettiği kısa zamanda gözler önüne serildi. Rus ileri harekâtını durdurmak üzere o tarafa yöneldiğinde gerçekler tamamen ortaya çıkmaya başladı. 10 Mayıs 1788’de Karadeniz’e açılan Cezayirli Hasan Paşa da (Cevdet, IV, 48-49) kendisinden bekleneni yerine getirememekte, bilhassa Özü Kalesi’nin kurtarılması için gönderilmesi gereken yardımları kale sahillerinin sığ olması yüzünden ulaştıramamakta, bu iş için sevkettiği ince donanma da yenilgiye uğramış bulunmaktaydı (Taylesanizâde Hâfız Abdullah Efendi Tarihi, s. 240). Neticede Özü Kalesi’nin Ruslar’ın eline geçmesi ve ahalisinin katledilmesi önlenememiştir. Yûsuf Paşa, Cezayirli Hasan Paşa’yı bu gelişmede birinci derecede sorumlu tutmaktaydı. Nitekim yazdığı bir mektupta hem onu hem de kendisini siyasetin tehlikelerinden korumak istediğini dile getirmekte ve hatasını yüzüne vurmaktaydı (Uzunçarşılı, TM , VII-VIII [1942], s. 24 vd.; TTK Belleten , II/7-8 [1938], s. 374-378). Gerçekten 17 Aralık 1788’de Özü Kalesi’nin kaybı ve ahaliden 10.000’den fazla insanın öldürülmesi (Zinkeisen, VI, 658) her ikisinin de gözden düşmesine yol açtı.
I. Abdülhamid’in vefatı ve III. Selim’in tahta çıkmasıyla (7 Nisan 1789) Rusçuk’ta bulunan Yûsuf Paşa vazifesinde ibkā edildiyse de mevkiini daha fazla koruyamadı. III. Selim, şehzadeliğinden kalma eski defterlerden ötürü Cezayirli Hasan Paşa’yı azledip kara seraskerliğiyle İsmâil cephesine yolladı. Yûsuf Paşa ise Yaş ve Hotin’in düşmesiyle (Eylül 1788) işgale uğrayan Boğdan’ı tahliye etmek üzere Yergöğü’de toplanan kuvvetlerin tanzimiyle meşgul olmaktaydı. Kalas’ta uğranılan yenilgi (1 Mayıs 1789) nihayet sonunu getirdi. III. Selim, Cezayirli’nin adamı olması sebebiyle kendisine zaten güven duymamaktaydı, neticede bu başarısızlığı sadâretten uzaklaştırılmasının görünür sebebini teşkil etti (7 Haziran 1789). Yerine bu savaşta Avusturya’ya karşı zaferler kazanan Kethüdâ Hasan Paşa tayin edildi. Yûsuf Paşa, Vidin seraskerliğine kaydırıldı. Ardından buradaki gevşekliği yüzünden III. Selim’in bir nâmesiyle ağır bir tehdide uğrayınca vazifesini beklenildiği gibi icra etmeye yöneldi (Uzunçarşılı, TTK Belleten , XXXIX/154 [1975], s. 238-239).
1 Ağustos 1789’da Fokşan’da, 22 Eylül’de Remnik nehrini geçerken ve ardından Boza suyu kıyısında uğranılan ağır bozgun, 11 Ekim’de İsmâil ve 14 Kasım’da Bender Kalesi’nin teslimi, durumun sadrazam değişiklikleriyle düzeltilemeyecek derecelere ulaşan vehametini gözler önüne sermekteydi. Sadâret bu şartlar dahilinde Cezayirli Hasan Paşa’ya tevcih edildiğinde (3 Aralık 1789) başta Cezayirli olmak üzere ordu erkânı bir an önce barış yapılmasını beklemekteydi. Halbuki 31 Ocak 1790’da akdedilen Osmanlı-Prusya ittifakından da ümide kapılan III. Selim, Rus cephesinde başarılar gözlemekteydi. Cezayirli Hasan Paşa’nın vefatını (30 Mart 1790), hiç beklenmeyen yeni sadrazam Şerif Hasan Paşa’nın idamla sonuçlanacak (Şubat 1791) kısa sadâreti takip etti ve sadâret açtığı seferi nihayete erdirmek üzere tekrar Yûsuf Paşa’ya verildi (Zinkeisen, VI, 814). Cezayirli sadrazamlığa geldiğinde Yûsuf Paşa’yı kaptan-ı deryâ olarak tayin etmek istemiş, ancak şeyhülislâm Hamîdîzâde Mustafa Efendi bu tasarrufu, onun ayrılmasıyla Vidin seraskerliğinden boşalacak yerin doldurulamayacağı gerekçesiyle uygun görmemişti. Şerif Hasan Paşa zamanında da yeri Bosna valiliğine kaydırılmıştır (Uzunçarşılı, TTK Belleten , XXXIX/154 [1975], s. 239-240, 244).
Yûsuf Paşa’nın bu defaki sadârete gelişinin silâh zoruyla Avusturya’yı barışa sevkeden (27 Temmuz 1790, Reichenbach Mutabakatı) müttefik Prusya tarafından da arzulandığı, kralın nisan başında gelen bir mektubunda bunu açıkça dile getirdiği (Beydilli, 1790 Osmanlı-Prusya İttifâkı, s. 111-112) ve III. Friedrich Wilhelm’in bu tayinden fevkalâde memnun kaldığı (Zinkeisen, VI, 814) bilinmektedir. Ziştovi’deki barış görüşmeleri esnasında Prusya delegesi Lucchesini’nin Yûsuf Paşa’nın sadârete getirilmesinin kralı memnun edeceğini belirtmesinin (Cevdet, V, 194) bu tayinde etken olduğunu söylemek (Uzunçarşılı, TTK Belleten , XXXIX/154 [1975], s. 243, 244) mümkün değildir. Zira Şerif Hasan Paşa’nın idamıyla birlikte sadârete Yûsuf Paşa’nın getirileceği bu idam kararından önce kesinleşmiş bulunuyordu (Keith, II, 374; Beydilli, 1790 Osmanlı-Prusya İttifâkı, s. 114). Kaymakam Sâlih Paşa’nın 7 Nisan 1791 tarihli takririnde de iki hükümdarın birbirinden habersizce aynı kişi üzerinde karar kılması “iki müttefik devletin muvaffak olacağına delil” olarak yorumlanmıştır (a.g.e., a.y.). Yûsuf Paşa mührü alarak 27 Şubat 1791’de Şumnu’daki ordugâha gidip vazifesine başladı (Cevdet, V, 103; Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , IV/1, s. 578).
Ordunun içinde bulunduğu durum yeni sadrazama, III. Selim’in şiddetle arzuladığı gibi Kırım’ın geri alınması bir yana hiç olmazsa son bir muharebe kazanarak galibâne bir barış yapma imkânı dahi vermemekte, aradaki ittifakın açık hükümlerine rağmen Prusya’nın Rusya üzerine yürümeyeceğinin anlaşılması da barışa yanaşmaktan başka bir çare bırakmamaktaydı. Maçin’de Ruslar karşısında yaşanan son bozgun üzerine (6 Ağustos 1791) 8 Ağustos’ta Kalas’ta Vâsıf Efendi ve Prens Repnin arasında mütareke akdiyle ilgili bir mutabakata varıldı (Cevdet, V, 161). Bunu müteakip bütün ordu ricâlinin iştirakiyle önce sadâret kethüdâsı Mustafa Reşid Efendi’nin, daha sonra da bizzat sadrazamın çadırında devam eden toplantıda ordunun içinde bulunduğu durum sebebiyle galip gelmenin “kıyamete kadar” mümkün olamayacağı tesbit edildi ve bir an önce barış yapmanın zaruretine ittifakla karar verildi. Osmanlı tarihinde emsali görülmemiş bu boykot kararının padişaha arzedilmesi işini Yûsuf Paşa kabul etmedi ve kararın herkesin imzalayacağı bir mahzar şeklinde tanzim edilip İstanbul’a yollanmasını teklif etti. Bu hadiseye şahit olan vak‘anüvis Vâsıf Ahmed Efendi tarafından bizzat kaleme alınan mahzar bu şekilde hazırlanıp gönderildi (Beydilli, Türk Kültürü İncelemeleri Dergisi, sy. 12 [2005], s. 221-224) ve İstanbul’da barış kararının alınmasında etkili oldu (Mehmed Emin Edîb Efendi’nin Hayatı ve Târîhi, s. 242-247).
Böylece Yûsuf Paşa açtığı savaşı neticede büyük kayıplarla kapatmış olarak İstanbul’a dönmek zorunda kalıyordu. Azli daha yolda iken düşünülmüştü. İstanbul’a döndükten sonra boykot hadisesine karışan bütün ordu ricâlini azleden, yerlerine silsileye uymayıp dışarıdan tayinler yapan III. Selim 3 Mayıs 1792 tarihinde Yûsuf Paşa’yı da azletti. Bostancıbaşı hapsinde geçirdiği korkulu anlar uzun sürmedi, aynı gün müsâdereye uğramadan Trabzon valiliği ve Anapa muhafızlığına tayin edildi. Hocapaşa semtinde kendisinin sadârete getirilmesini talep eden, aksi takdirde şehrin kundaklanacağını bildiren “müzevvir kâğıtlar” bırakılması üzerine birkaç gün içinde yola çıkması istendi ve 21 Mayıs 1792’de İstanbul’dan ayrıldı (Uzunçarşılı, TTK Belleten , XXXIX/154 [1975], s. 249-251). Yûsuf Paşa gönderildiği bu karışık ve problemli bölgede kısa zamanda bunaldı, bir müddet sonra halefi Melek Mehmed Paşa’nın himmetiyle tâlip olduğu Cidde (Mekke) valiliğine gönderildi (3 Ocak 1793). Ancak orada da umduğu rahatı bulamadı. Vehhâbîler’in çevreyi tehdit eden faaliyetlerinin önlenmesi kendisini aşmaktaydı. Bu sebeple başka yere naklini istemekte, hatta mecbur kalırsa bırakıp kaçacağını söylemekteydi. Âni ölümü kendisini bu sıkıntılardan kurtardı (Muharrem 1215 / Haziran 1800).
Koca Yûsuf Paşa, III. Selim’in ordu daha dönüş yolunda iken kendilerinden nizâm-ı devlete dair lâyihalar istediği grup içinde yer almıştır. Hazırladığı lâyihada ordunun tanzimi konusu ağırlıklı olup (Cevdet, V, 10-11) Avrupa’daki askerî gelişmelerden habersiz, kendi halinde kalmış bilgi dağarcığındaki zafiyeti bütün çıplaklığıyla gözler önüne sermektedir. Dönüşünde savaş esiri olarak yanında getirdiği birtakım kişilerle eğitimli asker talimlerine girişmesi (Eton, s. 59-60) bu durumunun acıklı göstergesidir. Kısa zaman içinde azledilen iki sadâretindeki seleflerinden ilkinin okur yazar olmaması, diğerinin de hiç beklenmeyen biri çıkması, ilk sadâretinden halefi Kethüdâ Hasan Paşa’nın hastalığından ötürü “cenaze” lakabıyla anılması, ikinci sadâretinden halefi Melek Mehmed Paşa’nın ise yetmiş beş yaşlarında bulunması, dönemine hâkim iş görecek adam yokluğuna (kaht-ı ricâl) işaret eder. Bu durumda ileri yaşından dolayı “koca” sıfatıyla anılan Yûsuf Paşa kötülerin en iyisi (ehven-i mevcûd) diye tanımlanabilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Yûsuf Paşa’nın Sefernâmesi (haz. Ahmet Üstüner, yüksek lisans tezi, 2005), SÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.Hadîkatü’l-vüzerâ , III, 38-40. J. Lafitte-Clavé, Journal d’un officier français à Constantinople en 1784-1788, Archives du Ministère de la Guerre, Paris, Dépôt du Génie, Art. 14, nr. 118 (burada arşivde mahfuz yazma Journal’in D. Anayatis-Pelé tarafından hazırlanan daktiloya çekilmiş ve sayfa numarası verilmiş metni kullanılmaktadır), s. 74, 82, 152-153, 157-158, 165. Taylesanizâde Hâfız Abdullah Efendi Tarihi: İstanbul’un Uzun Dört Yılı: 1785-1789 (haz. Feridun M. Emecen), İstanbul 2003, tür.yer. R. M. Keith, Memoirs and Correspondence (ed. G. Smyth), London 1849, II, 374, 381-382, 387, 390. Mehmed Emin Edîb Efendi’nin Hayatı ve Târîhi (haz. Ali Osman Çınar, doktora tezi, 1999), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 242-247. W. Eton, 19. Yüzyılın Başında Osmanlı İmparatorluğu (trc. İbrahim Kapaklıkaya), İstanbul 2009, s. 59-60. Vâsıf, Târih (İlgürel), s. 79 vd., 283, 314-315. Zinkeisen, Geschichte , VI, 658, 814. Mustafa Nûri Paşa, Netâyicü’l-vukūât (nşr. Mehmed Gālib Bey), İstanbul 1327, IV, 17. Cevdet, Târih , IV, 48-49, 363-364; V, 10-11, 63, 102-106, 133, 161-165, 194, 245-246, 261, 270; VII, 83-84. Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , IV/1, tür.yer. a.mlf., “Cezayirli Hasan Paşa’ya Dair”, TM , VII-VIII (1942), s. 17-40. a.mlf., “Tarihte Vesikacılığın Ehemmiyetine Küçük Bir Misal”, TTK Belleten , II/7-8 (1938), s. 373-378. a.mlf., “Üçüncü Sultan Selim Zamanında Yazılmış Dış Ruznâmesinden 1206/1791 ve 1207/1792 Senelerine Ait Vekayi”, a.e., XXXVII/148 (1973), s. 607-662. a.mlf., “Sultan III. Selim ve Koca Yusuf Paşa”, a.e., XXXIX/154 (1975), s. 233-256. Kemal Beydilli, 1790 Osmanlı-Prusya İttifâkı: Meydana Gelişi-Tahlili-Tatbiki, İstanbul 1984, tür.yer. a.mlf., “Sekbanbaşı Risalesi’nin Müellifi Hakkında”, Türk Kültürü İncelemeleri Dergisi, sy. 12, İstanbul 2005, s. 221-224. Fikret Sarıcaoğlu, Kendi Kaleminden Bir Padişah Portresi: Sultan I. Abdülhamid (1774-1789), İstanbul 2001, tür.yer. Salim Aydüz, “Osmanlı Devletinde Müneccimbaşılık Müessesesi”, TTK Belleten , LXX/257 (2006), s. 235.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 23-25 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.