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YÛSUF ZİYÂ el-HÂLİDÎ Skip to content (1842-1906)
Osmanlı ilim ve devlet adamı.
Kudüs’te doğdu. Şehrin ileri gelen ailelerinden, XVIII ve XIX. yüzyıllarda şer‘î mahkemelerde başkâtiplik ve nâiblik gibi vazifeler üstlenen, kökeni Hâlid b. Velîd’e dayandığı söylenen Hâlidiyye ailesine mensuptur. Babası Maraş ve Erzurum’da kadılık yapan Muhammed Ali el-Hâlidî, anne tarafından dedesi Anadolu kazaskeri Mûsâ el-Hâlidî’dir. Annesi Anaïs adlı Rum kökenli bir hanımdır (Abu-Manneh, s. 41). Muhtemelen annesinin etkisiyle kardeşlerinden farklı bir eğitim aldı. Kudüs’te Piskopos Gobat yönetimindeki Anglikan mektebinden sonra öğrenimine devam etmek için Mısır’a gitmek istediyse de bu mümkün olmadı. On yedi yaşında Avrupa’ya gitme isteği de babası tarafından reddedilince evden kaçtı ve Piskopos Gobat’ın yardımıyla Malta’daki Protestan Koleji’ne yazıldı. Burada iki yıl öğrenim gördü; ardından ağabeyi Muhammed Yâsin’in girişimiyle İstanbul’daki Mekteb-i Tıbbiyye’ye girdiyse de öğrenimine bir yıl devam edip 1863’te Robert Koleji’ne geçti. Bir buçuk yıl sonra babasının vefatı üzerine Kudüs’e döndü.
İstanbul’da eğitim reformlarına şahit olan Yûsuf Ziyâ benzer okulları memleketinde açmaya çalıştı. 1867-1868’de Âlî Paşa’nın himayesindeki Suriye Valisi Mehmed Râşid Paşa’nın desteği ve halktan topladığı yardımlarla eski bir medreseyi tamir ettirdi ve Kudüs’te bir rüşdiye mektebi açtırdı. Ardından Kudüs’ün belediye başkanı oldu ve altı yıl bu görevi yürüttü. Bu sırada Kudüs mutasarrıfıyla iş birliği halinde bazı imar faaliyetlerinde bulundu. Yolların ıslah ve inşası, Bireku Süleyman’dan şehre su getirilmesi ve Kudüs-Yafa karayolunun açılması bunlardan bazılarıdır. Hâlidî ailesine yakınlığı olan Vali Mehmed Râşid Paşa’nın Hariciye nâzırlığına getirilmesi üzerine 1874 yılı başında Bâbıâli Tercüme Odası’nda görev almak için İstanbul’a gitti. Altı ay sonra Karadeniz’de bir Rus liman şehri olan Poti’ye şehbender tayin edildiyse de Hariciye nâzırının değiştirilmesiyle o da görevinden alındı. Önce Odesa, Kiev, Moskova ve Petersburg gibi Rus şehirlerini dolaştı, ardından Ocak 1875’te Mehmed Râşid Paşa’nın sefirlik yaptığı Viyana’ya geçti. Burada Doğu Dilleri Okulu’nda Arapça ve Türkçe hocalığı görevine başladı. Bu esnada Viyana’ya gelen Mısırlı şair Ali el-Leysî’ye mihmandarlık yaptı. Siyasetle de ilgilendi; Kudüs’teki yahudilerin durumunu ele alan Viyana’dan gönderdiği iki mektubu 13 ve 27 Ağustos 1875’te The Jewish Cronicle ’da yayımlandı. Ağustos 1875’te bazı ailevî işleri için Kudüs’e gitti; ancak işlerinin uzaması üzerine Viyana’ya dönemedi. Yeniden Kudüs belediye başkanlığına seçildi. Yeni kurulan Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’a gönderilecek Kudüs temsilcisini belirleme seçiminde rakibi Ömer Abdüsselâm el-Hüseynî’ye üstünlük sağladı (Schölch, Isl. , LVII/2 [1980], s. 315). Kudüs İdare Meclisi, 1877 başında Kudüs temsilcisi olarak onu Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’a gönderme kararı alınca İstanbul’a gitti.
İlk meclisin her iki devre çalışmalarına aktif biçimde katıldı ve Kānûn-ı Esâsî taraftarı ve istibdat karşıtı yönelimiyle tanındı. Serbest fikirli ve reform yanlısı kişiliğiyle yeri geldiğinde Kānûn-ı Esâsî hükümlerine aykırı davranan hükümeti, hatta dolaylı yoldan sultanı ve yolsuzluk yapan ya da yönetimde kusuru bulunan devlet görevlilerini eleştirmekten çekinmedi. İlk meclisteki muhalif mebusların ileri gelenleri arasında yer aldı ve hükümetin siyasetine karşı en fazla konuşan isimlerin başında geldi. Daha ilk oturumda, Ahmed Vefik Paşa’nın II. Abdülhamid tarafından İstanbul’dan mebus seçtirilmesi ve meclis başkanlığına getirilmesini eleştiren uzun bir konuşma yaptı (Devereux, s. 148, 156, 267). Ayrıca görevini yerine getirmediği gerekçesiyle Serasker Rauf Paşa’nın mahkemeye sevkedilmesini isteyen mebuslara katıldı. Temsil ettiği bölgenin sorunlarıyla da yakından ilgilendi ve Yafa-Kudüs demiryolunun bir türlü tamamlanamaması konusunda olduğu gibi görüş ve eleştirilerini dile getirdi (Meclis-i Meb’usan Zabıt Ceridesi , II, 316-326). Onun meclis oturumlarındaki eleştirileri ve muhalif tutumuyla sarayın tepkisini çektiği anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim meclisin feshinden sonra İstanbul’dan uzaklaştırılan on mebus arasında o da vardı. İstanbul’dan memleketine dönmesi emri Zaptiye nâzırı tarafından kendisine tebliğ edildiğinde kanunsuz bulduğu bu muameleyi protesto ettiği ve başvekile hitaben kaleme aldığı iki mektubu Levant Herald gazetesine gönderdiği bilinmektedir. Bu mektuplar gazetenin 20 ve 27 Şubat 1878 tarihli sayılarında yayımlanmıştır (a.g.e. , II, 410-412). Yûsuf Ziyâ İstanbul’dan memleketine döndü ve tekrar Kudüs belediye başkanlığı görevini üstlendi; bunu 1879 sonbaharında mutasarrıf Rauf Paşa tarafından görevden alınmasına kadar sürdürdü. Ardından Avusturya’ya gitti, 1880’de Viyana Üniversitesi’nde Arap dili ve edebiyatı hocalığı vazifesine getirildi. 1881’de memleketine döndükten sonra Yafa (1880), Gazze (1882), Cenîn ve Mutki (1890) dışında Cebelihavran (Cebelidürûz, 1894) kaymakamlığı gibi idarî görevler yaptı. 1906’da vefat eden Yûsuf Ziyâ’nın Kudüs’te ya da Bitlis’te öldüğü bildiriliyorsa da ailenin kayıtlarından hareketle İstanbul’da öldüğü anlaşılmaktadır.
Arapça ve Türkçe yanında İngilizce, Fransızca, Kürtçe bilen Yûsuf Ziyâ’nın, görüşlerini çekinmeden ortaya koyan entelektüel bir kişi olduğu belirtilmektedir. Amerikalı bir diplomat, onun 1895 yazında Yıldız Sarayı’ndaki bir köşkte daha önce ailesinin bendelerinden olan İzzet Holo Paşa’ya karşı Sultan Abdülhamid yönetimini eleştirmekten çekinmediğini aktarır (Amery, s. 53). Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’a devam ettiği günlerde Fener’deki Kudüs Rum Manastırı’nda ikamet ettiğine dikkat çeken Amerika’nın İstanbul konsolosu Eugen Schuyler onu siyaset ve din konusunda liberal bir kişi olarak tanıtır (Devereux, s. 267). Dönemin diğer birçok Osmanlı aydınında görülen ilerlemeci, bilimsel gelişimi ve hürriyeti destekleyici düşüncelere Hâlidî de katılır. Ona göre Tanzimat reformlarının beş amacından söz edilebilir: Avrupa tarzı bir eğitim sisteminin inşası, idarî keyfîliğin ortadan kaldırılması, dinî hoşgörünün yerleştirilmesi, Kānûn-ı Esâsî’nin getirdiği hak ve hürriyetlerin güvence altına alınması, alt yapı reformlarının gerçekleştirilmesi (Schölch, Isl. , LVII/2 [1980], s. 321). Diğer taraftan siyonistlerin Filistin topraklarına yönelik emellerinin en erken farkına varan ve buna karşı çaba sarfeden kimseler arasında gösterilir. Siyonist hareketin ilk kongresinden sonra 1899’da Fransa’daki başhaham Zadok Kahn vasıtasıyla Theodor Herzl ile mektuplaşarak yahudilerin Filistin’e yerleşmeleri fikrine karşı çıkmış ve Filistin’in Osmanlı Devleti’nin ayrılmaz bir parçası olduğunu söyleyerek yahudilerin kendileri için başka bir yurt aramalarını tavsiye etmiştir (Mandel, s. 47-48; Herzl’in cevabî mektubu için bk. Khalidi, s. 91-93).
Eserleri . 1. el-Hediyyetü’l-Ḥamîdiyye fi’l-luġati’l-Kürdiyye (İstanbul 1310/1893). Kürt dilinin yapısı ve gramer özelliklerine dair bir mukaddimenin yer aldığı eser 5452 kelimeyi ihtiva eden alfabetik bir Kürtçe-Arapça sözlük olup müellif bu eserini Mutki kaymakamlığı esnasında hazırlamıştır. Eserin sonunda antoloji niteliğinde Şeyh Ahmed-i Hânî’nin Nûbahârâ Bıçûkân adlı manzum sözlüğü yanında bir kısmı açıklamalı olarak Kürtçe kaleme alınmış bazı dinî-edebî metinlerle halk arasında yaygın bazı sözlere ve dönemin tanınmış şahsiyetlerine ait takriz yazılarına da yer verilmiştir. Eserin sözlük kısmı Muhammed Mükrî tarafından tekrar neşredilmiştir (Beyrut 1975, 1987). Hâlidî’nin, Molla Halil Siirdî’nin oğlu Molla Hâmid’in yardımıyla hazırladığını söylediği (el-Hediyye , s. 4, 269) bu çalışma kendi alanında ilk matbu eser kabul edilir. Sözlüğün Arapça kısmını Mehmet Emin Bozarslan Türkçe’ye çevirip bazı çıkarma ve eklerle birlikte yayımlamış, Saime İnal Savi de sözlük üzerine bir tarama çalışması yapmıştır (bk. bibl.).
2. Sîretü Yûsuf Bâşâ el-Ḫâlidî . Yûsuf Ziyâ’nın kendi kaleminden 1292 (1875) yılına kadar gelen otobiyografisi olup bir nüshası Kudüs’teki el-Mektebetü’l-Hâlidiyye’de kayıtlıdır (Siyer ve Terâcim, nr. 764/2; yeni nr. 1685). Aslı Ali el-Leysî’nin evrakı arasında bulunan eser oradan nakledilmiştir (Nazmî el-Cu‘be, s. 746-747; ayrıca bk. Schölch, Isl. , LVII/2 [1980], s. 312).
Ayrıca Hâlidî’nin bazı hâtıraları ve görüşlerini derlediği Ene adlı bir eseri olduğundan söz edilmektedir (Debbâğ, X/2, s. 361). Yûsuf Ziyâ’nın Viyana Üniversitesi Doğu dilleri hocalarından A. Wahrmund’a gönderdiği 10 Muharrem 1295 (14 Ocak 1878) tarihli Arapça mektubu Wahrmund tarafından yayımlanmış (bk. bibl.), muallaka şairlerinden Lebîd b. Rebîa’nın divanının birinci kısmını da ilk defa neşretmiştir (Diwan Labid al-’Āmirī riwāyat al-Tūsī , Wien 1880).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA , DH.MKT, nr. 1697/119, 1719/113, 1900/44.
BA, Y.A.RES , nr. 66/15.
Yûsuf Ziyâ el-Hâlidî, el-Hediyyetü’l-Ḥamîdiyye fi’l-luġati’l-Kürdiyye , İstanbul 1310, s. 2-5, 269.
a.mlf., Kürtçe-Türkçe Sözlük (haz. Mehmet Emin Bozarslan), İstanbul 1978, hazırlayanın girişi, s. 7.
A. Wahrmund, Lesebuch in Neu-Arabischer Sprache , Giessen 1880, I, 180-183.
Ahmed Sâib, Abdülhamid’in Evâil-i Saltanatı , Kahire 1326/1908, s. 117.
Osman Nuri, Abdülhamîd-i Sânî ve Devr-i Saltanatı , İstanbul 1327, I, 341-346.
Meclis-i Meb’usan Zabıt Ceridesi: 1293=1877 (der. Hakkı Tarık Us), İstanbul 1939-54, I-II, tür.yer.
L. S. Amery, Days of Fresh Air , London 1940, s. 53-54.
R. Devereux, The First Ottoman Constitutional Period: A Study of the Midhat Constitution and Parliament , Baltimore 1963, s. 148, 156, 267.
Mustafa Murâd ed-Debbâğ, Bilâdünâ Filisṭîn , Amman 1396/1976, X/2, s. 359-361.
N. J. Mandel, The Arabs and Zionism before World War I , Berkeley 1980, s. 47-48.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm (Fethullah) , VIII, 235.
A. Schölch, Palästina im Umbruch: 1856-1882 , Stuttgart 1986, s. 225-236.
a.mlf., “Ein palästinischer Repräsentant der Tanzimat-Periode: Yusuf Ḍiyāʾaddīn al-Ḫālidī (1842-1906)”, Isl. , LVII/2 (1980), s. 311-322.
Walid Khalidi, From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem until 1948 , Washington 1987, s. 91-93.
Saime İnal Savi, Yusuf Ziyaeddin Paşa’nın el-Hediyyetü’l-Hamidiyye’sinde Osmanlıca-Türkçe Taraması , Ankara 1993, s. IV-IX.
Âdil Mennâ‘, Aʿlâmü Filisṭîn fî evâḫiri’l-ʿahdi’l-ʿOs̱mânî (1800-1918) , Beyrut 1997, s. 146-151.
Nazmî el-Cu‘be, Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti’l-Mektebeti’l-Ḫâlidiyye: el-Ḳuds , London 1427/2006, s. 593-594, 746-747.
Vakit , nr. 806, İstanbul 7 Şubat 1293 / 19 Şubat 1878, s. 1.
Butrus Abu-Manneh, “Jerusalem in the Tanzimat Period: The New Ottoman Administration and the Notables”, WI , XXX (1990), s. 1-44 (ayrıca bk. Hâlidî ailesinin resmî web sayfası: http://khalidi.org/12.htm [24.01.2013]).
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 32-34 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.