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ZÂT Skip to content Bir şeyin kendisi, mahiyeti, hakikati anlamında mantık, felsefe ve kelâm terimi.
Sözlükte “sahip” mânasındaki zû kelimesinin müennesi olan zât “kimse, şahıs, tabiat” gibi mânaları yanında aklî ilimlerde “bir şeyin kendisi (nefsi), aynı, cevheri, bir şeyi kendisi yapan mahiyeti ve hakikati”; daha özel olarak “varlığı başkasına bağımlı olmayan, niteleyen değil nitelenen gerçeklik” gibi terim anlamlarıyla açıklanır (et-Taʿrîfât , “Ẕâtî” md.; Tehânevî, I, 519; Fahreddin er-Râzî, Esâsü’t-taḳdîs , s. 93). Zât, mahiyet ve hakikat terimleri çoğunlukla aynı anlamda ve birbirinin yerine kullanılır. “Kendi kendisiyle var olan, varlığını sürdürmesi için başka bir şeye dayanmayan” şeklindeki tanımıyla zât cevherle de aynı mânaya gelir. Nitekim Fârâbî, “Biz cevherle bir şeyin zâtını ve kendisini kastediyoruz” der (Kitâbü’l-Ḥurûf , s. 178). Filozoflar Allah hakkında cevher kavramını kullanırken kelâmcılar cevherin başlangıçta varlığını tayin eden belirleyici bir güce ihtiyaç duyması ve arazları kabul etmesi gibi özelliklerini dikkate alarak Allah’a cevher denmesini uygun bulmazlar (Cüveynî, s. 33, 44). Cevhere bağlı olan araz, yine ancak bir varlıkta bulunabilen sıfat zât diye nitelenemez. Bu yönüyle zât “başka bir şeyin kendisi sayesinde var olduğu gerçeklik” biçiminde de tanımlanmıştır. Fârâbî bir şeyin varlığıyla (vücûd) birlikte zâtına ve mahiyetine “inniyye” denebileceğini söyler (el-Elfâẓü’l-müstaʿmele , s. 45). Bir önermede konuya zât denir; çünkü kendiliğinde gerçeklik olarak düşünülebilir; buna karşılık bir konuya yüklem olan nitelik ancak o konuya bağlı olarak kavranabildiğinden zât değildir. Bu anlamdaki zâta ve onu niteleyene mantıkta konu-yüklem, kelâmda zât-sıfat, usûl-i fıkıhta mahkûmün aleyh – mahkûmün bih, nahivde müsnedün ileyh – müsned adı verilmiştir. Bir şeyle mahiyet ilişkisi bulunana “bi’z-zât”, bulunmayana “bi’l-araz” denir. Bir şeyin mahiyetinde veya mahiyetinin bir parçasında yer alması gerekli unsura veya niteliğe “zâtî”, gerekli olmayana “gayri zâtî” adı verilir. Bu bakımdan arazlar da zâtî ve gayri zâtî diye ikiye ayrılır. Arazın belirleyici özelliği bir konuda devamlı olup olmaması değil konunun zât ve mahiyetine girmemesidir. Zâtînin iki özelliği vardır. Birincisi zâtînin zihinde kavranması mahiyetten öncedir, zâtî tasavvur edilmedikçe zât tasavvur edilemez; bütünün kavranması için önce parçasının bilinmesi gerekir. İkinci özelliği bütünün (zâtın) yapısını oluşturmasıdır. Mantık açısından zâtî, zât ve mahiyeti teşkil etmesi için başka bir etkin sebebe ihtiyaç duymaz. Meselâ üçgen (zât) ve açı (zâtî) örneğinde şekli üçgen yapan etkin sebep açılarıdır (Fârâbî, Kitâbü’l-Ḥurûf , s. 95-97; Muhammed b. Mahmûd eş-Şehrezûrî, s. 45-47).
Zât kelimesi Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de -hepsi de sözlük anlamında- olmak üzere otuz yerde geçer (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ẕvt” md.). İlgili âyetlerdeki nefis kavramının (Âl-i İmrân 3/30; el-Mâide 5/116; el-En‘âm 6/12, 54; Tâhâ 20/41) ilâhî zâtı ifade ettiği belirtilir (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “nfs” md.; Fahreddin er-Râzî, Esâsü’t-taḳdîs , s. 92-94). Bazı müfessirler âyetlerde Allah’a nisbet edilen “vech” (yüz) kelimesiyle de (meselâ bk. el-Bakara 2/115, 272; el-Kasas 28/88; er-Rahmân 55/27) O’nun zâtının kastedildiği görüşündedir (Fahreddin er-Râzî, Esâsü’t-taḳdîs , s. 119-120; İbn Kesîr, VI, 272; Elmalılı, V, 3759-3760; VII, 4675-4677). O’na benzer bir şeyin bulunmadığını bildiren âyetteki “şey” kelimesini de (eş-Şûrâ 42/11) zât olarak yorumlayanlar vardır (Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XXVII, 150). Bazı hadislerde “Allah’ın zâtı” tamlaması geçer (Buhârî, “Enbiyâʾ”, 8; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭalâḳ”, 16). Buhârî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’inde (“Tevḥîd”, 14) “Allah’ın Zâtı, Sıfatları ve İsimleri Hakkında Anlatılanlar” şeklinde bir bab bulunmaktadır. Râzî konuyla ilgili âyet ve hadisleri sıraladıktan sonra Allah hakkında nefs kelimesinin yalnız O’nun zâtını ve hakikatini ifade edeceğini söyler (Esâsü’t-taḳdîs , s. 92-94). Senedinin güvenilir olduğu belirtilen bir mevkuf hadiste, “Allah’ın yarattıkları hakkında düşünün, O’nun zâtı hakkında düşünmeyin” (Beyhakī, s. 360; İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, XIII, 383) buyurularak Allah’ın zâtını ve mahiyetini kavramanın insan aklı için imkânsız olduğuna işaret edilmiştir.
Mantık ve felsefede en başta biri mutlak zât, diğeri bir şeyin zâtı diye iki zâttan söz edilir. Mutlak zât isimlerin ve sıfatların kendisine, özüne yüklendiği şeydir. Bu anlamdaki zâtın bir varlığı anlatması gerekmez. Nitekim adem (yokluk) kavramının hem zihnimizde hem zihnimizin dışında anlam bakımından farazî bir karşılığı bulunduğu için ma‘dûmun da zâtının olduğu belirtilir. Mantık kitaplarında buna anka kuşu örnek gösterilir. Diğer bir kullanımıyla zât hem zihinde hem dış dünyada varlığı olanın mahiyetini ve hakikatini ifade eder. Bu anlamıyla zât kavramı ma‘dûmu kapsamaz. Bir şeyin zâtı denince bundan, varlığını sürdürmesini sağlayan bütün unsurlarıyla (eczâ) birlikte o şeyin kendisi anlaşılır (Tehânevî, I, 333, 519; Fârâbî, Kitâbü’l-Ḥurûf , s. 100-101). Bir şeyin zâtı bir tek kavram (mâna) olabilir; zihinde bu kavram gerçekleştiğinde o şey için bir tek zât hâsıl olur. Bazan şeyin zâtı birçok unsurdan da teşekkül edebilir. Meselâ insan bir cevhere muhtaçtır; eni boyu var, ruhu (nefis) var, beslenir, hareket eder, anlamları kavrar, bilgi ve zanaat öğrenebilir. Bütün bu unsurlar bir araya gelince bir zât ortaya çıkar ki bu da insan denilen varlığın zâtıdır. Zât bilfiil hâsıl olunca ona sonradan katılan özellikler ayrı bir nevi veya cüz doğurmaz. Çünkü o şeyin zâtı ve mahiyeti bir tektir ve değişmezdir; zâtın hakikati bütün unsurlarıyla ne ise odur (İbn Sînâ, eş-Şifâʾ el-Manṭıḳ [1] , s. 28-29; a.e. [2] , s. 79; Manṭıḳu’l-meşriḳıyyîn , s. 40). Bir şey başka bir şeyden, doğrudan zâtıyla veya zâtının bir unsuruyla ya da zâtının devamının kendisine bağlı olduğu şey yönünden ayrılır. Meselâ ipek yünden zâtıyla, siyah yün beyaz yünden zâtındaki bir unsurla ayrılarak tanımlanır. “Hangi” sıfatıyla sorulan sorular türün zâtı hakkında olup konunun mahiyet bakımından ayırt edilmesine yöneliktir. “İnsan hangi canlıdır?” sorusuna verilecek “düşünen canlı” cevabındaki “düşünen” kelimesi canlı türü içinde insanın mahiyetini belirler (Fârâbî, Kitâbü’l-Ḥurûf , s. 182, 184).
Fârâbî’nin bir kaydından anlaşıldığına göre onun döneminde filozofların dışındaki çevrelerde zât karşılığında genellikle nefis kelimesi kullanılırken (a.g.e. , s. 110) felsefe eserlerinin Arapça’ya çevrilmesiyle birlikte zât kavramı İslâm kelâmına konu teşkil etmeye başlamış, kelâm âlimleri ilâhî sıfatların dayandığı varlık için daha çok zât kelimesini kullanmayı tercih etmiştir. Râgıb el-İsfahânî aklî ilimlerde zâtın bir şeyin kendisini (ayn) ifade ettiğini, ancak böyle bir kullanımın Arap dilinde yer almadığını belirtir (el-Müfredât , “ẕvt” md.). Bunun yanında kelimenin müennes olmasından dolayı Allah’a nisbetini doğru bulmayanlar, bu sebeple kelâmcıların “zâtî sıfatlar” ifadesinin cehaletten kaynaklandığını ileri sürenler de olmuştur. Buna karşılık gerek Arap şiirinde gerekse bazı hadislerde “zâtullah, zâtü’l-ilâh” gibi terkiplerin görüldüğü, nitekim Peygamber’in şairi Hassân b. Sâbit’in bir beytinde “zâtü’l-ilâh” terkibinin geçtiği, Buhârî’nin, el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’in bir bab başlığında “Allah’ın zâtı” tamlamasına yer verdiği hatırlatılarak zât lafzından “bir şeyin nefsi” mânasının anlaşılabileceği, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de nefis lafzı Allah’a izâfe edildiğine göre kelâmcıların aynı mânadaki zâtı bu bağlamda kullanmalarında bir sakınca bulunmayacağı belirtilmiştir (Nevevî, s. 154-155; İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, XIII, 381-383).
Allah’ın diğer varlıklardan sıfatlarıyla değil zâtından dolayı ayrıldığını belirten âlimler isim, sıfat ve fiillerin nisbeti için zâtı gerekli görmüşler, zât ve sıfatlardan soyutlanmış bir varlığın hakikatinin olamayacağını ileri sürmüşlerdir. Buna göre zât ve sıfat arasındaki ilişki cins-fasıl ilişkisinden farklıdır. Çünkü fasıl cinsten ayrı değil onun bir parçası iken (insan-canlı gibi) sıfat zâttan başka, zât da sıfattan başkadır (Gazzâlî, Tehâfütü’l-felâsife , s. 189). Allah’ın zâtı O’nun nefsiyle kāim olan, isim ve sıfatlara hüviyet kazandıran varlığıdır. Kemal sıfatlarının gerektirdiği bütün özelliklerle nitelenen Allah’ın zâtı her türlü kusur ve eksiklikten uzaktır. O tektir, hiçbir şeye benzemez, başlangıcı ve sonu yoktur (Mâtürîdî, s. 162-165; Gazzâlî, el-İḳtiṣâd fi’l-iʿtiḳād , s. 61-62; Fahreddin er-Râzî, el-Muḥaṣṣal , s. 154-160). Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye, Mu‘tezile ile Eş‘ariyye arasındaki zât-sıfat ilişkisine dair tartışmayı değerlendirirken ilâhî zâtın var olmak için isim ve sıfatlara ihtiyacı bulunmadığını, ancak O’nun varlığını bunlar olmadan düşünmenin imkânsızlığını ileri sürer; nitekim Resûlullah da sıfat ve fiillerden mücerret bir zâtın varlığından bahsetmemiştir (Derʾü teʿârużi’l-ʿaḳl ve’n-naḳl , II, 150) Mu‘tezile’den Ebû Hâşim el-Cübbâî ve onu izleyenler zâtı müstakil şekilde bilgi ve haber konusu olan, kendisinden söz edilen, sıfatı ise bir başkasına bağlı olarak bilinen şey diye nitelendirirler. Onlara göre zâtlar mevcûd ve ma‘dûm şeklinde kısımlara ayrılabilir. Bu durumda ma‘dûm, vücûd sıfatı olmayan zâttır ve türlerin sıfatlarındaki gibi vücûd sıfatı olmadan var olabilir. Mu‘tezile’ye göre zâtları ve hakikatleri bakımından bütün zâtlar birbirine eşit olsa da zât-ı bârî zorunlu, âlim, hay ve kādir olmasını gerektiren ulûhiyyeti sebebiyle diğerlerinden ayrılır (Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî, s. 85, 252; Tehânevî, I, 519). Mutasavvıflar da zâtın kendisiyle kāim olan ve sıfatlara işaret eden varlığa delâlet ettiğini belirtirler. Buna göre zât bulunmadan isim ve sıfat var olamaz. Hak Allah’ın zâtı, hakikat de O’nun sıfatlarıdır. İlâhî zât mutlak varlık, yaratılmış zâtlar ise yoklukla ilişkili varlıklardır. Zât bütün itibarların, vecihlerin ve izâfetlerin ortadan kalkmasıyla bile varlığı apaçık bir hakikattir ve O mutlak vücûddan ayrı bir şey değildir (Tehânevî, I, 334-335, 519; Serrâc, s. 427; Abdülkerîm el-Cîlî, I, 13-15). Allah’ın vâcibü’l-vücûd oluşunda ittifak eden İslâm âlimleri zât ve sıfat ilişkisi konusunda farklı teoriler geliştirmişlerdir. Mu‘tezile’nin görüşünün aksine Allah’ın zâtını ve sıfatlarını kavramsal açıdan birbirinden ayıran Ehl-i sünnet kelâmcıları ontolojik bakımdan sıfatları zâta bağlı gerçeklikler diye düşünmüş, bu mânaları zâtla özdeşleştirmekten de O’ndan ayrı düşünmekten de kaçınmıştır. Kelâmcılarla filozoflar arasında Allah’ın vücûd sıfatının O’nun zât ve mahiyetinin aynı olup olmadığı hususu tartışılmıştır (bk. SIFAT ; VÜCÛD ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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