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ZAYIF Skip to content Sahih ve hasen hadisin şartlarından birini ya da birkaçını taşımayan rivayetler için kullanılan hadis terimi.
Sahih veya hasen hadisler için gerekli özelliklerden en az birini taşımayan, dolayısıyla hasen mertebesine ulaşamayan rivayetlere zayıf (zaîf ) denir. Râviler hakkında ise bu kelime cerh ifade eden bir sıfat olarak kullanılır. Erken dönem muhaddislerinin örfünde hadislerin sahih ve zayıf diye ikiye ayrıldığına ve hasen kategorisinin bilinmediğine dair yaygın bir kanaat varsa da terimi meşhur eden Tirmizî’den önce Mâlik b. Enes, Şâfiî, Ahmed b. Hanbel ve Buhârî gibi hadisçilerin zayıf terimini kullanmaları (Tirmizî, “Ṭahâret”, 95; Keşmîrî, I, 57) bu kanaatin gerçeği tam yansıtmadığını göstermektedir. Eski muhaddisler döneminde kavramsal olarak tanınan, hatta terimleştirilen hasen Tirmizî tarafından çok sık kullanılmıştır. Yine erken dönem muhaddislerinden bazılarının hasen karşılığında yer verdikleri hafif dereceli zayıf hadis kategorisi de Tirmizî’nin terminolojisinde hasen diye kaydedilmiştir (Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye, XVIII, 23, 25). Sonraki dönemlerde de zayıf hadis, “sahih veya hasen sıfatlarını taşımayan” yahut daha genel bir ifadeyle “kabul şartlarından birini taşımayan hadis” şeklinde tanımlanmıştır. Hadis usulcüleri, hadisin sahih veya hasen olma şartlarından birine veya birkaçına sahip olmamasını dikkate alarak zayıf hadisi alt gruplara ayırmışlar ve bunların her biri için farklı bir terim belirlemişlerdir. Meselâ Hattâbî zayıf hadisleri en zayıfından başlamak üzere mevzû, maklûb ve meçhul diye sıralamıştır (Meʿâlimü’s-sünen , I, 6). İbnü’s-Salâh’a göre de zayıf hadis mevzû, maklûb, şâz, muallel, muztarib, mürsel, münkatı‘ ve mu‘dal olmak üzere çeşitli kısımlara ayrılır (ʿUlûmü’l-ḥadîs̱ , s. 41, 98). Mevzû hadisler muhteva bakımından değerlendirildiğinde kategori açısından zayıf hadislerden farklı olması gerekirken hadis tekniği yönünden kabul şartlarının birçoğunu taşımaması itibariyle zayıf hadis kapsamına alınmıştır. Hadislerde zayıflığın en önemli sebeplerinden biri isnaddaki inkıtâdır. Bu tür hadisler mürsel, münkatı‘, mu‘dal, müdelles ve muallel kısımlarına ayrılır. İlletler daha çok isnadlarda söz konusu olduğundan muallel hadis de burada zikredilmiştir. İnkıtâ dışındaki sebeplerle zayıf duruma düşen hadisler ise muzaaf, muztarib, maklûb, şâz, münker ve metrûk/matrûh hadislerdir (M. Acâc el-Hatîb, s. 359-371).
İmâmiyye Şîası’nda hadisler bilgi değerleri bakımdan ikiye, isnadın kuvveti itibariyle de dörde ayrılmıştır. Buna göre bilgi ifade eden hadislere mu‘teber veya sahih, bilgi değeri olmayanlara gayri muteber veya zayıf denmiştir. Sahih olanlar da mütevâtir ve âhâd (makrûn: bir karîne ile teyit edilen) şeklinde iki kısımda ele alınmıştır. En erken Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî’ye (ö. 460/1068) nisbet edilen bu taksim imamların otoritesine sıkı bağlılıklarıyla bilinen Ahbârî Şiîler’ce benimsenmiştir. Usûlî Şîa geleneğinde benimsenen dörtlü taksim ise Sünnî kesimde terimlerin yerleşmesinden çok sonraki bir zamanda, ancak VII. (XIII.) yüzyılda gerçekleşmiştir. Cemâleddin Ahmed b. Tâvûs (ö. 673/1275) ve öğrencisi Allâme el-Hillî’ye (ö. 726/1325) nisbet edilen bu tasnife göre hadisler sahih, hasen, müvessak ve zayıf diye dörde ayrılır. Senedindeki bütün râviler âdil İmâmî ise hadis sahih sayılır. Senedin tamamı İmâmî olmakla beraber bir kısmı adalet sahibi, bir kısmı da memdûh râvilerden müteşekkil ise hasen, âdil ve memdûh İmâmî râvilerin yanı sıra senedde İmâmî olmayan, ancak güvenilen râviler mevcutsa hadis müvessak kabul edilir. Zayıf ise isnadında zayıf veya meçhul râvilerin bulunduğu hadislerdir (Dâʾiretü’l-maʿârifi’l-İslâmiyyeti’ş-Şîʿiyye , V, 36-37, 42-43). Zayıf hadis de makbul ve merdud kısımlarına ayrılır. Buradaki makbul, fakihlerin kabul edip kendisiyle amel ettiği zayıf hadisleri, merdud ise âlimlerin reddettiği ve zaafı ortadan kaldıracak bir karîne bulunmadığı için başvurulmasını uygun görmedikleri hadisleri ifade etmektedir (a.g.e. , V, 51-52).
Sünnî hadis usulünde zayıf hadisin tanımından çok onunla amel edilip edilemeyeceği konusu tartışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda rivayetler fezâil ve ahkâm hadisleri başlıkları altında ikiye ayrılmıştır. Muhaddisler, akaid ve ahkâma dair konularla ilgili olmamak şartıyla zayıf isnadlı hadislerin rivayetinde bir sakınca görmemişler; mevâiz, kıssalar, amellerin faziletleri gibi tergīb-terhîb konularında yahut tefsir ve megāzîye ilişkin hususlarda hadis rivayet ederken daha hoşgörülü bir tutum ortaya koymuşlardır. Süfyân b. Uyeyne, Süfyân es-Sevrî, Abdullah b. Mübârek, Abdurrahman b. Mehdî ve Ahmed b. Hanbel gibi ilk dönem hadis münekkitleri fezâil-ahkâm ayırımına gitmişler ve bazı râvilerin yalnızca fezâil alanındaki rivayetlerini kabul etmişlerdir. Meselâ Süfyân es-Sevrî’nin, “Helâl ve haram hususunda bu ilmi ancak hadisin ziyadesini ve noksanını bilen, ilmiyle meşhur önde gelen âlimlerden alınız. Diğer hususlarda bu özelliği taşımayan şeyhlerden de almanızda bir sakınca yoktur” dediği bilinmektedir (Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, s. 162). Zayıf hadisle amel edilip edilemeyeceği münakaşalarında ilk dönemdeki ehl-i re’y – ehl-i hadîs gruplaşması üzerinden yürütülen tartışmaların da etkili olduğu düşünülebilir. Zira ilk dönem tartışmalarında Ahmed b. Hanbel gibi re’y yerine zayıf hadisi tercih edenlere sıkça rastlanmaktadır (DİA , XV, 534). Zayıf hadisin rivayeti ve onunla amel edilebilmesi, ayrıca bazı âlimlerin zayıf hadisi kıyasa tercih etmeleri o hadisin Hz. Peygamber’e ait olması ihtimali sebebiyledir. Bir hadise zayıf hükmünün verilmesi o hadisin hiçbir şekilde Resûl-i Ekrem’e ait olmadığı anlamına gelmediğinden ihtiyaten böyle bir uygulama tercih edilmiştir. Zira âdil ve zâbıt râvilerin hata yapma ihtimali bulunduğu gibi zayıf râvilerin de rivayetlerinde isabet ihtimali vardır (Zeynüddin el-Irâkī, s. 10).
Zayıf hadisle amel edilmesi birtakım şartlara bağlanmıştır. İbn Hacer’e nisbet edilen bir görüşe göre bunun için üç şart gerekir: 1. Hadis aşırı zayıf olmamalıdır. Bir hadisi sadece kendisi rivayet eden yalancıların, yalancılıkla itham edilenlerin ve çok hata yapanların rivayetleri bu türdendir. 2. Zayıf hadis İslâm’da kabul görmüş genel bir prensibe aykırı olmamalıdır. Bu şart dinde hiçbir temeli bulunmayan sonradan uydurulmuş şeyleri dışarıda bırakır. 3. Zayıf hadisle amel edilirken Resûl-i Ekrem’in söylemediği bir şeyi ona isnat etmiş olmamak için o rivayeti ihtiyatla karşılamak gerekir (Şemseddin es-Sehâvî, el-Ḳavlü’l-bedîʿ , s. 255). Bunlara şu şartlar da eklenmiştir: Hadis aklın, şeriatın ve dilin kabul etmediği mübalağalar içermemeli, kendisinden daha kuvvetli diğer bir şer‘î delille çelişmemelidir (Yûsuf el-Kardâvî, Sünneti Anlamada Yöntem , s. 88). Leknevî’nin bu konuyla ilgili şu değerlendirmesi zayıf hadisle amel konusunda mutedil bir yaklaşım sayılabilir: Câiz veya mendup olduğuna dair sahih bir hadis bulunmayan bir konuda çok zayıf olmayan bir hadis varsa, bu durumda o hususun câiz veya mendup olduğu o zayıf hadisle bilinir. Bu da konunun şer‘î bir hususla ilgili olması ve şer‘î temellerle, sahih delillerle çelişmemesi şartına bağlıdır (el-Ecvibetü’l-fâżıla , s. 55).
Klasik dönem âlimlerinin zayıf hadisle amel hususunda gösterdiği müsamahaya çağdaş dönemde, özellikle Selefî din anlayışının yeniden yükselişe geçmesiyle şiddetli eleştiriler yöneltilmiştir. Şevkânî gibi gelenekçi Selefîler zayıf hadisin kullanımına toptan karşıdır. Şevkânî’ye göre şer‘î hükümler arasında fezâil-ahkâm ayırımı yapmak doğru değildir ve hüccet teşkil etmeyen bir delile dayanarak bir şey hakkında hüküm vermek helâl olmaz (el-Fevâʾidü’l-mecmûʿa , s. 283). Muhammed Abduh ve Reşîd Rızâ gibi modern Selefîler de zayıf hadise karşı olumsuz bir tutum sergilemişlerdir (krş. Brown, XVIII/1 [2011], s. 33 vd.). Daha yakın bir dönemde Ahmed el-Bedevî, Muhammed Nâsırüddin el-Elbânî ve Subhî es-Sâlih gibi isimler de bu konudaki eleştirileriyle öne çıkmaktadır. Ahmed el-Bedevî zayıf hadisle amel edilebileceği fikrini, zayıf hadislerin itikadı ve sağlıklı düşünmeyi olumsuz etkilemesi sebebiyle müslümanların geri kalmışlığının önemli gerekçelerinden biri saymaktadır. Zayıf hadisle amel edilebilmesi için gerekli şartlar arasında zikredilen yukarıdaki ilk iki maddeyi uzman âlimlerin bile bilmesinin zor olduğunu söyleyen M. Nâsırüddin el-Elbânî zayıf hadisle amel etmeyi câiz görmez. Ona göre zayıf hadis rivayet edilirken zayıf olduğu belirtilmeli ve böyle bir hadisle amel edilmemelidir (Silsiletü’l-eḥâdîs̱i’ż-żaʿîfe , III, 25). Elbânî’nin bu yaklaşımı çalışmalarına da yön vermiş, neredeyse bütün ilmî mesaisini zayıf hadislerle sahih olanları birbirinden ayırmaya harcamıştır. Yûsuf el-Kardâvî ise zayıf hadisle amel edilebileceği kanaatinde olmasına rağmen uygulamada bunun sağlıklı işlemediğini, zayıf hadisle çok zayıf hadis arasındaki ayırıma dikkat edilmediğini söylemektedir.
Zayıf hadisi kayıtsız şartsız kabul etme şeklindeki toptancı temayül aşırılığa kaçan bir yaklaşımdır. Öte yandan bazı hadisçilerin uydurma dediği hadisleri bir kısım hadisçilerin zayıf kabul ettiği, bir hadisin sıhhatine veya zayıflığına ilişkin hüküm vermenin aslında ictihadî bir durum olduğu düşünülürse zayıf hadisi toptan reddeden anlayışın da aşırılık olduğu söylenebilir. Zayıf hadisin rivayetinde veya onunla amel etmede gösterilen esnekliğin temelinde zayıf hadislerin derece bakımından birbirinden farklı olması gerçeği vardır. Muhaddislerin büyük çoğunluğu aşırı zayıf hadislerle diğerlerini aynı kefeye koymamışlardır. Zayıf hadislerin zayıflık derecelerine göre gruplandırılması, isnadlar arasında tercihte bulunulması ve i‘tibara (hadisin farklı tariklerinin araştırılması) elverişli olanlarla olmayanların birbirinden ayırt edilebilmesi bakımından faydalı kabul edilmiştir (Cemâleddin el-Kāsımî, s. 112).
İslâm ümmetinin ittifakla amel ettiği bazı zayıf hadislerin rivayetinde de bir sakınca görülmemiştir. Bu tür rivayetler zayıf isnadlarla aktarılmasına rağmen ümmetin tatbikatına uygun olması durumunda makbul sayılmıştır. Meselâ Şâfiî, “Vârise vasiyet yoktur” hadisi hakkında (Ebû Dâvûd, “Veṣâyâ”, 6) şöyle demiştir: “Hadisçiler bu rivayeti sahih kabul etmemekle beraber İslâm toplumu uygulamaya elverişli görerek onunla amel etmiş ve bu hadisin vasiyet âyetini neshettiğini düşünmüştür” (Leknevî, s. 52). Dolayısıyla senedi zayıf bir rivayetle gelmiş olsa da bir hadisin müslümanlar arasında yaygınlık kazanması ahkâma dair bir uygulamanın sıhhati için yeterli bir delil sayılmıştır. Nitekim İbn Hacer el-Askalânî’ye göre İmam Şâfiî’nin söz konusu hadisin nâsih olduğunu söylemesi onun bu hadisi mütevâtir seviyesinde kabul ettiğini göstermektedir (Fetḥu’l-bârî , V, 372). Sünenlerde zayıf isnadlı, ancak makbul addedilen birçok rivayet mevcuttur.
Zayıf hadisle ilgili olarak hadis âlimlerinin tartıştığı bir diğer konu zayıf hadisin hasen mertebesine yükselmesi meselesidir. Hadis usulüne göre zayıf bir hadis mütâbi‘ veya şâhidlerinin çoğalmasıyla hasen li-gayrihî mertebesine yükselir. Ancak bu durum her zayıf hadis için geçerli değildir. Râvinin hâfızasındaki bir kusurdan dolayı veya irsâl sebebiyle zayıf sayılan bir hadis tariklerinin çoğalmasıyla hasen mertebesine çıkabilirken râvisi yalancılıkla itham edildiği veya şâz kaldığı için zayıf olan bir hadis başka tariklerle desteklense de hasen derecesine çıkamaz (İbnü’s-Salâh, s. 34). Zayıf hadisin hiçbir şekilde hasen derecesine çıkamayacağını ileri süren ve zayıf tariklerin bir araya gelmesinin zayıflığın derecesini arttırmaktan başka bir anlam ifade etmeyeceğini söyleyen İbn Hazm’ın görüşü ise şâz kabul edilmiştir (Bedreddin ez-Zerkeşî, I, 322). Sahih bir hadisin ayrıca zayıf bir isnadla rivayet edilmesi sahih tarikin sıhhatine zarar vermez. Aksine sahih senedin varlığı zayıf isnadı güçlendireceğinden zayıf isnada rağmen metin sahih kabul edilir. Bundan dolayı senedi zayıf olan bir hadis rivayet edilecekse “zaîfün bi-hâze’l-isnâd” denilmesi icap eder. Zayıf bir hadis için verilecek mutlak “zayıf” hükmü, ancak onun hiçbir sahih tarikten nakledilmediği teyit edildikten sonra zikredilebilir. Ayrıca zayıf hadislerin senedsiz nakledilmesi durumunda kesinlik ifade eden cezm sîgaları yerine temrîz sîgalarının kullanılması gerekir (İbnü’s-Salâh, s. 103-104).
Zayıf bir hadisin rivayet edilmesi durumunda onun zayıf olduğunu açıklamanın gereği konusunda farklı görüşler bulunmaktadır. Abdurrahman b. Mehdî, Ahmed b. Hanbel ve Nevevî gibi âlimlere göre söz konusu hadis ahkâm konusunda ise zayıflığını açıklamak gerekir, diğer konularda hadislerin zayıflığı aşırı derecede olmadıkça bunu belirtmeye ihtiyaç yoktur. Meselâ Ebû Dâvûd es-Sünen’inde (s. 37-38) sadece aşırı derecede zayıf olan rivayetlerle ilgili açıklama yapmıştır. Tirmizî ise muhtevasına yahut zayıflık derecesine bakmadan her türlü zayıflığı açıklamayı tercih etmiştir. Ancak gerek hadise gerek diğer ilimlere dair bazı eserlerde zayıflığı yeterince açıklanmamış hadislerin yer aldığı da bir gerçektir. Muhaddislerin çeşitli alanlardaki eserleri tahriç etmesinin bir sebebi de bu eserlerdeki rivayetlerin sıhhat durumunu ortaya koyma arzusudur. Zayıf terimi aynı zamanda râviler hakkında kullanıldığından hadis tarihinde zayıf veya metrûk râvileri tanıtan, genellikle “ed-duafâ’” yahut “ed-duafâ’ ve’l-metrûkîn” adıyla bilinen zengin bir literatür oluşmuştur. Bu eserlerde râviler tanıtılırken zayıf rivayetlerinden birçok örnek verilmektedir. İlelü’l-hadîsle ilgili kaynaklarda da zayıf hadislere örnekler yer alabilir. Ayrıca içinde zayıf hadislerin bulunabileceği hadis kaynakları arasında Dârekutnî’nin es-Sünen’i, Hâkim en-Nîsâbûrî, Beyhakī ve Hatîb el-Bağdâdî gibi müelliflerin eserleri de zikredilebilir (krş. Leknevî, s. 77 vd.).
Zayıf hadisler pek çok araştırmacının ilgisini çekmiştir. Bunların büyük çoğunluğu, konuyu usul açısından ele almak suretiyle daha çok zayıf hadisle amel hususuna yoğunlaşırken bir kısmı da zayıf hadisleri derleyen eserler kaleme almıştır. Bunlardan öne çıkanlar şöylece sıralanabilir: Sıddîk Hasan Han, Firâsetü’l-ʿârif li-beyâni’l-ʿamel bi’l-ḥadîs̱i’ż-żaʿîf (Bopal 1295); Abdülkerîm b. Abdullah el-Hudayr, el-Ḥadîs̱ü’ż-żaʿîf ve ḥükmü’l-iḥticâc bihî (Riyad 1417/1997); Muhammed Refet Saîd, el-Ḥadîs̱ü’ż-żaʿîf: Aḥkâmühû ve rivâyetühû ve’l-ʿamel bihî (Kahire 1991); Mahmud Esad Erkaya, Hanefî Fakihlerin Muhaddisler Tarafından Zayıf Hükmü Verilen Hadisleri Kullanma Nedenleri -el-Hidâye Örneği (yüksek lisans tezi, 2009, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü); Eşref b. Saîd, Ḥükmü’l-ʿamel bi’l-ḥadîs̱i’ż-żaʿîf fî feżâʾili’l-aʿmâl (Kahire 1412); Süleyman b. Nâsır el-Ulvân, el-İʿlâm bi-vücûbi’t-tes̱ebbüt fî rivâyeti’l-ḥadîs̱ ve ḥükmü’l-ʿamel bi’l-ḥadîs̱i’ż-żaʿîf (Riyad 1414); Murtazâ Zeyn Ahmed, Menâhicü’l-muḥaddis̱în fî taḳviyeti’l-eḥâdîs̱i’l-ḥasene ve’ż-żaʿîfe (Riyad 1994); İzzeddin Belîk, Mevâzînü’l-Ḳurʾân ve’s-sünne li’l-eḥâdîs̱i’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥa ve’ż-żaʿîfe ve’l-mevżûʿa (Beyrut 1406); Muhammed Abdülazîz Helâvî, en-Nefîs fi’t-temyîz beyne’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ve’ż-żaʿîf ve şerḥu muṣṭalaḥi’l-ḥadîs̱ (Kahire 1400); Muhammed b. Kāsım el-Kādirî el-Fâsî, Refʿu’l-ʿitâb ve’l-melâm ʿammen ḳāle: “el-ʿamelü bi’ż-żaʿîfi iḫtiyâren ḥarâm” (Beyrut 1406); Abdülazîz b. Abdurrahman Useym, Taḥḳīḳu’l-ḳavl bi’l-ʿamel bi’l-ḥadîs̱i’ż-żaʿîf (Riyad 1992); Rebî‘ b. Hâdî Umeyr el-Medhalî, Taḳsîmü’l-ḥadîs̱ ilâ ṣaḥîḥ ve ḥasen ve żaʿîf beyne vâḳıʿi’l-muḥaddis̱în ve muġāleṭâti’l-müteʿaṣṣıbîn (Riyad 1411); Muhammed Amr Abdüllatîf, Tebyîżü’ṣ-ṣaḥîfe bi-uṣûli’l-eḥâdîs̱i’ż-żaʿîfe (Mısır 1409); Ayşe Esra Ağırakça Şahyar, Kütüb-i Sitte’den Örneklerle Zayıf Hadis Rivayeti Metodolojik Anlam ve Yorum (İstanbul 2011). Bu konuda yapılmış derleme türü çalışmalar arasında ise şunlar zikredilebilir: R. Mahmûd Îsâ, el-Eḥâdîs̱ü’ż-żaʿîfe fî Silsileti’l-eḥâdîs̱i’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥa ve’stidrâkü mâ fâte eş-Şeyḫ Muḥammed Nâṣıruddîn el-Elbânî (Hartum 1407); Abdurrahman Abdülhâliḳ, Es̱erü’l-eḥâdîs̱i’ż-żaʿîfe ve’l-mevżûʿa fi’l-ʿaḳīde (Küveyt 1985); Zekeriyyâ b. Gulâm Kādir el-Pâkistânî, el-Eḥâdîs̱ü’ḍ-ḍıʿâf ve’l-mevżûʿât fi’l-esmâʾ ve’ṣ-ṣıfât (Beyrut 2001); Muhammed el-Hût, Ḥüsnü’l-es̱er fîmâ fîhi żaʿfün ve’ḫtilâfün min ḥadîs̱in ve ḫaberin ve es̱er (Beyrut, ts.); Ebû İshak el-Huveynî el-Eserî, en-Nâfile fi’l-eḥâdîs̱i’ż-żaʿîfe ve’l-bâṭıla (Tanta 1988); Nâsırüddin el-Elbânî, Silsiletü’l-eḥâdîs̱i’ż-żaʿîfe ve’l-mevżûʿa ve es̱eruhe’s-seyyiʾü fi’l-ümme (Riyad 1992).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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