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ZÂYİRÇE Skip to content Yıldızların hareket ve konumlarını gösteren cetvel, bu tür cetvellere dayanarak istikbali keşfetme yöntemi.
Bir görüşe göre zâyirçe (zâîrçe ) Arapça zevr (ziyaret) kökünden türeyen zâir (ziyaret eden, ziyaretçi) kelimesinin sonuna Farsça küçültme eki “-çe”nin getirilmesi, bir başka görüşe göre zâir ile câe (geldi) fiilinin birleştirilmesi suretiyle oluşmuş, bir diğer telakkiye göre ise Farsça zîç kelimesinden zâyîçe şeklinde türetilmiş olup bazı bölgelerde zâyirçe biçiminde telaffuz edilmiştir. Zâyirçe ve zâyîçe zaman zaman eş anlamlı gibi kullanılmış, bazan birincisi astronomi, ikincisi astrolojinin karşılığı kabul edilmiştir. Terim olarak yıldızların belli bir zamandaki yerlerini ve durumlarını gösteren cetveli, yıldızların ve burçların vaziyet ve hareketlerinden hüküm çıkarıp geleceği keşfetme yöntemini ifade eder.
Zâyirçe, yıldızların vaziyet ve hareketleriyle sürat ve istikametlerini hesaplayan zîç ilminden faydalanılması ve gökyüzünün horoskopik haritasının oluşturulmasıyla yapılır. Arzın yörüngesine paralel şekilde devreden, yaklaşık 18 derece genişliğindeki bir daireden meydana gelen bu cetvel 30’ar derecelik eşit kısımlara ayrılır. Bu kısımların her biri yılın bir ayına tekabül eden bir burcu temsil eder. Günümüz astrologlarının çoğu, Batlamyus’un Tetrabiblos adlı eserinde yer alan ve sonsuz çeşitlemesi bulunan temel horoskopiyi kullanmaktadır. Yerin dönme ekseni bir topaç gibi yavaşça “kafa salladığından” yıldızlar her yıl aynı noktaya dönmez. Dolayısıyla belli bir yıldızın konumu uzun bir süre boyunca ölçüldüğünde bunun gökyüzü düzleminde geriye doğru kaydığı görülür. Astrologlara göre gök cisimleriyle insanlar arasında etkileme-etkilenme ilişkisi söz konusu olup her burcun bir özelliği bulunmakta ve kişi hangi burcun tesiri altında doğarsa onun tabiat ve mizacına sahip olmaktadır. Meselâ hamelin (koç burcu) etkisi altında doğanlar mağrur, çalışkan, kuvvetli ve saldırgan; seretanın (yengeç) etkisi altında doğanlar tembel ve kibirli olur.
Mağrib tertibi üzere olan ebced harflerinin ve bugünkü Arap sayılarını teşkil eden Hint rakamlarının değerleri kullanılarak hazırlanan zâyirçelerin en meşhuru, Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Ca‘fer es-Sebtî’ye (ö. 601/1205) nisbet edilen ve kelimeler arasındaki harf ilişkilerine dayanılarak sorulardan cevap çıkarma yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilen zâyirçe-i Sebtî’dir (zâyirçetü’l-âlem; bk. DİA , XXXVI, 260-261). Bu zâyirçe birbirine paralel bazı dairelerden meydana gelmekte ve her biri on iki burç sayısınca merkezden muhite geçen çizgilerle on ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Her çizginin üzerinde başından sonuna kadar harfler ve sayılar bulunur. İçinde ve daireler arasında ilimlerin adları ve oluşların yerleri yazılıdır. Zâyirçenin arkasında uzunluk, genişlik (tûl, arz) bakımından birbirini kesen çizgilerden meydana gelen bir cetvel mevcut olup genişliği 55, uzunluğu 131 hâneyi içerir. Bu hânelerin bazısında sayı, bazısında harfler vardır, bir kısmı ise boştur. Zâyirçenin etrafında ondan arzu edilen sonucun çıkarılmasının biçimini anlatan “Kasîde-i Lâmiyye” yer alır. Ancak Mağrib’de gaybdan haber verdiği ileri sürülen Mâlik b. Vüheyb’e ait olan kasidenin içerdiği beyitler bilmece gibidir. İbn Haldûn bu cetvelin yapılışı ve kullanılışı hakkında bilgi verir. Levhanın ön yüzünde zodyak ve diğer takım yıldızları için bölünmüş, aynı merkezli bir daire sistemi vardır (bk. Şekil).
Zâyirçenin arka planını meydana getiren çok eski bir geçmişe sahip bulunan astroloji özellikle Mezopotamya’da yaygın bir kullanım alanına sahipti. Kadim tarihin önemli milletlerinden Keldânîler, Harran ve Irak’ın berrak seması altında ilm-i ahkâm-ı nücûmun temelini atmışlardı. Bu yöntemin Araplar’a buradan geçtiği tahmin edilmektedir. İslâm’ın ilk döneminde müslümanlar arasında zâyirçe, astroloji, esrâr-ı hurûf vb. uygulamalar yoktu. İslâm dünyasında bu tür uygulamalar Bâtıniyye’nin ve gulât-ı mutasavvıfenin zuhurundan sonra görülmeye başlanmıştır. Söz konusu akımlar bu yollarla idrak perdesinin açıldığını, ellerinde birtakım olağan üstü olayların zuhur ettiğini ve unsurlar âleminde tasarrufta bulunduklarını iddia etmiş, yazdıkları kitaplarda feleklerin ve yıldızların ruhlarının ilâhî isimlerdeki kemalden zuhur ettiğini, harflerin tabiat ve sırlarının isim ve kelimelere, bunların da kâinatta müşahede edilen düzene geçtiğini ileri sürmüştür. Esrâr-ı hurûf böylece ortaya çıkmıştır. Daha sonra bu ilimle uğraşanlar sırlı harflerdeki sihirli tasarrufun sebebini tesbitte fikir ayrılığına düşmüştür. Bazıları bu sırrı harflerin terkibindeki mizaca bağlayıp unsurlar gibi harfleri de tabiatları itibariyle dört sınıfa ayırmış, unsurlardaki tabiatlardan her birini harflerden bir sınıfa tahsis etmiştir. Böylece harfler ateş, hava, su ve toprak tabiatlı olarak taksim edilmiştir. Buna göre “ebced”deki elif ateş, be hava, cîm su, dâl toprak tabiatlıdır. Ardından ebced harfleri aynı işlemle alt alta gruplandırılmış, dört gruptan her birine ait yedişer harf belirlenmiştir. Abbâsî halifelerinden özellikle Me’mûn devrinde birçok kişi bu konuyla ilgilenip eser yazmıştır. Bunlardan biri olan Ebû Ma‘şer Ca‘fer b. Muhammed başlangıçta hadis ehlinden iken kırk yedi yaşından sonra ilm-i nücûma merak sarıp bu ilmi öğrenmiş ve 272 (886) yılında 100 yaşını aşkın olarak Vâsıt’ta ölmüştür. İbnü’n-Nedîm el-Fihrist ’te (s. 336) astroloji ve zâyirçe hakkında şu eserleri zikreder: Kitâbü’l-Medḫali’l-kebîr , Kitâbü’l-Medḫali’ṣ-ṣaġīr , Kitâbü Zîci’l-hezârât , Kitâbü’l-Mevâlîdi’l-kebîr , Kitâbü Heyʾeti’l-felek ve’ḫtilâfi ṭulûʿihî , Kitâbü’l-Ḳırânât , Kitâbü’l-İḫtiyârât ʿalâ menâzili’l-ḳamer , Kitâbü Zâʾircâti’l-intihâʾât ve’l-memerrât . Harfleri insan topluluklarına benzeten Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî insanlar gibi onların da resul, âlim, zengin-fakir, şakî-saîd ve avamdan olanlarının bulunduğunu iddia etmiştir. Meselâ elif, dâl, râ ve vâv harflerinin resulleri; zâl ve zâ harflerinin râsih âlimleri; bâ, sîn ve tâ harflerinin sâlihleri; ḥâ, sâd ve lâm harflerinin ağniyâyı; yâ, tâ, kâf harflerinin fukarayı; s̱â ve şîn harflerinin eşkıyayı, geri kalanların da avamı temsil ettiğini, ayrıca sayıların erkek ve dişilerinin olduğunu kaydetmektedir (Ahmed Mûsâ ez-Zerkāvî, s. 72-74).
Zâyirçenin onu öğrenip gereğiyle amel edene sonsuz itibar ve şeref kazandırdığını söyleyen Ahmed b. Ali el-Bûnî bunun fal vb. şekillerde yapılan (müstear), dörtlü veya altılı vefkler vasıtasıyla yapılan (basit) ve şiir vezinlerine dayanıp nazım üzerinden yapılanı (recezî) olmak üzere üç çeşidinin bulunduğunu kaydeder (bk. bibl.). Ahmed Mûsâ ez-Zerkāvî el-Felekî er-Risâle fi’z-zâyirce adlı eserinde (s. 71) zâyirçenin bütün türlerini bu risâlede topladığını, onu okuyanın başka bir esere ihtiyaç duymayacağını ileri sürer. Harflerin kendi hallerinde başka bir âlemi ifade ettiklerini, sır ve havaslarının olduğunu, bazılarının şuursuz canlılar, bazılarının ise şuurlular üzerinde etkide bulunduğunu iddia eder ve aralarındaki ilişkinin mıknatısla demir arasındaki çekim ilişkisine benzediğini söyler.
Osmanlılar’da yıldızlara bakmak ve gök cisimlerinin yerlerini gösteren cetveller hazırlamak suretiyle insanların kaderini bilmeye çalışanlara müneccim denilirdi. Bunlar üç farklı sistemle çalışırlardı. 1 . Mesâil: Kayıp ve hırsızlık gibi günlük hayatta rastlanan olayları tesbit etmek için yapılır. 2. İhtiyârât: Buna padişahın tahta çıkması, savaş açma, sefere çıkma, düğün vb. önemli işler için en uygun zamanı (eşref-i sâat) belirlemek için başvurulurdu. 3. Doğum gününün esas alınması: Doğum anında gökkürenin gösterdiği manzaranın yeni doğan bebeğin kaderini etkileyeceği düşüncesinden hareketle oluşturulan bir sistemdi. Mağribli astrolog Ahmed Mûsa ez-Zerkāvî, zâyirçeyi konu edindiği risâlesinde dört değişik türüne yer verdikten sonra bunların her biri hakkında açıklamalar yapar (a.g.e. , s. 77-87).
Tılsım, ilm-i ahkâm-ı nücûm ve zâyirçe gibi yöntemler, canlı olduğuna inanılan feleklerin ruhaniyetinden faydalanmak suretiyle yeryüzünde tasarrufta bulunma sistemlerine dayanır. Bu sebeple yıldız ve burçların konum ve hareketleriyle insanların tabiat ve mizaçları arasında irtibat kurulur. Bu yönteme başvuranlar nefisleri güçlendirmek üzere riyâzet yapılmasını gerekli görürler. Ancak böylelerinin yaptığı riyâzet çoğu zaman din bakımından olumsuz, hatta küfür diye nitelendirilebilecek bazı söz ve temrinleri içerir. Çünkü bu gibiler Allah yerine yıldızları etkili sayar, onlara dua eder, insan fiillerini onların konum ve hareketlerine bağlarlar. Kendilerine “ehl-i esmâ” adı veren bazı kişiler ise bu yöntemle değil Kur’an ve hadislerden seçilen dua ve zikirlerle tasarrufta bulunmayı tercih ederler. Bunlar, mücâhede ve keşif sonucu kendilerinde hâsıl olan ilâhî nur ve rabbânî inâyet sayesinde tasarrufta bulunduklarını ileri sürerler. Literatürde Sehl et-Tüsterî’ye nisbet edilen Risâle fi’l-ḥurûf onun Zâyirçe adlı risâlesi olmalıdır (bk. SEHL et-TÜSTERÎ ). İbn Haldûn esmâ sahibinin, keşif ve mücâhede neticesinde hâsıl olan ilâhî esrar ve melekûtî hakikatler konusundaki mârifetten uzak, sırf isim, harf ve kelimelerin tabiatları arasındaki münasebetle yetinmesi ve onlarla tasarrufta bulunması durumunda tılsımcılardan hiçbir farkının kalmayacağını, hatta onlardan daha aşağı düzeye ineceğini kaydeder. Esmâ sahipleri, bazan kelime ve isimlerde var saydıkları kuvvetleri yıldızların kuvvetleriyle mezcederek âlemde mevcut her şeyi yedi yıldızın tesirine göre zatlar, sıfatlar ve fiiller şeklinde taksime tâbi tutar, bunun için uygun gün ve saatler belirler, esmâ-i hüsnâya denk gelen gezegenin haz ve ta‘lîlerinden uygun vefkler oluştururlar. Sihirbazlarla aynı paralelde yer almamak için işlemlerini birtakım zikir ve dualarla yapılan riyâzet perdesi arkasında gizlerler. Bûnî ve İbnü’l-Hâc et-Tilimsânî gibi şahsiyetlerin eserlerindeki işlemler bu türdendir. Netice itibariyle bunların yaptıkları şeyler de sihirbazlığa benzeyen işlemlerdir. Dolayısıyla bu tür uygulamaların meşrû olduğu sonucuna varmak mümkün değildir. İbn Haldûn, zâyirçeden söz ederken kendi döneminde zâyirçe ile kayıp ve hırsızlık gibi olaylarla gayba dair bilgi edinmeye çalışan pek çok kimseyle karşılaştığını, ancak gaybdan haber veren birine rastlamadığını belirtmektedir (Mukaddime , trc. Süleyman Uludağ, I, 411).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İlhan Ayverdi – Ahmet Topaloğlu, Misalli Büyük Türkçe Sözlük , İstanbul 2005, III, 3481.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 336.
Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, el-Ḳavl fî ʿilmi’n-nücûm (nşr. Yûsuf b. Muhammed Saîd), Riyad 1420/1999, s. 221-229.
Yûsuf Has Hâcib, Kutadgu Bilig (nşr. Reşid Rahmeti Arat), Ankara 1979, I, 30.
Ahmed b. Ali el-Bûnî, Şemsü’l-maʿârifi’l-kübrâ , Beyrut, ts. (el-Mektebetü’s-sekāfiyye), s. 345-348.
İbn Haldûn, Mukaddime: Osmanlı Tercümesi (trc. Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, haz. Yavuz Yıldırım v.dğr.), İstanbul 2008, III, 151-157.
a.mlf., Mukaddime (trc. Süleyman Uludağ), İstanbul 1982-83, I, 407-412; II, 1194-1205.
Sıddîk Hasan Han, Ebcedü’l-ʿulûm , Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye), II, 51-52.
Ahmed Mûsâ ez-Zerkāvî, er-Risâle fi’z-zâyirce (Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb: Sebʿ Resâʾil içinde), Kahire 1325/1907, s. 71-102.
Râgıb Rıfkı, Esrârü’l-hurûf: İlm-i Harf-Zâyirçe-Vefk , İstanbul 1336, tür.yer.
Muhammed Gayûr, Zayiçenizi Biliniz , İstanbul 1928, s. 3-6.
Seyyid Muhammed Ali Dâî el-İslâm, Ferheng-i Niẓâm , Tahran 1363, III, 224.
Abdülfettâh es-Seyyid et-Tûhî, ez-Zâyircetü’l-hendesiyye fî keşfi’l-esrâri’l-ḫafiyye , Beyrut 1411/1991, s. 7.
a.mlf., Zâyircetü’t-Tûḫî el-Felekî , Beyrut, ts. (Mektebetü’s-sekāfiyye), s. 7-14.
Ayşe Duvarcı, Türkiye’de Falcılık Geleneği ile Bu Konuda İki Eser: “Risâle-i Falnâme lî Ca‘fer-i Sâdık” ve “Tefe’ülname” , Ankara 1993, s. 23-25.
J. Ruska, “Vefk”, İA , XIII, 256-258.
a.mlf., “Zayirce”, a.e. , XIII, 476-477.
Yusuf Şevki Yavuz, “Fahreddin er-Râzî”, DİA , XII, 94.
Reşat Öngören, “Sebtî, Ahmed b. Ca‘fer”, a.e. , XXXVI, 260-261.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 160-162 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.