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ZAZALAR Skip to content Türkiye’nin doğu ve güneydoğu bölgelerinde yaşayan etnik grup.
Anadolu’nun otantik etnik gruplarından olan ve arkaik İran dillerinden birini konuşan Zazalar doğu ve güneydoğu bölgesinin Murat, Yukarı Fırat ve Dicle nehir vadilerinde yerleşmiştir. Bugün Zaza şeklinde genel kabul gören isim bölgesel olarak Dımılî, Kırd ve Kırmanç şeklinde de kullanılmaktadır. Elazığ, Palu ve Bingöl yöresinde halk kendine Zaza, dillerine Zazakî derken Bitlis, Mutki, Siverek, Bucak, Gerger bölgesinde Zazalar’a Dımılî, dillerine de Dımılkî adı verilir. Diyarbakır’ın bir kısmında, Tunceli ve Erzincan bölgelerinde ise Kırd ve Kırmanç, dillerine Kırdkî veya Kırmançkî de denilir. Aşiret, kabile, bölge, köy ve şahıs ismi olarak kullanıldığı görülen Zaza kelimesi zamanla yaygınlık kazanmıştır.
Tarihî kaynaklarda aşiret ve oymakların oluşturduğu bir konfederasyon olan Zaza-Dımılî kelimelerine rastlanır. Zazalar’ı Kürtler Dîmîlî (ديميلي ), İranlılar Donbolî (دنبلي ), Araplar Dünbülî (دنبلي ) ve çoğulu olan Denâbile (دنابله ) şeklinde ifade etmişlerdir. Bu isim Osmanlı belgelerinde Dîmilî, Dünbülî ve Dûnbelî (دونبلي ) olmak üzere farklı biçimlerde zikredilir. Dımılîler’e Araplar Zerzâ’nın çoğulu Zerâzî de derler, benzer şekilde Osmanlı belgelerinde Zerzâ, Hakkâri bölgesinde bir Dımılî-Zaza beyliği olarak kayıtlıdır (BA, DH.MKT, 1358/44). Zerzâlar, Aşneviye (Oşni/Uşni) bölgesinde uzun süre hüküm sürmüş Dımılî-Zaza Beyliği’dir (BA, MD , nr. 32, s. 100, hk. 38-39). Zaza kelimesinin aslının Zerzâ (زرزا ) olduğu, zamanla “rı” harfinin düşmesi sonucu Zaza’ya dönüştüğü düşünülmektedir. Zaza ismi Osmanlı arşiv belgelerinde ”زازا، ذاذ، ظاظا“ imlâlarıyla yazılmıştır (Demir, s. 106). Birçok araştırmada arkaik kaynaklarda geçen Zaziya, Zazana, Zavazan, Zerzâ, Zerâzî, Zarzî, Zazan gibi adlar Zazalar’la ilişkilendirilmektedir. Zazalar’ın geçmişte ve günümüzde yayıldığı alanlarda rastlanan bu adlar Zaza’nın diğer adlarından daha eski olduğuna işaret eder (Tolman, s. 16; Kozad Mohamet Ahmed, s. 447). Zazalar Selçuklu, Mervânî, Eyyûbî, Karakoyunlu, Akkoyunlu, Safevî ve Osmanlı yönetiminde Süveydî, Mirdâsî, Dımılî, Zerzârî, Pazukî, Dersiman aşiretleri ve bunların oymakları olarak varlıklarını sürdürmüşlerdir.
Zazalar’ın kökeni hakkında birçok tez ortaya atılmıştır. Bunlardan biri Minorsky’nin F. C. Andreas’a dayanarak öne sürdüğü Dımılî-Deylemî bağlantısıdır. Ad benzerliğine ve dil bilimi verilerine dayanan bu görüşe göre Deylemliler, Kürtler’in arasına karışıp Kuzey Mezopotamya bölgesine yerleşen Zazalar’ın atalarıdır (EI2 [İng.], II, 193). Bir diğeri Dımılîler’in nesebinin Belh kökenli Bermek ailesinden geldiği tezidir. Bu tezi destekleyen Riyâhî ve Abdürrezzâk Dünbülî, Dîneverî’nin Ensâbü’l-ekrâd ’ını kaynak göstererek Sâsânîler’e kadar uzanan bir nesep silsilesi kaydetmiştir. İbn Hallikân da Bermekîler’i Zerâzî kabilesine dayandırır (Vefeyât , VI, 219). Bu görüşe paralel olarak Şerefnâme ’de, bir Zaza aşireti olan Süveydî beylerinin Abbâsîler döneminde Hârûnürreşîd-Bermekî anlaşmazlığı sonucunda Bağdat’tan sürgün edildikleri ve bugünkü Bingöl’e yerleştikleri rivayet edilmektedir (Şeref Han, I, 252-262). Evliya Çelebi’ye göre Hârûnürreşîd döneminde Şam veya Musul tarafından gelen Dımılî aşireti Hoy ve Sökmenâbâd bölgesine yerleşmişti (Seyahatnâme , IV, 186). Diğer bir görüşte Dımılîler’in Hoy’a gelmeleri Eyyûbîler’in buralara ordu sevketmesiyle ilişkilendirilmektedir. Sökmenâbâd, Eyyûbî sultanları tarafından Dımılî Îsâ Bey’e ocaklık olarak verilmişti. Ayrıca Târîḫ-i Ebü’l-Fidâ ’da Dımılîler’in Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’nin sipahilerinden olduğu zikredilmektedir (M. Emîn Riyâhî, s. 110-111).
Ortaçağ Arap kaynaklarında genel olarak Dımılîler, Musul çevresinde yaşayan bir Kürt aşireti olarak kaydedilmiştir. İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Fîrûzâbâdî, Dünbül’ün “kunfuz” vezninde Dunbul diye okunduğunu ve daha önceleri Musul civarında yaşayan bir Kürt aşiretinin adı olduğunu kaydetmiştir (el-Ḳāmûsü’l-muḥîṭ , I, 1293). İbnü’l-Ezrak, Târîḫu’l-Fâriḳī ’de Diyarbekir ve Meyyâfârikīn’daki Kürt kabilelerini sayarken Dünbülî ve Zerzârî adlarını da zikretmiştir. Şerefnâme ’de Zaza adına rastlanmamaktadır. Fakat Zazalar’ın yaşadıkları yerlere hâkim olan Palu, Çermik ve Eğil’deki Mirdâsîler, Genç ve Bingöl’de Süveydîler, Çemişgezek’te Pîr Hüseyin oğulları Kürt beyleri olarak yazılmıştır. Şerefnâme ’de Zazalar’ın diğer aşireti Dûnbelî (Dımılî) beyleri Hoy, Sökmenâbâd, Kotur ve Urmiye bölgesinde yerleşik olarak gösterilmiştir (Şeref Han, I, 310-317). Bohtanlı bir aşiret olup daha sonra Musul’dan Azerbaycan’a gelen Dımılîler’e burada Hoy’un kuzeybatısındaki Sökmenâbâd timar olarak verildi. Akkoyunlular döneminde Bay Kalesi’ni (Şemdinan) ve Hakkâri’nin bir kısmını ele geçirdiler. Şah Tahmasb, Sökmenâbâd ocağına Hoy’u da ekledi. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman döneminde ise Kotur ve Bargiri’yi aldılar. Şerefnâme ’deki bilgiler Kanûnî dönemi mühimme defterlerinde teyit edilmektedir (BA, MD , nr. 3, hk. 1221; MD , nr. 7, hk. 1359). Bunlar Safevîler’e tâbi iken Safevî-Osmanlı savaşları sırasında sık sık saf değiştirdiler. Zazalar XV. yüzyıldan XIX. yüzyılın başlarına kadar Hoy şehrinin idarecisi olup kendi adlarına para bastırdılar. XIX. yüzyıldaki karışıklıklardan sonra bir kısmı Kuzey İran’a, bir kısmı Doğu Anadolu’ya dağıldı (Akāsî, s. 135-136).
Osmanlılar’ın 1515 yılından itibaren Doğu Anadolu’da hâkimiyet kurmasıyla birlikte bölgedeki Zazalar da Osmanlı yönetimine girdi. Diyarbekir eyaleti kurulunca Zaza aşiretleri yurtluk, ocaklık ve hükümet şeklinde bu eyalete bağlandı. Çapakçur, Çemişgezek, Sağman, Kulp, Mihrani, Tercil, Atak, Pertek yurtluk ve ocaklık statüsünde, Ekrâd sancakları olan Palu, Eğil, Hazo, Genç ve Oşni ise hükümet sancakları olarak yönetildi (BA, A.RSK d., nr. 1452, s. 267-277). Tanzimat’a kadar devam eden bu sistem 1850’lerden itibaren değişti ve bölge yerel aşiret beyleri yerine merkezden tayin edilen görevlilerle yönetildi. Osmanlı döneminde XVI ve XVII. yüzyıllara ait resmî belgelerde Zaza-Dımılî aşiretleri değişik yazılışlarla Musul, Halep, Menbiç, Urfa, Birecik, Suruç, Kilis, Diyarbekir, Çemişgezek, Âdilcevaz, Revan, Mâkû ve Hoy’da kaydedilmiştir (BA, TD , nr. 998, s. 74; MD , nr. 3, hk. 1221). Evliya Çelebi 1655’teki İran seyahati sırasında Diyarbekir, Palu, Bingöl ve Bitlis bölgesinde Zazalar’ı Kürt aşiretleri arasında kaydeder, dillerini de “lisân-ı Zâzâ” ve “lisân-ı Ekrâd-ı Zâzâ” diye belirtir. Hoy ve Urmiye bölgesinde Dımılî (Dümbelî) kavmi, hükümeti ve kalesi hakkında bilgiler verir. Hoy-Şuhoy Kalesi’ni anlatırken “vech-i tesmiyesi lisân-ı Ekrâd-ı Zâzâ’da Şuhoy derler. Anunçün kal‘a-i Şuhoy dediler” ifadesiyle bölgede Zazalar ve Zazaca’nın varlığını gösterir (Seyahatnâme , III, 139; IV, 310). 1157 (1744) tarihli Sivas Ahkâm Defteri , Divriği sancağında Zazalar’ın yerleşik olduğuna işaret eder (BA, Sivas Ahkâm Defteri , nr. I, s. 232). Ayrıca 1261 (1845) tarihli Divriği kazası Yağıbasan köyü temettuât defterinde “Zaza aşireti” başlığı altında köylülerin isimleri ve malları kaydedilir (BA, ML.VRD.TMT.d., nr. 13359). Batı seyahatnâmelerinde Zazalar’dan ilk defa C. Niebuhr bahsetmiştir. Niebuhr, 1765’te Diyarbekir ve Urfa bölgesine yaptığı seyahatte Erzurum ve Siverek arasında 20.000 çadırlık Zaza aşiretiyle Diyarbekir’in güneyinde 500 çadırlık Dünbülî aşiretini kaydeder (Reisebeschreibung , s. 417-419). Daha sonra bölgeye gelen birçok seyyah da onlardan söz eder. XIX. yüzyıl Diyarbekir ve Bitlis vilâyet salnâmelerinde Zazalar, Kürtler’den bir grup olarak gösterilirken bölgede kullanılan dillerden Zazaca bazan bağımsız, bazan da “Kürtçe veya Farsça’dan muharref” bir dil şeklinde belirtilir. XIX. yüzyıl Osmanlı nüfus defterlerine göre Zazalar yaklaşık olarak bugün yaşadıkları yerlerde meskûndurlar. Bu defterler üzerine yapılan araştırmada on dört kazanın nüfusu 80.754 olarak hesaplanmıştır (Demir, s. 106). Cumhuriyet döneminde Zazalar’ın yaşadığı yerler dinî, siyasî, ideolojik silâhlı mücadelelerin en yoğun yaşandığı bölgeler olarak görülmektedir. 1921 Koçgiri isyanı, 1925 Şeyh Said hareketi, 1937-1938 Dersim harekâtı ve 1980 sonrası PKK terörünün çatışma sahası Zaza coğrafyasını ve nüfusunu etkileyen olaylardır.
Etnik Kimlik. Zazalar’ın İran’dan bilinmeyen bir tarihte göç edip Kürtler arasına karıştığı ve zamanla Kürt olarak adlandırıldığı genel kabul görmüştür. Lengüistik ve antropolojik veriler Zazalar’ın İranî kökenden geldiğini ve dillerinin Kuzeybatı İranî dillerin Gorânî grubundan Zazakî/Dımılkî olduğunu ortaya koyar (Mann – Hadank, s. 4-6; Todd, s. V-VII). Günümüzde Zaza dili ve kimliği önemli bir tartışma konusudur. Cumhuriyet döneminin ulus-devlet politikası çerçevesinde Zazalar’ın Türkler’den bir grup ve dillerinin de Türkçe olduğu şeklinde yayınlar yapıldı. Bu çalışmalar Zazalar’ın bir kısmı üzerinde etkili oldu ve kendilerini etno-kültürel bakımdan Türk kabul eden bir grup ortaya çıktı. Ancak asıl tartışma konusu Zazalar’ın Kürt ve dillerinin Kürtçe’nin bir lehçesi olduğu tezidir. Millî benliklerin ve etnik ayırımın söz konusu edilmediği dönemlere ait Arap ve Osmanlı kaynaklarında Zazalar Kürtler’den bir grup, Zazaca da bilimsel bir incelemeden geçirilmeden Kürtçe’nin bir diyalekti olarak geçer. Bununla beraber 1903’te başlayan bilimsel çalışmalarla Zazaca’nın bağımsız bir dil olduğunu ve Zazalar’ın Kürtler’den farklı olabileceğini belirten LeCoq, O. Mann – K. Hadank, V. Minorsky, MacKenzie, T. L. Todd, L. Paul gibi araştırmacıların etkisiyle özellikle Avrupa’da yaşayan Zazalar kendi öz dilleri ve kültürlerinin bilincine vardılar ve siyasî şartların doğurduğu mikro milliyetçi dalgalarla Kürt hareketleri içerisinde dil, kültür ve siyasî haklarının savunulmadığını düşünerek yeni bir Zaza milliyeti hareketi oluşturdular (Bruinessen, s. 111-113). 1980’lerden itibaren Almanya’da yükselen bu hareket Zaza dili ve kültürü tezleriyle yaygınlık kazandı, başta dergi olmak üzere çeşitli yayınlarla Türkiye’de de etkili oldu. Bugün Zazalar siyasal ve ideolojik bakımdan bu üç fikir arasında bölünmüştür (kısmen kendini Türk kabul edenler, Zazalar Kürt’tür, dilleri de Kürtçe’nin bir lehçesidir diyenler ve Zazalar’ın ayrı bir millet, Zazaca’nın bağımsız bir dil olduğunu iddia edenler). L. Paul’e göre Zazalar’ın bir bölümünün kültürel kimliklerinin ve dillerinin tanınması için gösterdiği çaba kısmen yeni ve sonucu belirsiz karmaşık kültürel, sosyal ve politik çatışma gibi bir gelişmeye yol açmaktadır (Zazaca’nın Kökeni , s. 23; EI2 [İng.], XI, 491-492).
Dil, Edebiyat, Kültür. Zazaca, Hint-Avrupa dil ailesinin İranî diller grubunun Kuzeybatı İranî diller kolunda yer alan bağımsız bir dildir. Jost Gippert ve Le Coq, Beluçça ve Sengserce’yi de aynı alt grupta sayar ve bu gruba tarihî Hyrkania bölgesini anımsatan Hyrkan dilleri (Gürgân, Cürcân) grubu adını verir. Hazar denizi kıyısında konuşulan Kuzeybatı İran dilleri de gramer ve kelime bakımından Zazaca ile büyük benzerlik arzeder. Bu şubede ayrıca Farsça ve Kürtçe yer alır. Bununla birlikte Zazaca’yı Kürtçe’nin bir lehçesi olarak tasnif eden araştırmacılar da vardır. L. Paul, “Eski zamanlarda Zazaca Kürtçe’den daha uzaktı, yaklaşık son binyıllık süreçte Kürtçe’ye yakınlaşmıştır. Son birkaç yüzyılda Zazalar’ın birçoğu etno-kültürel bir topluluğun içinde Kürtler’le bir arada yaşıyordu, bu sebeple dil ve kültür açısından yakınlaştılar” demektedir (Zazaca’nın Kökeni , s. 21-22).
Zaza edebiyatı XIX. yüzyıla kadar sözlü gelenekle devam etti. Zazaca yazılı eserler bu yüzyılda kendini gösterdi. Diyarbakır’da bulunup 1798-1831 yılları arasına tarihlenen Arap harfli Zazaca ile yazılan ilk eserde Alevî inanç ve sosyal yapısına dair bilgiler verilmektedir. 1856 yılında Rus İranologu P. I. Lerch, Osmanlı-Rus Kırım harbinde esir alınan Bingöllü ve Palulu Zazalar’la yaptığı mülâkatları içeren hikâye, masal ve türkü metinlerini dil bilgisi incelemesi yapmadan 1858’de Rusça ve Almanca olarak yayımladı. İlk basılı Zazaca eser, Mele Ehmedi Hasi’nin Arap harfli Zazaca ile yazılan ve 1899’da Diyarbekir’de yayımlanan mevlididir (BA, MF.MKT, 442/56). Bir diğer Zazaca mevlid, Osman Efendiyo Babıj tarafından Siverek’te yazılıp 1933’te Şam’da yayımlandı. Cumhuriyet dönemi Türkiye’sinde siyasî şartlar ve dil politikaları sonucunda bu dilde yayın yasağı 1990’ların sonuna kadar kitap ve dergi yayımcılığını mümkün kılmadı. Avrupa’ya göç eden Zazalar ise dillerini ve kültürlerini özellikle dergiler ve kitaplar yoluyla yaşattılar. 2000’li yılların başında Türkiye’de bu alandaki yasakların kaldırılmasıyla Zazaca yazılı ve görsel yayınların sayısı giderek artmaktadır.
Zazalar müslüman olup bölgesel olarak farklı mezheptendir. Elazığ, Bingöl, Palu, Diyarbakır, Mutki yöresinde Şâfiî mezhebi; Urfa, Adıyaman ve Diyarbakır’ın güney kesiminde Hanefî mezhebi yaygındır. Tunceli, Erzincan, Sivas, Erzurum ve Varto’da Alevîlik dinî ve sosyal hayata hâkimdir. Bu farklılıklar Zazalar’ın yaşam tarzlarına, dillerine, edebiyatlarına, gelenek ve göreneklerine yansımaktadır. Geçmişte göçebe aşiretler şeklinde yaşam süren Zazalar’da günümüzde aşiret yapısı pek yaygın değildir. Bunlar yerleşik hayata bağlı olup tarım ve çiftçilikle uğraşırlar. Kırsal kesimde hayvancılık yapanlar yazın kendilerine yakın olan yaylaklara çıkar, kışın oturdukları köylerine geri dönerler. İlçe ve köylerde yaşayanlar ziraat ve ticaretle meşguldür. Zaza toplumunun gelenek ve toplumsal kurumları modernleşmeyle birlikte değişime uğrasa da kısmen varlığını korumaktadır. Zazalar üzerine ilk antropolojik araştırmayı yapan Fransız Ernst Chantre 1881 yılında Diyarbakır, Siverek ve Suriye’de Kürtler’i ve Zazalar’ı tipolojik ve fizyonomik olarak inceleyip fotoğraflarını çektirdi. Zaza toplum yapısını M. S. Kaya, Bingöl Solhan, N. Sevgen, Dersim ve Bingöl merkezli olarak incelemiş, O. Türkdoğan ise alan araştırmasıyla Zazalar hakkında genel sosyolojik gözlemler yapmıştır.
Bugün Bingöl, Tunceli (Dersim), Diyarbakır, Elazığ ve Erzincan, Zazalar’ın yoğun olarak yaşadığı yerlerdir. Bunun dışında aşağıdaki ilçelerde Zazalar’ın kısmen yerleşik olduğu görülür: Varto (Muş), Hizan-Mutki (Bitlis), Sason (Batman), Hınıs, Tekman, Çat ve Aşkale (Erzurum), Pötürge (Malatya), Gerger-Samsat (Adıyaman), Siverek-Bucak (Urfa), Zara-Ulaş-Divriği (Sivas), Sarız (Kayseri) ve Ekecik (Aksaray). Ayrıca Türkiye’nin birçok şehrine ve başta Almanya olmak üzere Avrupa’ya göç edip yerleşen Zaza nüfusu mevcuttur. Etnik kökene ve ana diline dayalı nüfus sayımı yapılmadığından Zazalar’ın nüfusu hakkında kesin bilgi bulunmamakta, araştırmalarda Zaza nüfusu için 2 ile 4 milyon arasında rakamlar verilmektedir (Buran – Çak, s. 80-85).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 688-690 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.