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ZEBÎD Skip to content Yemen’de tarihî bir şehir.
Yemen Tihâmesi’nde Hudeyde’nin 100 km. güneybatısında yer alır. Kızıldeniz’e 25 km. uzaklıktadır. Şehir, adını ortasında kurulduğu verimli vadiden almıştır. Burası önceleri Eş‘arîler’den Husayb b. Abdüşems’e izâfeten Husayb adıyla bilinmekte ve birkaç köyden meydana gelmekteydi. Bölgede yaşayan Eş‘ar (Eşâire) kabilesi mensuplarından içlerinde Ebû Mûsâ el-Eş‘arî’nin de bulunduğu bir heyet 7 (628) yılında müslüman olduklarını bildirmek üzere Medine’ye doğru yola çıkmış, ancak bindikleri gemi fırtına yüzünden Habeşistan sahiline sürüklenince buradaki muhacirlere katılmışlardı. Hz. Peygamber’in bölgeye vali tayin ettiği Tâhir b. Ebû Hâle ile Ebû Mûsâ el-Eş‘arî’den sonra Yemen Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn ve Emevîler devrinde, ardından Abbâsîler’in ilk döneminde valiler tarafından yönetildi. II. yüzyılın sonlarında (VIII. yüzyıl başları) Tihâme bölgesinde yaşayan Benî Ak ve Eş‘ar kabilelerinin Abbâsî yönetimine baş kaldırması üzerine Abbâsî Halifesi Me’mûn 203’te (818) Muhammed b. Abdullah b. Ziyâd kumandasındaki bir orduyu bölgeye gönderdi. İsyanları bastıran İbn Ziyâd, Tihâme bölgesini hâkimiyeti altına aldı. Me’mûn’un emriyle Şâban 204’te (Şubat 820) Zebîd şehrini kurarak saraylar yaptırdı ve kanallar açtırdı. Zebîd’i, Yemen’in büyük kısmına hâkim olan Abbâsîler’den yarı bağımsız olarak Ziyâdîler’in yönetim merkezi haline getirdi. Aden ile Mekke arasındaki hac yolunun önemli bir noktasında bulunan şehir bu dönemde büyük gelişme gösterdi. Buraya gelen birçok âlim şehrin önemli bir kültür merkezi olmasına yardım etti. Ziyâdîler’in inşa ettirdiği camiler de şehrin kültürel gelişimine katkıda bulundu.
302’de (914) Karmatîler’in tahrip ettiği Zebîd’in kerpiçten inşa edilen bir suru ve dört kapısı vardı. Bu surlar daha sonraki dönemlerde şehrin gelişmesine paralel şekilde genişletilerek yenilendi. Aynı dönemde Zebîd’in Yemen’in en büyük şehirlerinden biri olduğu ve Bağdâdü Yemen diye anıldığı İslâm coğrafyacıları tarafından belirtilir (Makdisî, s. 84-85). Şehir Necâhîler döneminde de (1022-1159) yönetim merkeziydi. Bu dönemde Yemen’de nüfuzu artan Şiî Suleyhîler, Sünnî Necâhîler’i karşılarında bir engel olarak gördüklerinden 452’de (1060) Zebîd’i zaptettilerse de Necâhîler pek çok savaşın ardından birkaç defa el değiştiren şehri 482’de (1089) son defa ele geçirdiler. Şehrin surları Necâhîler döneminde yeniden yapıldı. Zebîd, 14 Receb 554’te (1 Ağustos 1159) uzun bir mücadeleden sonra Mehdîler’in eline geçti ve bu hânedanın yönetim merkezi oldu. Mehdîler, Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’nin kardeşi Turan Şah kumandasındaki Eyyûbî ordusu tarafından kısa bir süre sonra ortadan kaldırıldı ve şehir Eyyûbî hâkimiyeti altına girdi (569/1174). 571 (1175-76) yılında Turan Şah nâiblerini yerine bırakıp buradan ayrıldı. Fakat onun ardından Yemen’de karışıklıkların çıkması üzerine 577’de (1181) bölgeye gelip istikrarı sağlayan Tuğtegin b. Eyyûb döneminde şehirde imar faaliyetleri yapıldı. Zebîd’deki ilk darphâne de onun zamanında kuruldu. Zebîd, Eyyûbîler döneminde bölgenin dinî, idarî ve iktisadî merkezi haline geldi. Bu dönemde açılan medreselerde Şâfiî fıkhı okutuluyordu.
Zebîd esas gelişimini Resûlîler döneminde (1229-1454) gerçekleştirdi. Resûlîler, başşehirlerinin Taiz olmasına rağmen âdeta bir kültür merkezi gibi gördükleri Zebîd’de birçok medrese ve cami inşa ettiler, vakıflar kurdular. Resûlî sultanlarının kışlık merkezi olan Zebîd’in surları da bu dönemde yenilendi. Resûlîler ilim ve mimarinin yanı sıra şehrin çevresinde tarımın gelişmesine de katkıda bulundular. İbn Battûta bu dönemde Zebîd’in San‘a’dan sonra Yemen’in en büyük şehri olduğunu ve çevresindeki topraklarda tarımın çok geliştiğini ifade eder (er-Riḥle, s. 247). Dört defa surlarla çevrilen şehirde ilk sur IV. (X.) yüzyılda Ziyâdîler’den Hüseyin b. Selâme tarafından yaptırıldı. İkinci sur VI. (XII.) yüzyılda Necâhîler’den Ebû Mansûr Mennüllah el-Fâtikî, üçüncü sur aynı yüzyılda Mehdîler’den Ali b. Mehdî el-Himyerî veya kardeşi Abdünnebî, dördüncü sur Tuğtegin b. Eyyûb tarafından 579-593 (1183-1197) yılları arasında inşa ettirildi. Şehrin doğuda Bâbüşşebârîk, batıda Bâbüguleyfika (VIII. [XIV.] yüzyıldan itibaren Bâbünnahîl), kuzeyde Bâbüsihâm ve güneyde Bâbülkurtüb adlı kapıları vardı. Bu dönemde Zebîd’de çok sayıda cami ve medrese bulunduğu kaydedilir. Resûlîler döneminin son yıllarında deprem, saldırı, sel ve yangınlara mâruz kalan şehir önemini Tâhirîler döneminde de (1454-1517) devam ettirdi.
Tâhirîler zamanında Zebîd, Aşağı Yemen’deki başlıca Şâfiî merkezlerinden biriydi. Şâfiî olan Tâhirîler, Şâfiî fıkıh kitaplarını Yemen’e ilk defa getiren hânedan olarak bilinir. İbnü’d-Deyba‘ da Zebîd tarihiyle ilgili eserlerini bu dönemde yazdı. Memlük Sultanı Kansu Gavri, Portekiz tehlikesi baş gösterince kendilerine yardım etmekten vazgeçmeleri üzerine Tâhirîler’e savaş açtı. Bazı Yemen kabileleriyle Zeydîler de Memlükler’i destekledi. 922’de (1516) Zebîd yakınlarında meydana gelen savaşta Tâhirîler ağır bir yenilgiye uğradı, şehir Memlükler’in eline geçti. Yine Portekiz tehlikesi karşısında Memlükler’in Osmanlılar’dan yardım istemeleri üzerine Selman Reis’in Süveyş’te inşa ettirdiği donanma 1516 başlarından itibaren Yemen sahillerinde harekâta girişti. Müttefik Osmanlı-Memlük ordusu 19 Cemâziyelevvel 922’de (20 Haziran 1516) Zebîd’i ele geçirdi. Şehrin idaresi Memlük emîrlerinden Barsbay’a verildi. Ertesi yıl bir saldırıda ölen Barsbay’ın yerine Osmanlılar’ın desteğiyle Emîr İskender Zebîd’e hâkim oldu. Aynı dönemde Yemen’de Memlük idaresinin ortadan kalkması üzerine Emîr İskender (Muhadram) bölgenin ilk Osmanlı yöneticisi durumuna geldi. Daha sonra Cidde muhafızı Hüseyin Bey Rûmî’nin kumandanlarından Kemal Rûmî, İskender Bey’i öldürerek Zebîd’de hâkimiyet kurdu (927/1521). Osmanlılar, hutbede sultanın isminin okunmasına rağmen eski Memlük beylerinin fiilî hâkimiyetindeki Yemen’e Cidde Beyi Hüseyin Bey ile Selman Reis’i gönderdi. İskender Karamanî’nin emrindeki levent ve askerlerin isyanı üzerine Osmanlı kuvvetleri Receb 930 (Mayıs 1524) tarihinde Zebîd’i tekrar ele geçirdiler. 933’te (1527) Yemen’e vali tayin edilen Hayreddin Bey’e karşı Zebîd hâkimi Mustafa Bey isyan etti. Meydana gelen savaşta Selman Reis galip geldi ve Emîr Yûnus’u Zebîd’e yönetici tayin etti. Zeydîler’den İbn Hamza Zebîd’i yağmaladıysa da Selman Reis şehri tekrar zaptetti. Ancak Yemen ve Zebîd’de Osmanlı hâkimiyeti kalıcı olarak Mısır Beylerbeyi Hadım Süleyman Paşa tarafından gerçekleştirildi. Bölgede Portekizliler’e karşı donanmayla sefere çıkan Hadım Süleyman Paşa, Yemen’i tamamen itaat altına aldıktan sonra Zebîd ve Aden’den oluşan Osmanlı Yemeni’ni tek bir sancak haline getirdi (945/1539).
Yemen’in Osmanlı hâkimiyetine girmesinin ardından Zebîd, Osmanlı garnizonunun ana üssü haline geldi. Kalesi yenilendi. İlk Yemen beylerbeyi Neşşâr Mustafa Paşa Zebîd’de beş yıl kaldı (1540-1545). İkinci beylerbeyi Üveys Paşa döneminde isyan eden Zeydîler, Taiz sancak beyi Özdemir Bey tarafından yenilgiye uğratıldı ve Yemen Beylerbeyi Ferhad Paşa da Zebîd’i zaptetti. Daha sonra merkez San‘a’ya taşındı. Yemen Beylerbeyi Mahmud Paşa’nın Yemen’in çok geniş toprakları bulunduğunu, dolayısıyla idarî açıdan ikiye bölünmesi gerektiğini hükümete bildirmesi üzerine San‘a beylerbeyiliği Rıdvan Paşa’ya, Zebîd’in merkez olduğu Yemen beylerbeyiliği de Murad Paşa’ya verildi. Mart 1568’de iki eyalet birleştirildi ve merkezi Zebîd olan Yemen beylerbeyiliğine Rus Hasan Paşa tayin edildi. 1040 (1630) yılında Zeydî İmamı Müeyyed-Billâh Muhammed b. Kāsım ile Ahmed Kansu Paşa arasında antlaşma yapıldı. Kansu Paşa Zebîd’e hareket etti. Antlaşma bozulunca (1043/1633) Zebîd’deki Osmanlı askerleri Zeydîler’le çatışmak zorunda kaldılar ve yenilgiye uğrayıp şehri Zeydîler’e teslim ettiler. İmam Müeyyed’in kardeşi Hasan b. Kāsım Muhâ’yı kuşattı. Kansu Paşa, Hasan b. Kāsım ile anlaşıp Yemen’den ayrıldı. 1045 (1635) yılında Zeydî İmamı Müeyyed-Billâh, Zebîd’in kontrolünü ele geçirince şehrin surlarını yıktırdı. 1763’te Zebîd’i ziyaret eden Carsten Niebuhr surların harabe halinde olduğunu kaydeder. 1849’da tekrar Osmanlı hâkimiyetine geçen Zebîd 1918’de İmam Yahyâ Hamîdüddin Mütevekkil-Alellah’ın kontrolü altına girdi. Osmanlılar ve Zeydî imamları döneminde ticaret ve özellikle uluslararası kahve ticareti Muhâ ve Beytülfakīh gibi limanlara kaydığından şehir fakirleşti ve nüfusu azaldı.
İslâm’ın ilk dönemlerinden itibaren önemli bir ilim ve kültür merkezi olan Zebîd’de Ebû Mûsâ el-Eş‘arî ile başlayan ilmî hareket özellikle Muhammed b. Ziyâd ile birlikte bölgeye gelen Muhammed b. Hârûn et-Tağlibî ve onun neslinden gelen âlimlerle devam etti. Necâhîler devrinde inşa edilen İsâmiyye Medresesi’nde Muhammed b. Abdullah b. Ebû Ukāme, Muhammed b. İsmâil el-Ebbâr ve Nasrullah el-Hadramî gibi önemli âlimler yetişti. Zebîd, Yemen’de bilhassa Sünnî ulemâsının yetiştiği bir şehir oldu. Bunlardan Ömer b. Âsım, Muhammed b. Dahmân ve Ebü’l-Hasan Abdullah b. Mübârek ez-Zebîdî sayılabilir. Kendileri de birer âlim olan Resûlî sultanları devrinde Zebîd ilmî açıdan en parlak günlerini yaşadı. Bu dönemde Muhammed b. Abdullah er-Rîmî, fakih, edip ve şair İbnü’l-Mukrî eş-Şâverî ile Zebîd’e gelip yerleşen ve meşhur el-Ḳāmûsü’l-muḥîṭ ’i burada telif eden Fîrûzâbâdî zikredilmelidir. Tâcü’l-ʿarûs müellifi Muhammed Murtazâ ez-Zebîdî, Yemen’de Şâfiî mezhebinin yayılmasına önemli katkılar sağlayan Ebû Bekir b. Mizrab ez-Zebîdî, fakih Abdullah b. Îsâ b. Eymen, İbnü’l-Hattâb diye meşhur Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Ebû Bekir, fakih ve dilci Sirâceddin Abdüllatîf b. Ebû Bekir b. Ahmed ez-Zebîdî ile Hanefî fakihi Ebû Bekir el-Haddâd bu şehirde yetişmiş önemli âlimlerdendir. Muhaddis Mûsâ b. Îsâ ez-Zebîdî ve Muhammed b. Saîd b. Haccâc ez-Zebîdî ile tarihçi, hadis âlimi, fakih ve şair İbnü’d-Deyba‘ da bunların arasında sayılmalıdır.
VIII. (XIV.) yüzyılda Zebîd’de 240 cami ve medrese vardı. Bunlardan günümüze ulaşan seksen iki mescid ve medrese arasında Mescid-i Eşâir, Ziyâdîler döneminde inşa edilen el-Câmiu’l-kebîr (Câmi-i Zebîd), Rîmî ve Ehdel camileriyle İsâmiyye, Dahmâniyye, Mansûriyye, Tâciyye, Yâkūtiyye, Ferhâniyye, Fâtiniyye, Muizziyye (Mileyn), Nizâmiyye, Ömeriyye, Müzcâde, Rıdvâniyye, Mehâlibiyye, İbnü’l-Cellâd, Şemsiyye, Kemâliyye ve Kâfûriyye medreseleriyle Resûlîler döneminde inşa edilen hükümet merkezi ve bugün Kal‘atüzebîd olarak bilinen Dârülimâre (Dârüssaltana, Dârülmülk) zikredilebilir (geniş bilgi için bk. Abdurrahman b. Abdullah el-Hadramî, tür.yer.). Bir halifenin emriyle Yemen’de kurulan tek şehir olan Zebîd, Ortaçağ Yemen tarihinde mevkii sebebiyle önemli bir ticaret merkeziydi. Limanlara yakınlığı dolayısıyla uluslararası ticarette de önemli bir konuma sahipti. Dokumacılık tarih boyunca ehemmiyetini korumuştur. Necâhîler döneminde şehirde dokuma işiyle uğraşan 150 atölye vardı. Susam yağı, pamuk, hurma, meyve ve sebze yetiştiriciliği, çivit, gümüş ve altın işlemeciliğiyle dericilik şehir ekonomisinin temelini oluşturmaktaydı. Osmanlı fethi esnasında Zebîd’in yıllık gelirinin 180.000 altın olduğu kaydedilir. Günümüzde Hudeyde muhafazasına bağlı bir idarî birimin (müdîriyye) merkezi olan Zebîd’in nüfusu 25.000 civarındadır. Bugün Rub‘ula‘lâ (alî), Rub‘ulmücenbez, Rub‘ulcîz ve Rub‘ulcâmi‘ mahallelerinden teşekkül eden tarihî şehir Aralık 1993’te UNESCO tarafından kültür mirası listesine dahil edilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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İbn Battûta, er-Riḥle , Beyrut, ts. (Dâru Sâdır), s. 247-248.
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İbnü’d-Deyba‘, el-Fażlü’l-mezîd ʿalâ Buġyeti’l-müstefîd fî aḫbâri medîneti Zebîd (nşr. Yûsuf Şülhud), San‘a 1983.
Mustafa Fayda, İslâmiyetin Güney Arabistan’a Yayılışı , Ankara 1982, s. 83, 88.
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a.mlf., “Medînetü Zebîd fi’t-târîḫ”, el-İklîl , I/1, San‘a 1980, s. 96-105.
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D. M. Varisco, “Agriculture in Rasulid Zabīd”, Studies on Arabia in Honour of Professor G. Rex Smith (ed. J. F. Healey – V. Porter), Oxford 2002, s. 323-352.
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a.mlf., “Zabīd”, EI2 (İng.) , XI, 370-371.
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M. Âdem Fetînî el-Merzûkī, “Ḳalʿatü Zebîd et-târîḫiyye (Dârü’l-imâre)”, ed-Dirʿiyye , X/39-40, Riyad 2007, s. 109-124.
İhsan Süreyya Sırma, “Zebid”, İA , XIII, 479-481.
Cengiz Kallek, “Eş‘ar (Benî Eş‘ar)”, DİA , XI, 442-443.
E. J. Keall, “Zabid”, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East , New York 1997, V, 385-386.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 165-167 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.