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ZEHRÂVÎ Skip to content Ebü’l-Kāsım Halef b. Abbâs ez-Zehrâvî (ö. 404/1013)
Cerrahî alanında getirdiği yeniliklerle tanınan Endülüslü tıp âlimi.
Endülüs Emevî Hükümdarı III. Abdurrahman’ın başşehir Kurtuba yakınlarında 325 (937) yılında inşasını başlattığı yeni hilâfet merkezi Medînetüzzehrâ’ya nisbetle anılmakta, araştırmaların çoğunda burada doğduğu belirtilmektedir. Kazandığı şöhrete rağmen hayatına dair kaynaklarda verilen bilgiler yetersizdir. Kendi dönemine en yakın müelliflerden meşhur Zâhirî fıkıh âlimi İbn Hazm (ö. 456/1064), Endülüs ulemâsının çeşitli alanlarda yazdığı eserleri zikredip onları övdüğü risâlesinde bizzat gördüğü Zehrâvî’nin et-Taṣrîf adlı eserini, “Tıp sahasında bundan daha kapsamlı, ifade ve uygulama bakımından bundan daha güzel bir eser yazılmamıştır desek doğru söylemiş oluruz” sözüyle anmaktadır (Feżâʾilü’l-Endelüs ve ehlihâ , s. 18). Hadis ve biyografi âlimi Humeydî (ö. 488/1095) Zehrâvî’nin ilim ve fazilet ehli olduğunu, tıp alanında yetiştiğini, bu konuda et-Taṣrîf li-men ʿaceze ʿani’t-teʾlîf adıyla çok bilinen, büyük bir eser kaleme aldığını ve 400 (1010) yılından sonra vefat ettiğini belirtir, İbn Hazm’ın onunla ilgili yukarıdaki sözünü de kaydeder (Ceẕvetü’l-muḳtebis , I, 325-326). Bu kısa bilgi ondan bir asır sonra gelen Dabbî ve İbn Beşküvâl gibi Endülüslü âlimlerce aynen tekrarlanmıştır (Buġyetü’l-mültemis , I, 357; eṣ-Ṣıla , I, 264). İbn Beşküvâl, Zehrâvî’yi hocaları arasında zikreden Ebû Ömer İbn Sümayk’ın (ö. 450/1058) Kurtuba’da (Córdoba) tahsil gördüğünü, tıp konusunda mâlûmatı bulunduğunu ve Tuleytula’ya (Toledo) bağlı Talibîre’de kadılık yaptığını belirtirken (eṣ-Ṣıla , I, 102-103, 264) İbn Beşküvâl’in eserine zeyil yazan İbnü’l-Ebbâr (ö. 658/1260) tabip İbn Vâfid el-Lahmî’nin biyografisini verirken onun Kurtuba’da Zehrâvî’den tıp tahsil ettiğini söyler (et-Tekmile , II, 551). Doğu İslâm dünyasından tıp tarihçisi İbn Ebû Usaybia da (ö. 668/1269) Zehrâvî’yi basit ve mürekkep ilâçlar hususunda tecrübeli, doğru tedavi uygulayan iyi bir tabip diye niteler, onun tıp alanında çeşitli eserler kaleme aldığını, en büyük ve meşhur eserinin mükemmel bir çalışma sayılan Kitâbü’t-Taṣrîf olduğunu kaydeder (ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ , s. 501). Daha sonra gelen Endülüs tarihçilerinden Makkarî, bir yerde İbn Hazm’ın yukarıda adı geçen risâlesinin metnini verirken onun Zehrâvî ile ilgili sözlerini de nakletmiş, bir başka yerde İbn Saîd el-Mağribî’nin Zehrâvî’yi İbnü’l-Baytâr’ın kaynakları arasında saydığını belirtmiştir (Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , II, 691; III, 175, 185). Endülüs Emevî hükümdarlarından III. Abdurrahman, II. Hakem ve II. Hişâm devirlerinde yaşayan Zehrâvî meşhur bir hekim olarak bu hükümdarların yakınında bulunduğu kabul edilmekle birlikte ilk kaynaklarda onun saray ve hükümdarlarla ilişkisi hakkında herhangi bir mâlûmat yer almamaktadır. Zehrâvî’nin Batı Avrupa’nın en büyük başşehri ve ilim merkezi olan Kurtuba’da tahsil gördüğü ve mesleğini burada icra ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Leo Africanus (Liyûn el-İfrîkī) diye tanınan Arap seyyahı Hasan el-Vezzân (ö. 957/1550’den sonra) İtalyanca yazdığı ve J. H. Hottinger’in Latince’ye tercüme ettiği (Libellus de viris quibusdam illustribus apud Arabes ), otuz Arap ve yahudi filozofu ve hekimi hakkında bilgi verdiği eserinde Zehrâvî’nin Mansûr-Billâh’ın hekimi olduğunu ve 404 (1013) yılında 101 yaşında iken vefat ettiğini belirtir (EI 2 , XI, 398). Burada adı geçen Mansûr-Billâh, II. Hişâm zamanında yönetimi ele alan vezir ve kumandan İbn Ebû Âmir olmalıdır. İslâm dünyasında İbnü’l-Heysem, Bîrûnî ve İbn Sînâ gibi XI. yüzyıl bilim adamları arasında yer alan Zehrâvî her ne kadar tıbbın çeşitli dallarıyla ilgilenmişse de daha çok cerrah özelliğiyle tanınmıştır. Avrupa’da Abulcasis Abulcases, Bulcasis, Albucasis, Albuchasius, Albulcasis, Alcarani, Alcaravius, Alzahavi, Ezzahravi, Ezaharagui gibi adlarla anılmış ve cerrahînin babası kabul edilmiştir.
Zehrâvî’nin günümüze ulaştığı bilinen tek çalışması olan Kitâbü’t-Taṣrîf li-men ʿaceze ʿani’t-teʾlîf , Batı İslâm dünyasında tıp alanında yazılan en muhtevalı ve Avrupa’da en çok rağbet gören bir eserdir. Bir tıp ansiklopedisi niteliği taşımakta olup her biri çeşitli alt bölümlerden (bab) oluşan otuz kısımdan (makale) meydana gelmiştir. İlk makalede genel tıp bilgileri ve esasları, ikinci makalede baştan ayaklara kadar 325 hastalık, bunların belirtileri ve tedavileri, üçüncü makaleden yirmi beşinci makaleye kadar basit ve mürekkep ilâçlar ve hazırlanması, yirmi altıncı makalede her hastalığa uygun gelen besin maddeleri, yirmi yedinci makalede bitkisel ve hayvansal gıdaların ve basit ilâçların özellikleri, yirmi sekizinci makalede madensel, bitkisel ve hayvansal ilâç tabletlerinin yapımı, yirmi dokuzuncu makalede ilâç adları, aynı özelliğe sahip muadilleri, kullanım süreleri, ağırlık ve hacim ölçüleri, otuzuncu makalede cerrahî konusu işlenmiştir. Zehrâvî’nin 1000 yılında tamamladığı Kitâbü’t-Taṣrîf , geniş ölçüde, daha önce ortaya konan Yunan ve İslâm tıp kaynaklarına dayanmakla birlikte müellifin yaklaşık elli yıllık şahsî tecrübelerinin sonuçlarını vermesi bakımından önem taşımakta, özellikle cerrahî operasyonlara dair açıklamaları ve içerdiği alet resimleriyle öne çıkmaktadır (bk. et-TASRÎF ).
Kitâbü’t-Taṣrîf İslâm dünyasından çok Batı’da etkili olmuş, birçok Batılı hekim bu eserden alıntı yapmıştır. Eserin özellikle cerrahîye dair otuzuncu bölümü Latince’ye çevrildikten sonra yazma nüshaları İspanya, İtalya ve Fransa’da yayılmış, XV ve XVI. yüzyıllarda defalarca basılmıştır. Fransa’da cerrahînin babası kabul edilen Guy de Chauliac (ö. 1368), 1363’te yayımladığı cerrahîye dair eserinde 200’den fazla yerde Zehrâvî’nin adını zikretmektedir. Daha sonra da yaygın biçimde kullanılan eser XVIII. yüzyıla kadar etkisini sürdürmüştür. Zehrâvî’den alıntı yapanlardan biri de 1628’de neşrettiği De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis adlı eserinde büyük kan dolaşımını ilk defa açıklayan William Harvey’dir. Kitâbü’t-Taṣrîf , kendi etkisi yanında Batı’da diğer İslâm bilginlerinin eserlerine ilgi duyulmasında oynadığı rol bakımından da önem taşır. İslâm dünyasında Zehrâvî’den etkilenen birçok hekim arasında XV. yüzyılda yaşayan Osmanlı âlimi Sabuncuoğlu Şerefeddin’in ayrı bir yeri vardır. Birçok tıp tarihçisi, Sabuncuoğlu’nun Cerrâhiyye-i İlhâniyye adlı eserini Kitâbü’t-Taṣrîf ’in bir tercümesi olarak değerlendirmiştir. Ancak iki eser mukayese edildiğinde temel bilgiler aynı olsa da ayrıntılarda önemli farklar belirlenmektedir.
Bazı yazma nüshaları İstanbul, Kahire, Şam, Bağdat, Rabat, Londra, Oxford, Paris, Vatikan, Venedik ve Bolonya kütüphanelerinde bulunan Kitâbü’t-Taṣrîf ’in otuzuncu bölümü Cremonalı Gerard (ö. 1187) tarafından Chirurgia adıyla çok erken tarihlerde Latince’ye tercüme edilmiş ve Batı cerrahîsini etkilemiştir. XIII. yüzyılın ortalarında eserin ilk iki bölümü İbrânîce’ye çevrilmiş, ardından Latince’ye aktarılarak yayımlanmıştır (Liber theoricae nec non practicae Alsaharavii , Ausburg 1519). XIII. yüzyılın sonlarında eserin eczacılığa dair yirmi sekizinci bölümünü Cenovalı Simon ve Turtuşalı Abraham Judaeus Latince’ye tercüme etmiştir (Venice 1471). Marianne Enseger bu Latince versiyonu Almanca’ya tercümesi ve açıklamalarla birlikte yeniden neşretmiştir (Der Liber servitoris des Abulkasis [936-1013]: Übersetzung, Kommentar und Nachdruck der Textfassung von 1471 , Stuttgart 1986). et-Taṣrîf’in otuzuncu bölümü J. Channing tarafından da Latince tercümesiyle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (I-II, Oxford 1778). Lucien Leclerc’in aynı bölümün önemli bir girişle birlikte yaptığı Fransızca tercümesi (Paris 1861) Zehrâvî’nin cerrahlığının modern bilim tarihçilerince tanınmasında önemli rol oynamıştır. Yine otuzuncu bölümün M. S. Spink ile G. L. Lewis tarafından gerçekleştirilen İngilizce tercümesi Arapça metinle beraber açıklamaları da içerir (London 1973). Bu bölümün çeşitli neşirleri yapılmış (el-Cirâḥa: el-Maḳāletü’s̱-s̱elâs̱ûn mine’l-mevsûʿati’ṭ-ṭıbbiyye et-Taṣrîf , nşr. Abdülaziz Nâsır en-Nâsır – Ali Süleyman et-Tüveycirî, Riyad 1993; Kitâbü’z-Zehrâvî fi’ṭ-ṭıb li-ʿameli’l-cerrâḥîn , nşr. Muhammed Yâsir Zekkûr, Dımaşk 2009), Ahmed Ârâm ve Mehdî Muhakkık tarafından Farsça’ya çevrilmiştir (Cerrâḥî ve İbzârhâ-yi Ân , Tahran 1374 hş./1996). Kitâbü’t-Taṣrîf ’in yirmi beşinci bölümünün bir kısmını Sami K. Hamarneh, G. Sonnedecker’le birlikte İngilizce’ye (A Pharmaceutical view of Abulcasis al-Zahrāwī in Moorish Spain with Special Reference to the Adhān , Leiden 1963); on altıncı (Un tratado de polvos medicinales , Almeria 1994), on yedinci (Tradato de pestillas medicinales segun Abulcasis , Almeria 1996), on dokuzuncu (Un tradato de estética y cosmética en Abulcasis , Granada 2010), yirminci (Un tratado de oftalmología en Abulcasis , Almeria 2000) ve yirmi birinci bölümü (Un tratado de odontoestomatología en Abulcasis , Almeria 2003) Luisa Maria Arvide Cambra tarafından İspanyolca’ya tercüme edilmiştir. Concepocion Gil Ganguita Almeria Üniversitesi’nde eserin on sekizinci bölümü üzerine bir doktora tezi hazırlayarak İspanyolca’ya çevirmiştir (La Magāla XVIII del Kitāb el-Taṣrīf de al-Zahrāwī , 1995). Fuat Sezgin, İstanbul kütüphanelerinde beş tam nüshası bilinen eserin Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde Hacı Beşir Ağa (nr. 502) yazmasının tıpkıbasımını gerçekleştirmiştir (bk. bibl.). Zehrâvî’nin tıp tarihindeki yeri ve önemi konusunda yapılan çok sayıda araştırma genellikle eserinin başta cerrahî olmak üzere bazı bölümleriyle sınırlı kalmış, kitabın bütünü, Zehrâvî’nin daha önceki bilginlerle veya kendi çağdaşı olan müslüman tıp âlimleriyle ilişkisi yeterince incelenmemiş, diğer İslâm tıp kaynaklarıyla karşılaştırılması yapılmamıştır (et-Taṣrîf , nşr. Fuat Sezgin, neşredenin girişi, I, 7).
Zehrâvî genellikle cerrahî tedavilerin basit dağlama, kan alma, bazı urların kesilip alınması, bazı yaraların ve kesiklerin dikilmesiyle çeşitli kırık çıkıkların tedavisinden ibaret olduğu ve bu tedavilerin berber-cerrah denen kişiler tarafından yürütüldüğü bir dönemde cerrahîyi tıbbın bir dalı olarak görmüş, cerrahînin ve o dönemdeki cerrahî teknolojisinin gelişmesine büyük katkı sağlamış, cerrahî makas ve bıçakları ile bistüriyi, uçları değişik aletleri bulmuş, aletlerin şekilleri kadar onların imalinde kullanılacak metallerin özellikleri üzerinde de önemle durmuştur. Göz ve göz hastalıklarıyla da ilgilenmiş, günümüzde de etkili olabilecek bir tedaviyi “triciasis” için önermiş, “ptergium”u da ameliyatla uygun bir şekilde tedavi etmiştir. Bu iki hastalıkla benzeri birçok göz hastalığı ameliyatında zamanımıza göre de başarılı sayılacak tedaviler uygulamıştır. Mezopotamyalılar’dan beri çok iyi bilinen katarakta limbusta bir kesme (inzisyon) yapmak suretiyle bir tedavi önermekte, “Kesmede eğer katarakta -kompaktlaşan lense kadar- ulaşılırsa hasta ameliyattan sonra tekrar görmeye başlar” demektedir. Zehrâvî’nin başarı ile tedavi ettiği hastalıklar arasında “tracheostomi” uygulamaları da zikredilebilir. Burada soluk borusuna yapılacak müdahalelerde soluk borusunun yapısını, ona komşu yapıları ve bu tip müdahalelerde nereden kesme yapılacağını tarif etmekte, yine boğazla ilgili olarak “tonsilektomi” uygulamalarını da tanımlamaktadır. Diş çekimini, gevşemiş dişin sabitleştirilmesini, yerinden oynamış dişlerde ne gibi tedavilerin uygulanabileceğini ayrıntılı biçimde anlatmakta, bu sırada kullanılacak aletler hakkında bilgi vermektedir. Ayrıca takma dişleri, bunların yapımını, düşen dişin yerine nasıl konulacağını açıklamakta, diş etlerinde meydana gelen iltihaplı hastalıklarda bunların kesilerek alınmasını ve daha sonra o kısmın dağlanmasını önermektedir. Burun, çene ve omurga kırıkları dahil kırık çıkıklarla da ilgilenen Zehrâvî kırık patella kemiği için ilk defa cerrahî bir müdahale uygulamıştır. Damarları ve özelliklerini çok iyi bilen Zehrâvî arterlerin enine kesilmesi halinde çok kanama olacağını, kesiğin küçük olması durumunda parmakla kesilen yere bastırılması, dağlama uygulanması ve ardından soğuk su ile yıkayıp kan dindiren bazı merhemlerin sürülmesiyle kanamanın durdurulabileceğini söylemektedir. Dağlama yoluyla tedavi Yunanlılar’dan beri bilinmekle beraber Zehrâvî dağlamanın sınırlarını çizmiş, nerelerde kullanılabileceğini daha kesin biçimde tesbit etmiştir.
İdrar yolları hastalıklarında da cerrahî tedavi tavsiye eden Zehrâvî mesane taşının urethra kanalından dışarıya atılamaması durumunda perineal bir kesik yapılarak taşın bulunduğu yerden çıkarılması gerektiğini belirtmektedir. O, kadınlarda litotomi uygulaması yapan ilk hekim ve günümüzde “obstetrike Walcher pozisyonu” denen uygulamayı öneren ilk cerrahtır. Bunun için yeni tip bir forseps önermiştir (Hamarneh, DSB , XIV, 584). Ayrıca zor doğumlarda fetüsün nasıl alınacağını, özellikle de başın dışarıya çekilmesinde karşılaşılan zorluklarda nasıl bir uygulama yapılması gerektiğini göstermiştir. Bu ameliyatlarda daha sonra Chamberlen ailesinin önerdiği forsepslerin bir ön modelini vermiştir. Bu cerrahî uygulamaların yanı sıra Zehrâvî’nin fıtık ameliyatları (kasık ve göbek fıtığı), hidrosel, varikosel, basur memeleri, çeşitli yerde oluşan fistüller, çıkmayan tırnaklar, erkeklerde memelerin büyümesi, kadınların memelerindeki anormal büyümeler ve çift cinsiyetlilik (hermafroditizm) konularında çeşitli cerrahî tedavi önerileri bulunmaktadır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 189-191 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.