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ZEITSCHRIFT der DEUTSCHEN MORGENLÄNDISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT Skip to content Yayımına 1847 yılında başlanan Alman şarkiyat araştırmaları dergisi.
Şarkiyatçılık XVIII. yüzyılın sonundan itibaren Avrupa’da kurumsallaşmaya başlamış, 1822’de Fransa’da Société Asiatique, 1823’te İngiltere’de The Royal Asiatic Society kurulmuştur. Alman şarkiyatçıları da benzer bir müessese için girişimlerde bulunmuş, 1-4 Ekim 1844’te Dresden’de gerçekleştirilen yedinci filologlar toplantısında, Doğu araştırmalarını destekleyecek, Fransa’da ve İngiltere’deki gibi bir cemiyetin kurulması yönünde çalışma başlatılmış, kurulacak cemiyetin bir dergi çıkarması kararlaştırılmıştır. Ertesi yıl Darmstadt’ta tekrar bir araya gelen şarkiyatçılar, uzun bir hazırlık sürecinin ardından Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer’in öncülüğünde 2 Ekim 1845’te Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft’ı (DMG) kurmuşlardır. Tüzükte cemiyetin amacı, Asya ülkeleri ve Asya ile yakın irtibatı bulunan ülkeler hakkında bilgi toplanmasını teşvik etmek, buna olan alâkayı geniş bir çevreye yaymak, cemiyetin Doğu’nun edebiyatı yanında tarihiyle, eski ve yeni dönemdeki durumuyla da ilgilenmek şeklinde belirlenmiştir. Bu amacın gerçekleştirilmesi için çeşitli eserlerin yayımlanması, çalışmaların desteklenmesi, muhtelif cemiyet ve şahıslarla irtibat kurulması planlanmıştır (Jahresbericht , s. 143-144).
Kuruluşundan itibaren çalışmalarını aralıksız sürdüren cemiyet, Almanya’nın II. Dünya Savaşı’nda yenilgiye uğramasından sonra işgal güçleri tarafından kapatılmış, 4 Haziran 1948’de Mainz şehrinde tekrar kurulmuş ve 2006’da merkezi Halle an der Saale şehrine taşınmıştır. 30 Nisan 2011’de yayımlanan tüzüğünün son şeklinde cemiyetin amacı ve ilgi alanı hemen hemen değiştirilmeden bırakılmıştır (tüzüğün son şekli için bk. http://www.dmg-web.de/pdf/satzung.pdf, 20.09.2012). Dünyanın çeşitli ülkelerinden üyeleri bulunan cemiyetin 1848’de üyeleri arasında Berlin’deki Osmanlı sefiri Şevket Bey, kâtip Cabuli (Kâbûlî) Efendi ile kâtip ve mütercim Dâvud oğlu, 1869’da Bâbıâli mütercim-i evveli Münif Efendi ve 1922’de İzzet Paşa gibi isimler yer almaktadır. Ayrıca 1863’te Evkāf-ı Hûmâyun Nâzırı Abdüllatif Subhi Paşa, 1950’de Ahmet Zeki Velidi Togan, 1989’da Aydın Sayılı ve 1995’te Nejat Göyünç cemiyetin onur üyeliğine seçilmiştir. Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft bünyesinde derginin yanı sıra çeşitli kurumları da oluşturmuştur. İstanbul’da bir şubesi bulunan Beyrut merkezli Orient-Institut ve merkezi Katmandu’da bulunan Nepal Research Centre bunlar arasında sayılabilir.
Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft’ın 1845 tarihli tüzüğünde Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZDMG ) adıyla bir derginin çıkarılması kararlaştırılmıştı. Bununla birlikte o güne kadar şarkiyat çalışmalarının yayımlandığı bir dergi olan ve Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft’ın kurucu üyeleri arasında yer alan, editörlüğünü Christian Lassen’in yaptığı Die Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes ’in (ZFDKDM ) âkıbetinin ne olacağı gündeme gelmiş, Lassen, 1837’den beri yayımlanmakta olan bu derginin, 1846’da VII. cildini neşrettikten sonra Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft adına yayımına son vereceğini açıklamış (Preissler’in ZFDKDM ’nin VII. cildinin 1850’de yayımlandığına dair verdiği bilgi yanlıştır, bk. Preissler, CXLV [1995], s. 320), böylece Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft fiilen Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes ’in yerine geçmiştir. Yeni çıkarılan derginin birinci sayısında, derginin planı konusunda Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes ’in ilk cildinin girişinde kaydedilen fikirlerin benimsendiği, ancak içerik bakımından biraz daha geniş tutulması tasarlanan Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft ’ta cemiyetle ilgili haberlerin, edebiyat notları, ilânlar, kısa değerlendirmeler ve cemiyetin kütüphanesine gönderilen kitaplar hakkında tanıtımların da yer alacağı, ayrıca Doğu’ya seyahat eden veya oralarda yaşayan Avrupalılar’ın gözlemlerine ve çalışmalarına dayanarak bu coğrafyanın Avrupa’yla ilişkileri hakkında haberler verileceği belirtilmiştir. Başlangıçta derginin yılda altı sayı çıkarılması amaçlanmışsa da daha sonra dört sayı yayımlanması kararlaştırılmıştır. Dergide ilk yıllarda sadece Almanca makaleler bulunmakla birlikte daha sonra başta İngilizce olmak üzere başka dillerde de yazılar çıkmıştır.
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft ’ın planını üstlendiğini bildirdiği Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes ’in yayın politikası birinci sayısında ilk editörlerden H. Ewald tarafından açıklanmış, buna göre şartların değişmesiyle birlikte Doğu hakkında bilimsel araştırmaların hedefi de değişmiştir. Avrupa’nın Doğu ile ilişkilerinin özellikle sömürgeler vasıtasıyla daha sıkı duruma gelmesinden sonra bilimsel çalışmaların yüzeysel olmaktan çıkıp daha derinlikli bir hale gelmesi gerekmektedir. Artık dağınık bazı bilgilerin ardından gitmek yerine bütün bir Doğu’yu gerçek durumuyla araştırıp ortaya koymalıdır. Burada Doğu en geniş anlamıyla ele alınmakta olup Japonya’dan Batı Afrika sahillerine kadar uzanan coğrafî bölgelerin dilinden sanatına kadar bütün kültürleri derginin ilgi alanına girmektedir. Ewald, Doğu’ya dair araştırmalarda Almanlar’ın diğer Avrupalılar’a, özellikle de Fransız ve İngilizler’e nazaran geri durumda olduklarından şikâyet eder. Bunun sebebini de zâhirî şartlara bağlayıp onların Doğu ile sürekli irtibat kurduklarını, malzemeleri kolayca temin edebildiklerini, kendilerinin ise bundan mahrum kaldıklarını, ellerinde sadece Türkler’le yapılan savaşlardan kalan veya Doğu’ya seyahat eden kimselerin topladıkları malzemeler bulunduğunu söyler (Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes , I [1837], s. 5-7). Burada zâhirî şartlar ve irtibatla kastedilen, hiç şüphesiz Fransız ve İngilizler’in Asya ve Afrika’da edindikleri sömürgelerle yaptıkları işgallerdir ve XIX. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren İslâm’a ve Doğu’ya olan asıl ilginin sebepleri konusunda açık bir itiraf söz konusudur. Ayrıca derginin redaktörlerinin ilk sayıda yayımlanan, Almanlar’ın Doğu Hindistan takımadalarında bir sömürge oluşturma projeleri hakkındaki bir makalenin dipnotunda derginin Alman millî çıkarlarına uygun bir yayın politikası izleyeceği ifade edilmiştir (Selberg, I/1 [1847], s. 137). Fakat yayımlanan makalelere bakıldığında genellikle güncel siyasetten uzak kalındığı görülür. XX. yüzyılın başlarında çıkarılan Der Islam ve Die Welt des Islams gibi dergiler Alman şarkiyatçılığında bu açığı kapatmıştır.
Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft’ın bünyesinde temsil edilen disiplinler, aynı zamanda dergide 1847’den beri yayımlanan makalelerin ne kadar geniş bir alana yayıldığını gösterir: Eski Mısır ve antik Doğu araştırmaları, Sâmî araştırmaları, İbrânîce, Arapça ve İslâmî araştırmalar, hıristiyan Doğu bilimleri, İran araştırmaları, Budist çalışmaları, Hint araştırmaları, Türkoloji, Altay, Moğol, Tibet, Çin, Japon, Uzakdoğu araştırmaları, Afrika araştırmaları vb. cemiyetin, Zeitschrift für Indologie und Iranistik (I-X, Leipzig 1922-1936) ve Zeitschrift für Semitistik und verwandte Gebiete (I-X, Leipzig 1922-1935) başlıklı iki dergi daha neşretmesi içeriğini de etkilemiş, fakat bunların yayımlarının durmasından sonra eski haline dönmüştür. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft , 76. ciltten itibaren (Leipzig 1922) “yeni seri, cilt 1” şeklinde yeniden numaralandırılmış, eski numaralandırma (parantez içerisinde) devam etmiş, fakat 113. ciltten itibaren (1963) ilk şekliyle devam edilmiştir. 1966’da derginin eski ciltlerinin tıpkıbasımı yapılmıştır (Nendeln, Liechtenstein). Uzun bir neşir hayatı boyunca dergiye editörlük yapanlar arasında H. L. Fleischer, E. Rödiger, A. F. Pott, H. Brockhaus, L. Krehl, O. Loth, E. Windisch, A. Fischer, H. Stumme, G. Steindorff, P. E. Kahle, H. Scheel, H. Franke, E. Littmann, H. R. Roemer, A. Spitaler, E. Wagner ve F. C. Reiter gibi araştırmacılar bulunmaktadır.
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft ’ın 1-100. ciltlerinin indeksi Ewald Wagner, 101-130. ciltlerinin indeksi Rosemarie Quiring-Zoche tarafından hazırlanmıştır (Wiesbaden 1955, 1983). 151. ciltten sonraki kısmının indeksi ise internet sitesinde yayımlanmaktadır (http://www.dmg-web.de/?page=22, 20.09.2012). Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft tarafından ilki 1921’de, otuz birincisi 2010’da gerçekleştirilen Alman Şarkiyat kongrelerinin tutanakları 1965’e kadar derginin içinde yer almıştır. 1968’deki on yedinci kongreden itibaren konuşmaların ve tebliğlerin tam metinleri derginin eki olarak yayımlanmaktadır. Derginin başlangıçtan 2006 yılına kadar olan ilk 156 cildi ile 1995’e kadar olan ek ciltleri internet üzerinden erişime açılmıştır (http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/structure/2327, 20.09.2012). Deutsche Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 1857’den beri dergiye girmeyecek hacimdeki çalışmaları, belli bir periyoda bağlı olmaksızın cilt numaralandırmasıyla “Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes” (AKM) başlığı altında neşretmektedir. Son olarak 79. ciltte ünlü hekim Ebû Ca‘fer İbnü’l-Cezzâr’ın Kitâbü’l-Ḫavâṣ adlı eserinin neşredildiği (Wiesbaden 2012) bu seride çok sayıda çalışma yayımlanmıştır.
Hemen hemen kesintisiz yayımlanan, önde gelen Alman şarkiyatçılarının yazılarının çıktığı Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft ’ın Avrupa’da ve özellikle Almanya’daki şarkiyat çalışmalarında önemli bir yeri vardır. Dergi İslâm ve Hint edebiyatlarıyla ilgili filolojik araştırmalara geniş yer verdiği gibi Asya ve Afrika’ya dair yaygın olmayan dallardaki araştırmalara da sayfalarını açmıştır. Brockelmann, bu derginin Alman oryantalizmindeki öncü konumunu yaklaşık kırk yıl boyunca koruduğunu ve bu alandaki gelişmeleri aksettirdiğini belirtir; ayrıca çok farklı bilim dallarının tek bir yayın organında birleşmesinin sakıncalarına dikkat çeker. Cemiyet kurucularının dil bilimlerinin oryantalizmin en önemli alanı olduğuna inandıklarını, bu sebeple dergide çıkan yazıların Asya ile sınırlı kalmayıp Afrika, Avustralya, hatta Eskimolar’a kadar yayıldığını kaydeder. Ona göre XIX. yüzyılın sonu ile XX. yüzyılın başlarında hemen hemen her alanda yeni dergiler çıkarılmaya başlanınca Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft ’ın etki alanında sadece Aryan (Ârî) filoloji kalmış, ilk kırk yıldan sonra Almanya’daki çalışmalar dergide hakkıyla temsil edilememeye başlamıştır (ZDMG , LXXVI [1921], s. 12-16). Derginin son zamanlardaki yayınlarına bakıldığında İslâm dünyası başta olmak üzere yine geniş bir coğrafyayla ilgili filolojik çalışmaların çoğunlukta olduğu görülür.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Jahresbericht der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft für 1845-1846 , Leipzig 1846, s. 143-148.
Die Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft 1845-1895. Ein Überblick gegeben von den Geschäftsführern , Leipzig 1895.
S. Mangold, Eine weltbürgerliche Wissenschaft-Die deutsche Orientalistik im 19. Jahrhundert , Stuttgart 2004, s. 196 vd.
H. Ewald, “Plan dieser Zeitschrift”, Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes , I, Göttingen 1837, s. 3-15.
E. Selberg, “Ueber die Anlage eines Colonialhandels-Etablissement im ostindischen Archipel”, ZDMG , I/1 (1847), s. 137.
“Verzeichniss der Mitglieder der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft”, a.e. , II (1848), s. 510.
H. L. Fleischer, “Wissenschaftlicher Jahresbericht zur Generalversammlung 1849”, a.e. , IV (1850), s. 72-82.
“Verzeichniss der gegenwärtigen Mitglieder der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft in alphabetischer Ordnung”, a.e. , XXIII (1869), s. XXX.
Fr. Praetorius, “Rede gehalten am 2. October 1895”, a.e. , XLIX (1895), s. 531-549.
“Mitgliedernachrichten”, a.e. , LXXVI (1922), s. XIX.
C. Brockelmann, “Die Morgenländischen Studien in Deutschland”, a.e. , LXXVI (1922), s. 1-17.
H. Preissler, “Die Anfänge der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft”, a.e. , CXLV (1995), s. 241-327.
http://www.dmg-web.de/pdf/satzung.pdf.
http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/structure/2327.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 193-194 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.